Micromorphological Features of Old Cultivated and Modern Soils in Guanzhong Areas, Shaanxi Province, China

Using the data obtained from the LGT soil profile, this article attempts to illustrate the process of modem soil formation in the Guanzhong areas and its micromorphological features. The micromorphology is observed under a petrographic microscope, and its image is quantitatively measured by LEICAL Qwin 2.6 software. Micromorphological observations of the thin sections show that the assemblage of minerals in different horizons is very similar, which is mainly composed of Q and P1. However, there are obvious differences in C/F15μm ratio, mineral content, and coarse features. The pedofeatures is mainly composed of clay, calcite, and amorphous Fe. Ap horizon is characterized by abundant needleshaped secondary calcite, secondary clay, and earthworm fecal pellet. BC horizon is characterized by a large quantity of secondary calcite with various shapes. Bt1and Bt2 horizons are characterized by abundant clay hypocoatings and a small quantity of secondary calcite. All the results of this research suggest that Earth-cumulic Orthic Anthrosols consist of both the upper Ap horizon, which cause loessal dung and eolian dust deposition, and cultivation occurs simultaneously during the process of Ap horizon-formation, and the lower BC horizon, which is aeolian sedimentary at the time of relative aridity during late Holocene.

Comparison of Micromorphological Features of Two Agricultural Cultivated Soils in Guanzhong Areas, Shaanxi Province, China

By comparing micromorphological features of irrigated and non-irrigated soils in Guanzhong areas, China, this paper tries to illustrate the influences of farming management methods on the soil-forming process. The micromorphology was observed under a petrographic microscope and its image was quantificationally measured by Nikon NISBR 2.2 software. Both irrigated and non-irrigated soils have the same soil profile pattern, Ap1- AP2- BC, but the former has a more obvious profile dissimilation. The minerals assemblage of soil profiles A and B are very similar, which is mainly composed of Q and P1. Compared with non-irrigated soil, grains of irrigated soil remarkably decrease in length, area, eqdiameter, perimeter, elongation, roundness, and C/F10μm ratio; voids are characterized by more regular void shape and more smooth void wall; there is more abundant residual clay and small amount of illuvial clay. All results in this study suggest that the farming management method has influences on soil profile dissimilation and micromorphology. Agricultural irrigation could strengthen the degree of weathering, make smaller and rounder soil grains, cause a significant increase of residual clay and appearance of illuvial clay. But no significant change has been observed in the minerals assemblage of coarse grains.

Study on Development Countermeasures of Cave Dwellings in Northern Area of Shaanxi Province in China

In view of traditional house in northern area of Shaanxi Province which was cave dwelling,based on cave dwelling and its development environment,the paper had analyzed architectural characteristics and use value of cave dwelling and its development in northern Shaanxi,and then pointed out that cave dwelling development had been reduced into an awkward situation.By using SWOT analysis method,the strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats of cave dwellings had been summarized.In terms of strengths,cave dwelling had ecological advantage as native architecture,was constructed based on local conditions,could solve land,energy and environment problems on Loess Plateau,and abounded in aesthetic value of native feature.In terms of weaknesses,village layout lacked of integrity,transportation was not convenient,indoor ventilation and lighting were insufficient,and pattern and space were simplified and stereotyped.In terms of opportunities,it stressed architectural ecology having received more and more attention in the world,and exploration and application of underground civil architecture.In terms of threats,it lied in construction technology of cave dwelling,contradiction between cave dwelling and urbanization and between cave dwelling and modern life,and management mode of restricted type.On this basis,it suggested that cave dwelling development in northern Shaanxi should transform people's traditio-nal concept through correct guidance of public voice;strive to eliminate weakness of cave dwelling;improve cave environment by enhancing infrastructure construction;develop characteristic cave dwelling cultural tourism in northern Shaanxi,and construct new socialist countryside of northern Shaanxi character.

Oil／Gas Accumulation Characteristics and Exploration Methods of the Deltaic Lithologic Reservoirs in Northern Shaanxi Area

There are large deltaic systems in the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the northern Shaanxi area of the Ordos Basin, and developed two sets of good source-reservoir-caprock assemblages and many sets of oil-bearing beds. Exploration experience demonstrates that the formation and distribution of the reservoir were controlled by the generative depression of the Yanchang Formation, and deltaic reservoir sand body is the material basis for large-scale oilfields. In addition, secondary laumontite in a low permeable area was dissolved and then a high permeable area was formed. The updip lithologic variety of reservoir sand bodies is favorable to the formation of subtle lithologic traps, and the deltaic reservoirs are characterized by large multi-beds of oil-generation and abundant hydrocarbon resources. In this paper, the petroleum geologic settings of the studied area are analyzed, and the accumulation characteristics and exploration methods of lithologic reservoirs are summarized. It is of theoretical significance for the study of the exploration theories of lithologic reservoirs, and also expedites the exploration steps of deltaic reservoirs in the northern Shaanxi area.

