After a slow recovery from the end-Permian extinction during the Early Triassic and rapid radiation in the Middle Triassic, evolution of organisms reached a new peak phase in the Late Triassic. The Guanling Biota from...After a slow recovery from the end-Permian extinction during the Early Triassic and rapid radiation in the Middle Triassic, evolution of organisms reached a new peak phase in the Late Triassic. The Guanling Biota from the Wayao Member （conodont Paragondolella polygnathiformis Zone）, Falang Formation, Xinpu, Guanling County, Guizhou Province, southwestern China corresponds to this peak that marks the full recovery from the end-Permian extinction of marine ecosystems. The biota is of high diversity, containing well preserved and completely articulated skeletons of vertebrates comprising marine reptiles, fishes, and invertebrates including crinoids, ammonites, bivalves, and other fossils, and is one of the best examples of marine ecosystem records in life history. The fossil marine reptiles and crinoids are most significant in this biota, especially the marine reptiles, which provide an important link between the Triassic Pacific and Tethys, and between Triassic basal forms and the Jurassic-Cretaceous marine top predators. The most remarkable fossils are the large completely articulated ichthyosaur skeletons up to and more than 10 m, and the first recorded thalattosaurs and placodonts in China. Following our review, of the 17 named reptilian taxa the eight listed here are considered to be valid： three ichthyosaurs （Qianichthyosaurus zhoui Li, 1999; Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao and Luo in Yin et al., 2000, Guanlingsaurus liangae Yin in Yin et al., 2000）, three thalattosaurs （Anshunsaurus huangguoshuensis Liu, 1999, Xinpusaurus suni Yin in Yin et al., 2000, Xinpusaurus kohi Jiang et al., 2004）, and two placodonts （Sinocyamodus xinpuensis Li, 2000, Psephochelys polyosteoderma Li and Rieppel, 2002）. Mixosaurus guanlingensis Cao in Yin et al., 2000 might be a junior synonym of Qianichthyosaurus zhoui Li, 1999, and Cymbospondylus asiaticus Li and You, 2002 and Panjiangsaurus epicharis Chen and Cheng, 2003 might be junior synonyms of Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao and Luo in Yin et al., 2000. It needs to re-describe the holotypes after a complete preparation for clarifying the taxonomic status of Typicusichthyosaurus tsaihuae Yu in Yin et al., 2000, Xinpusaurus bamaolinensis Cheng, 2003, Neosinosaurus hoangi （Zhou in Yin et al., 2000）, Wayaosaurus geei Zhou in Yin et al., 2000, Wayaosaurus bellus Zhou in Yin et al., 2000 and Placochelys ？ minutus Yin and Luo in Yin et al., 2000.展开更多
描述了关岭新铺地区晚三叠世法郎组瓦窑段中发现的鱼类5目5科5属5种和1未定种,其中1新属5新种,它们是Guizhoucoelacanthus guanlingensis Liu,Yin et Wang S Y gen.etsp.nov.,Birgeria guizhouensisLiu,Yin et Luo sp.nov.,Birgeriasp...描述了关岭新铺地区晚三叠世法郎组瓦窑段中发现的鱼类5目5科5属5种和1未定种,其中1新属5新种,它们是Guizhoucoelacanthus guanlingensis Liu,Yin et Wang S Y gen.etsp.nov.,Birgeria guizhouensisLiu,Yin et Luo sp.nov.,Birgeriasp.,Pholidopleurus xiao waensis Liuet Yin sp.nov.,Peltopleurus brachycephalus Liu et Yin sp.nov.,Guizhoueugnathus largusLiu,Yinet Luo sp.nov.。关岭法郎组瓦窑段鱼类组合与邻区兴义晚三叠世法郎组竹杆坡段(卡尼早期)鱼类组合明显不同,瓦窑段的层位在竹杆坡段之上,其时代可能为卡尼中期。展开更多
基金Financial support for this study was also provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.40302009)Peking University.
