Community participation in cultural heritage and environmental policy formulation in Botswana

Cultural heritage does not have direct economic benefits. However, if properly managed it can stimulate social cohesions, improving the environment and have beneficial economic spin offs for the local communities. This paper discusses the role of communities in the formulation of the policies concerning their local environment. It argues that community engagement by policy makers is important in giving legitimacy and ownership of the policies. Furthermore, this paper discusses the potential of cultural heritage in diversifying the economy in Botswana. This paper recommends for the re-assessment of the relationship between the state and local communities which is critical in resuscitating the seemingly ailing community business organizations. In conclusion, it argues for the sustainable management of cultural heritage as a social and economic resource in the next 50 years of Botswana's independence.

Development and Protection: Reshaping Cultural Policies——A Study of the UN's Advancement of Cultural and Creative Industry in Developing Countries

Cultural diversity originates from modern cultural industries. The UN's decade–long promotion of cultural diversity coincides with the advancement of China's cultural and creative industries; however, China's situation is different from the creative economy advocated by the UN in terms of developmental logic. The policy of cultural diversity provides a basis for the UN to push forward the development of cultural and creative industries in developing countries. It is derived from the developmental theories of developed countries, which regard creativity(innovation) as a "technique" and overlook its uniqueness. The digital revolution has never given fair play to developing countries which explains why the UN's promotion of cultural diversity has not yet helped developing countries to substantially increase their exports of cultural goods and services in the past ten years. Nevertheless, the development of the in ternet and digital technology may create an opportunity for developing countries to catch up with and surpass their developed neighbors. China's unique approach to cultural and creative development may serve as a model for the international community to pursue sustainable development in the future.

Ghana＇s Presidential Seats and Sword of State： Aesthetic Manifestation of Kwame Nkrumah＇ s Cultural Policy on Ghana＇s Political Culture

This study explores the aesthetic dimensions of Kwame Nkrumah＇s cultural policies in the creation of Ghana＇s Presidential Seats and the State Sword. The study is an Art Historical research situated within the qualitative research paradigm. It had a population of a defmed class of cultural policy makers, art historians, traditional rulers, nationalists, visual artists and Ghanaians resident both in and outside Ghana. The study examined how the creation of Ghana＇s Presidential Seats and the State Sword were influenced by Kwame Nkrumah＇s cultural policies and the cultural significance of the aesthetic interplay of ethnic insignias used in capturing the Ghanaian concept of Political authority. The study revealed that, Nkrumah recognised the cultural art forms and elements of ethnic Ghana as assets for national development. In line with his policy of building the Nation State of Ghana, he used ethnic cultural art forms and elements. At independence, Nkrumah commissioned some visual artist to create some artistic pieces （politico-cultural artefacts） for the Ghanaian political authority with inspiration or based on what pertains in the traditional authority （Chieftaincy） of Ghana. Politico-cultural artefacts as used in this study refer to the artefacts produced based on the cultural concepts of the ethnic states for the use of the political authority of the Republic of Ghana. Among these artistic pieces are the three Presidential Seats, The State Sword, The President＇s Personal Standard Pole and the State Mace.

Later Zhou Sejong's Cultural Policy

Sejong wanted to stabilize the control. He paid attention to strengthen cultural enlightenment and implement cultural policy from educating people, choosing capable person, repairing history, limiting Buddhism, respecting Confucianism and other aspects. The wind of literature rise gradually. It is conducive to research the developmental trajectory of Later Zhou Dynasty.

CULTURAL VALUES OF WETLANDS IN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN NEPAL

Nepal is rich in wetlands and its biodiversity due to diverse geography,ecology,ecosystem,and cul-tures.Participatory research methodology was used.More than 59 different traditional societies reside in various geo-graphical belts with diverse and distinct language,culture,custom,religion,beliefs,social norms,knowledge andpractices have significant roles in the protection and wise use of wetland biodiversity.Wetland ecology,landscape andcultural values may be accordance with the geographic and human dimension.The bio-cultural diversity supports to en-hance wetlands and biodiversity richness from millennia.Traditional cultural,religious,spiritual values,customarylore,folklore,knowledge of the societies are playing important responsibility in wetland ecology,landscapes and biodi-versity restoration,conservation and sustainable use,and they should be recognised,respected in National legislation.Themes of CBD,and RAMSAR should be respected and implemented to protect the cultural,religious,ritual,and cus-tomary contribution of the society.