Optimal livelihood strategy for different poverty groups among farmers: a case study of the Qin-Ba Mountain area in South-Shaanxi, China

Achieving sustainable livelihood is the ultimate goal of poverty alleviation efforts in mountainous areas,and selecting an optimal livelihood strategy for different poverty-type farmers greatly improves farmers’livelihood capital,resists livelihood risks,and promotes sustainable development.For farmers,optimal livelihood strategy means better employment opportunities,higher family income(or better income structure),and stronger employability or development potential.This paper classifies different types of farmers’poverty on the basis of a quantitative evaluation of farmers’livelihood capital in the Qin-ba Mountain Area in South-Shaanxi by using the k-means clustering method and subsequently the fuzzy evaluation method to evaluate the effectiveness of farmers’livelihood strategies.Then,the multi-attribute decision-making model is used to analyze the selection of optimal livelihood strategies for different poverty-type farmers.The results suggest a significant difference in the selection of the optimal livelihood strategy for different poverty-type farmers.Farmers without financial and human capital choose to"go out to work,"farmers lacking natural capital choose to"acquire social insurance and government relief,"farmers without physical capital choose to"use loans,"and farmers lacking social capital choose to"use savings."Studying the selection of optimal livelihood strategies for different poverty-type farmers can help to propose targeted sustainable livelihood optimization programs for farmers and accelerate efforts to overcome poverty in mountainous areas.

PROBLEMS AND COUNTERMEASURES FOR RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL RENOVATION IN THE CONTIGUOUS AREA OF SHANXI,SHAANXI AND INNER MONGOLIA

The studied area consists of 16 counties belonging to 3 provinces or autonomous re-gion, which are Hequ, Baode, Pianguan and Xinxian counties of Shanxi Province; Yulin,Shenmu, Fugu, Hengshan, Jingbian and Dingbian counties of Shaanxi Province;Dongsheng, Tuoketuo, Qingshuihe counties and Yijinhuoluo, Dalate, Zhungeer banners

The Taxonomic Status of Spermophilus in the Plague Area of Dingbian County,Shaanxi Province,China

This study was conducted to define the taxonomic status of Spermophilus in the plague area of Dingbian County in Shaanxi Province,China,through the two-factor variance analysis of morphological characteristics,DNA barcoding,and chromosome karyotype analysis.

Rationality Research on Micro-evolution of Rural Courtyard Landscapes in Guanzhong Area of China

In response to the needs of landscape construction in the new countryside of west China,this paper takes Sanyi Village in Guanzhong area for example,from the combined perspective of modern landscape and traditional local culture,explores micro-evolution laws of rural courtyard landscapes in Guanzhong Area.By finding out the reasonable aspects as land use,layout and decoration,and the unreasonable aspects as material,texture and green cultivation,in the landscape micro-evolution of rural settlement courtyard,it tries to guide the landscape planning,provide some brief construction methods,focus on the"step by step"safeguarding and introductory development mode,explore tangible and intangible elements of landscape culture in rural settlements,and play the potentials of rural dwellings in courtyard landscape construction,so as to solve the conflict between conservation and development in rural settlements.

Biological records of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment changes from Guanzhong area, Shaanxi Province during the last glacial maximum

We have collected a suite of Paleoloxodon naumanni-Coelodonta antiquitatis fossils from a river terrace profile between Xi’an and Xianyang cities in Guanzhong Area, Shaanxi Province. A detailed examination of the fossils, together with 14C determinations and pollen analyses, have enabled us to reconstruct preliminary features of climate and environment changes and their evolutionary processes, within the last glacial maximum (LGM): about 20 ka ago, the climate was basically cool and wet, and was favourable for the existence of Paleoloxodon naumanni-Coelodonta antiquitatis fauna. This was followed by a cold, dry phase which was no longer suitable for this type of faunal suite, causing the death of a large number of mammalian assemblages. The available evidence indicates the existence of cold-dry and cool-wet climate and environment fluctuations during the LGM. The cool-wet stage within the LGM reflects a Heinrich event occurring in the high latitude areas, proving the existence of a teleconnection