文摘After a slow recovery from the end-Permian extinction during the Early Triassic and rapid radiation in the Middle Triassic, evolution of organisms reached a new peak phase in the Late Triassic. The Guanling Biota from the Wayao Member （conodont Paragondolella polygnathiformis Zone）, Falang Formation, Xinpu, Guanling County, Guizhou Province, southwestern China corresponds to this peak that marks the full recovery from the end-Permian extinction of marine ecosystems. The biota is of high diversity, containing well preserved and completely articulated skeletons of vertebrates comprising marine reptiles, fishes, and invertebrates including crinoids, ammonites, bivalves, and other fossils, and is one of the best examples of marine ecosystem records in life history. The fossil marine reptiles and crinoids are most significant in this biota, especially the marine reptiles, which provide an important link between the Triassic Pacific and Tethys, and between Triassic basal forms and the Jurassic-Cretaceous marine top predators. The most remarkable fossils are the large completely articulated ichthyosaur skeletons up to and more than 10 m, and the first recorded thalattosaurs and placodonts in China. Following our review, of the 17 named reptilian taxa the eight listed here are considered to be valid： three ichthyosaurs （Qianichthyosaurus zhoui Li, 1999; Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao and Luo in Yin et al., 2000, Guanlingsaurus liangae Yin in Yin et al., 2000）, three thalattosaurs （Anshunsaurus huangguoshuensis Liu, 1999, Xinpusaurus suni Yin in Yin et al., 2000, Xinpusaurus kohi Jiang et al., 2004）, and two placodonts （Sinocyamodus xinpuensis Li, 2000, Psephochelys polyosteoderma Li and Rieppel, 2002）. Mixosaurus guanlingensis Cao in Yin et al., 2000 might be a junior synonym of Qianichthyosaurus zhoui Li, 1999, and Cymbospondylus asiaticus Li and You, 2002 and Panjiangsaurus epicharis Chen and Cheng, 2003 might be junior synonyms of Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao and Luo in Yin et al., 2000. It needs to re-describe the holotypes after a complete preparation for clarifying the taxonomic status of Typicusichthyosaurus tsaihuae Yu in Yin et al., 2000, Xinpusaurus bamaolinensis Cheng, 2003, Neosinosaurus hoangi （Zhou in Yin et al., 2000）, Wayaosaurus geei Zhou in Yin et al., 2000, Wayaosaurus bellus Zhou in Yin et al., 2000 and Placochelys ？ minutus Yin and Luo in Yin et al., 2000.
文摘描述了关岭新铺地区晚三叠世法郎组瓦窑段中发现的鱼类5目5科5属5种和1未定种,其中1新属5新种,它们是Guizhoucoelacanthus guanlingensis Liu,Yin et Wang S Y gen.etsp.nov.,Birgeria guizhouensisLiu,Yin et Luo sp.nov.,Birgeriasp.,Pholidopleurus xiao waensis Liuet Yin sp.nov.,Peltopleurus brachycephalus Liu et Yin sp.nov.,Guizhoueugnathus largusLiu,Yinet Luo sp.nov.。关岭法郎组瓦窑段鱼类组合与邻区兴义晚三叠世法郎组竹杆坡段(卡尼早期)鱼类组合明显不同,瓦窑段的层位在竹杆坡段之上,其时代可能为卡尼中期。