A Brief Analysis of the Formal Characteristics of Kiln Dwellings in Tongchuan Area,Shaanxi

The unique topography and historical and cultural background have determined the diversity and uniqueness of kiln architecture in the Tongchuan area.In addition to the double-slope residential architecture,traditional kiln dwellings with regional characteristics such as Leaning on the cliff cave dwelling,ground Pit cave dwelling and Freestanding cave dwellings have also been formed.This paper takes the inheritance and protection of traditional kiln as the starting point,and through field research and literature analysis,we have systematically collected images,measured data,and drawn up horizontal and vertical profiles and three-dimensional structure drawings of the traditional kiln dwellings in Tongchuan,and concluded the three types of forms and structural characteristics and artistic form characteristics of the traditional kiln dwellings in Tongchuan.The aim is to provide a basis and reference for the protection and inheritance of tangible and intangible cultural heritage in Shaanxi,as well as for subsequent research in this field.

A Preliminary Study on the Main Ridge Decoration of Buildings in Yuan,Ming,and Qing Dynasties in Guanzhong Area

The function of roof ridge ornament is irreplaceable in the facade modeling of traditional Chinese architecture.Taking the ornament in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Guanzhong area as an example,this paper summarizes and analyzes the appearance characteristics,and internal cultural connotation of the ornament that is currently present in the Guanzhong area from the aspects of its decorative content,color,and grade indication.Further,make relevant discussions,hoping to supplement the research of ancient ornament.

Formation of the Micro-Disseminated Strata-bound Gold Deposits, With Special Reference to Structural Evolution, Miliang Area, Zhen'an County,Shaanxi Province, China

Based on detailed geologic study, the important role of structuring in the formation of gold deposits in the area is discussed with special reference to structural evolution. Syngenetic faulting contemporaneous with tectonic-volcanic events is thought to be responsible for providing the ore-forming material at depth. The lithofacies formed by highly alternating deposition of terrestrial and carbonate detritus is chemically characterized by the assemblage of Au-Sb-As,constituting a favorable source bed for the activation and enrichment of gold. This gold source bed has undergone four major stages of structural deformation, accompanied by multi-staged alteration and mineralization.

Dry Intrusion Analysis of A Heavy Rainstorm in Southern Shaanxi

[Objective] One regional rainstorm weather in the south area of Shaanxi was expounded.[Method] By employing the NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°reanalysis data,routine observation and automatic precipitation station data,the large scale circulation background field of regional precipitation in the south area of Shaanxi province from July 16-18 in 2010 was expounded.By dint of physical quantity such as the meridional wind,relative humidity and false relative temperature,the characteristics of dry intrusion and its role in rainstorm were expounded.[Result] The mild and high latitude at 500 hPa was stable.The continental high pressure and subtropical high pressure were stable.The 700 and 850 hPa shear lines or low vortexes were the main influence system that resulted into large scale of rainstorm in south Shaanxi.The landing typhoon had distinct influences on the importance of storm.The influence of typhoon and subtropical high was mutual.It not only formed and strengthened the torrent in the low air,also transmitted water vapor and energy incessantly to the south area of Shaanxi,playing an important role in augment of rainstorm.There were two distinct dry intrusions in the rainstorm process,showing a dense dry layer in the high layer of convective layer.The existence of dry layer was conductive to the accumulation of convective unstable energy in the low layer.The release of convective unstable energy could transmit warm and wet airstream in the low level to the higher level,being conductive to the occurrence of precipitation.The analysis of θse in the warp direction vertical profile suggested that there was frontal zone in this rainstorm process and the dry air activity in this rainstorm process was very strong.[Conclusion] The study provided theoretical reference to the forecast in future.

Influence Factors of Farmers' Willingness to Poverty Alleviation Relocation in South Shaanxi Province

In southern Shaanxi,far from the core areas of politics and economy,the conditions are inconvenient and farmers have been threatened by geology,floods for many years,resulting in a large population of poor people.The relocation of poverty alleviation project in southern Shaanxi is helpful for improving living standards of people in disaster-stricken areas.Based on the field survey,this paper analyzed 274 valid questionnaires and established a Logistic Regression Analysis Model.The result shows that the health status of head of household,road type before relocation,annual loss of disasters,and changes in the family income after relocation have a greater influence on the relocation willingness of farmers,while the educational level of householder,the distance from the original place of residence to the town and market,the condition of household electricity before relocation and other factors have a little influence on the relocation willingness of farmers.

Development Strategies of Qin Pepper Industry in Shaanxi Province in Northwest China

Qin pepper,a famous local agricultural product of Shaanxi Province,has grown in Guanzhong Area for several hundred years.In recent years,Qin pepper industry has already made considerable progresses,but it also faces many challenges.To ensure a stable planting area of over 100 000 hm 2,a total output of 1.85 million tons and a ratio of 1:2:2 among freshly used peppers,dried peppers and processed peppers in 2015,on the basis of full investigation,expert argumentation as well as research and analysis,industrialization modes of " leading enterprise + agricultural department + base"," leading enterprise + agricultural company" and " leading enterprise + specialized cooperative" are presented herein,on the principle of " appropriate centralization,scale development,company operation,and plate promotion" and in accordance with the general idea of " stabilizing area,optimizing layout;relying on technology,highlighting superior quality;leading by enterprises,and improving efficiency".Some development strategies including " optimizing layout to facilitate plate promotion;increasing science and technology input to improve industrial competitiveness;supporting leading enterprises to accelerate industrialization process;promoting industrial certification to make well-known brands" are also put forward herein.

Spatio-temporal analysis of cropland change in the Guanzhong area, China, from 1650 to 2016

As one of the most critical impact factors of global change,historical land-use change is an indispensable input in climate and environment simulations.To better understand the cropland change in the Guanzhong area,gazetteers,statistics,and survey data were collected as data sources.Methods of registered tax-paying cropland data collection,selection of time points,and data interpolation and calibration were used to reconstruct changes in the cropland area.The cropland area data at the county level were allocated to 1 km×1 km grid cells.The total cropland area in the Guanzhong area was influenced by changes in population,wars,natural disasters,and land-use types,and it fluctuated from 1650 to 2016.From 1780 to 1830,the cropland expanded in the northern and western parts of Guanzhong area,and the cropland in the north of Qinling Mountains increased slightly.The spatial pattern of cropland reached its maximum range in 1980,and the cropland area declined in the whole study area,especially in the cities of Xi’an and Xianyang in 2016.The comparison between HYDE 3.2 and the data obtained in this study showed that the grid cells of HYDE 3.2 exhibit lower values of cropland area fractions in the Guanzhong Basin and higher values in high-altitude areas around the Guanzhong Basin as compared to those in this study.

Phenological records in Guanzhong Area in central China between 600 and 902 AD as proxy for winter half-year temperature reconstruction

Phenological data obtained from historical documents constitute highly important ecological evidence for the pre-instrumental period, and can be used in analyzing climatic change in history. In this study, 87 phenological records about seasonality of non-biological events （e.g., first frost date）, agriculture and ornamental plants （e.g., first flowering date） over 77 years were extracted from historical documents from the Sui and Tang dynasties in China to reconstruct the winter half-year （from October to next April） temperatures in the Guanzhong Area （located in central China） from 600 to 902 AD. Transfer functions between temperature and phenophases with significant correlations were established by using modem observation data. Temperatures from the study period were reconstructed by applying the transfer functions to historical phenological data. The reconstruction indicates that the winter half-year temperatures during 600-902 AD were 0.23~C higher than the reference period （1961-1990）. The temperature changed with two distinct stages. During the 600s-800s, temperatures were approxi- mately 0.38~C higher than at present but then temperatures decreased in the subsequent period （800-902 AD）. These results are similar to ones from previous studies on the mean temperature and the divisions between warm and cold periods during the study period, though differences were found in the degree of warmness/coldness. This reconstruction provides a valuable contribution to a better understanding of climatic variability during the Sui and Tang dynasties in China.

Changes of selenium content in hair samples of people in Kaschin- Beck disease areas two months after stopping selenium salt in Shaanxi Province in 2012

Objective To compare selenium content in hair samples of people in Kaschin-Beck disease(KBD)areas and non KBD areas two months after stopping selenium salt in Shaanxi Province,to provide a scientific basis for KBD control and prevention.Methods In September2012,four historical KBD areas were selected,including Yongshou,Yuyang,Linyou and Nanzheng,four

Discovery of micromammalian fauna of Sichuan-Guizhou Area in Lantian, Shaanxi

The study of the Xishuidong micromammalian fauna, found from Lantian, Shaanxi Province, indicates that both the northern slope of the Qinling Mountains and Sichuan_Guizhou area must belong to the same Oriental Realm in middle_late Middle Pleistocene. The age of the Xishuidong fauna should be later than that of the Gongwangling fauna, and even a little later than that of the Zhongjiawo fauna in age. The fauna is related not only to that of layers 9 and 8 of Peking Man Locality in northern China, but also to the micromammals from Hexian Man Locality in southern China.