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy(Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,CAS)(No.063105)the Major Basic Research Projects(2006 CB806400)of MST of Chinathe National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant no.40872019)~~
文摘贵州关岭三叠纪法郎组瓦窑段除产出大量保存完整的海百合化石外,还产出多门类海生爬行动物化石。迄今为止,关岭生物群已报道的中-大型鱼龙类有6属6种,包括邓氏贵州鱼龙(Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae)、蔡胡氏典型鱼龙(Typicusichthyosaurus tsaihuae)、梁氏关岭鱼龙(Guanlingsaurus liangae)、亚洲杯椎鱼龙(Cymbospondylus asiaticus)、美丽盘江龙(Panjiangsaurus epicharis)和卧龙岗卡洛维龙(Callawayia wolonggangense)。一些种属的存在长期以来争议较大,目前多数观点倾向将Cymbospondylus asiaticus和Panjiangsaurus epicharis归并于Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae,将Typicusichthyosaurus tsaihuae归并于Guanlingsaurus liangae。Guanlingsaurus以具有较短的吻部和较多的荐前椎数目而与Guizhouichthyosaurus有明显的不同(Maisch et al.,2006)。虽然Maisch et al.(2006)对G.tangae进行了重新研究,但他们的研究重点是头部骨骼,有限的头后骨骼信息来自一具未经充分修理的骨架(GNP-d41),一些特征未能清晰揭示。头后骨骼材料的缺乏限制了对该种分类位置的判断(Maisch et al., 2006)。在中、晚三叠世大型鱼龙中,肩带和腰带骨骼的形态、前肢和后肢骨骼的特征常具有非常重要的系统分类学意义。本文通过对关岭生物群的一具保存完整的大型鱼龙骨骼化石的详细研究,对Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae的归属进行了重新修订。研究标本(IVPP V 11853)产于贵州省关岭县新铺乡法郎组瓦窑段。修理后的骨架全长5.2 m,以腹面向上保存,尾部后部以右侧面向上保存。除前、后肢部分残缺外,其他部位均保存完整,肩带骨骼和腰带骨骼均原位保存。头骨背腹向压扁,仅右侧角的上颞骨有部分破损。新材料的头后骨骼特征表明该种应该属于萨斯特鱼龙科(Shastasauridae)的萨斯特鱼龙属(Shastasaurus)。Shastasaurus是一个广为人知的晚三叠世大型鱼龙化石属,最初建立于美国加利福尼亚州的Shasta地区,包括5个种(Merriam,1895,1902,1908)。由于建立这些种的化石材料均保存不好,尤其是模式种仅建立于几块背椎、背肋和两块耻骨之上,导致有关萨斯特鱼龙属和萨斯特鱼龙科的一些特征定义不明确。后人倾向于将已建立的种进行归并,即将Shastasaurus alexandrae、S.altispinus和S.osmonti划归模式种S.pacificus,将S.careyi另归入Shonisaurus sp.。虽然萨斯特鱼龙类的其他属,如Shonisaurus、Besanosaurus、Metashastasaurus、Pessosaurus等,在加拿大、墨西哥、意大利、瑞士等地的中、晚三叠世地层中被陆续发现和报道,但除美国加利福尼亚州的材料外,其他地区发现的萨斯特鱼龙属的化石均未得到广泛认可。本文将G.tangae归入萨斯特鱼龙属主要依据对该种模式标本(Gmr 009)的重新观察和对该种一新材料(IVPP V 11853)头后骨骼的深入研究。两骨架的头后部分尤其是前肢和肩带均表现出与已知的萨斯特鱼龙属各种的极大相似性,具体包括:椎体稍短;颈肋近端双头;尾椎腹侧Y型人字骨发育;锁骨细长,中部向后弯;乌喙骨斧状,中部收缩形成前后缘不对称的"茎";肩胛骨呈宽的镰刀状,前缘强烈外展;肱骨、桡骨、尺骨均较短;肱骨和桡骨前缘具凹缺;桡骨明显大于尺骨,桡骨后缘和尺骨前缘略凹入;相对较大的桡腕骨等。腰带和后肢特征与萨斯特鱼龙类其他属差别不大。除头后骨骼特征外,关岭材料的头骨特征也与萨斯特鱼龙属惟一的一个保存有部分头骨骨骼的S.alexandrae的特征大体相符,如具有大的、前后略拉长的眼眶,相对较窄的颊部,横向伸展的鼻骨和额骨的接触面,颞孔稍小于眼眶等。同时,通过与萨斯特鱼龙类其他各属化石的对比研究发现,虽然一些研究者认为萨斯特鱼龙属的荐前椎数目在55个左右,且指(趾)骨为3指(趾),但鉴于已经发现同属于萨斯特鱼龙类的Shonisaurus、Besanosaurus、Metashastasaurus等属或者具有超过60的荐前椎数,或者指(趾)骨为4指(趾),同时迄今为止尚无完整的萨斯特鱼龙属的化石标本被发现,有关其荐前椎数目和指(趾)骨列数仅是推测,因此基于中国贵州关岭的标本,本文认为萨斯特鱼龙属很可能具有超过60的荐前椎数,同时指骨(趾骨)是4指(趾)。在观察和对比了众多产于关岭的大型鱼龙骨骼化石的基础上,将邓氏贵州鱼龙、亚洲杯椎鱼龙和美丽盘江龙重新厘定为邓氏萨斯特鱼龙,并对该种的头后骨骼特征进行了详细描述。这是萨斯特鱼龙属的分子第一次在中国被确认,为了解该属鉴定特征和古地理分布提供了新的信息。