From Grinding Hollows to Information Communication Technology through Media in Selecting Prospective Fiancées: Evidence from Wasukuma Socio-Cultural Practices in Tanzania

This paper presents results from investigation of cultural transformations exhibited by Wasukuma youth in regard to getting fiancées in Ngasamo ward, Busega district, Simiyu region, Tanzania. The Main Objective was to assess the manner former Wasukuma young men used mega-stone objects in selecting prospective fiancées and compare with the current trend of using media in some areas of Bariadi district, Simiyu region. Specific Objectives included the following: to relocate tangible cultural heritage resources (mega-stones) used by Wasukuma young men in former times for getting fiancées in Simiyu region;to identify electronic media used by Wasukuma young men of today to communicate in a bid to get fiancées in Simiyu region;and to provide suggestions for pertinent protection, conservation as well as presentation of cultural heritage resources. Such investigation was carried out through surveys that included field observation, documentation together with records for Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates per surveyed locality and key informant interviews. Results from the study identified granite rock boulders that were used as grinding stones for cereals such that they formed grinding hollows. Besides production of flour for making food like stiff porridge or soft porridge, such grinding hollows were used by youth of former times to identify hard working young ladies who could be useful for becoming life partners. Such cultural heritage assets need sustainable preservation as well as conservation plans in line with Antiqui-ties Act, Antiquities Rules and Monuments of 1980, Cultural Policy of 1997 together with Antiquities Policy of 2008. On the other hand, today’s youth in Bariadi area, Simiyu region and elsewhere in Usukuma areas, for instance, Kwimba district in Mwanza region used such mega-stones with the same purposes. However, currently, youth are using Information Communication Technology (ICT), for example, electronic media through television, mobile phones and the like to communicate with young ladies so as to build a permanent bond that could culminate to marriage.

Attitudes of young scholars in Qingdao and Hamburg about climate changeand climate policy The role of culture for the explanation of differences

This article analyses differences in the attitudes related to climate change of young scholars in environmental science in Qingdao (China) and Hamburg (Germany). The main aim of the article is to evaluate the role of cultural differences for their explanation. We expect no significant differences in the attitudes related to the findings of climate research, since scientific principles are the joint basis of the scientific discourse wordwide. However, we expect that there are differences in the attitudes of the young scholars about the role of science, of the state and of the civil society for dealing with the challenge of climate change. We suggest that these can be explained with substantial cultural differences between both societies, with regard to the role of the state and the civil society for the solution of environmental problems. In order to evaluate these hypotheses, we have conducted a comparative survey among environmental science students in Qingdao (China) and Hamburg (Germany) about their attitudes towards climate change. The findings support our main hypotheses. The young scholars in Qingdao and Hamburg differ substantially in their views of the role of science in society and policymaking. Plausibly, these differences may mainly be explained with differences in the cultural ideas about the role of the state and of the civil society for the solution of environmental problems. Gradual differences in the share of young scholars who think that climate change has anthropogenic causes, may be explained with differences in the curriculum but also by cultural habits. This article makes a new contribution to the scientific debate by exploring the role of cultural differences for differences in the attitudes of young scholars in environmental science in connection with climate change and climate policy in different cultural contexts.

Making Sense of Public Relations as Culture Policy

Culture is a process in which meaning is produced, distributed, consumed, materialised, re-produced infinitely and discussed with society. As meanings generally disperse extensively in different social groups through different associations, they display certain changes in time depending on their usage. Meanwhile, it is hard to define the public relations concept, because it may refer to different meanings even in the same culture. According to the assumptions pertaining to the public relations practices shaping the dominant discourse of the USA, language which produces certain cultural meanings also shapes the way we think and act. Thus, due to its ideological and discursive nature, public relations functions as a culture policy. Being an integral communication management configuring and directing the social sphere and the practices related to it, public relations refers to the concept of habitus introduced by Bourdieu inasmuch as habitus resides in the situations formed by actions that individuals learn throughout their lives. Culture policy; on the other hand, purports the effective participation of people in cultural life, their development in social, economic and cultural areas as well as the creation of convenient conditions to sustain it, which can be achieved with public relations practices. Public relations determines the culture policies in a society with regard to the structured discourses and actions and also acts as the mouthpiece of these policies. The purpose of public communication that is necessary for development and sustainability is to inform the public objectively in cultural, social, political and economic senses by obtaining feedback form them. For the purpose of administering sound public communication strategies in a society, public relations should direct the forms of public discourse. The purpose of this study is to put forth a critical evaluation based on the idea that for the realisation of effective and sensible communication policies in a society, the perception and practice public relations in that society should be regarded as a culture policy. According, this study focuses on whether or not public relations as culture policy serve the development of democracy and public sphere.

Exploring English Language Learning Policies in Iran Based on Secondary School Course Books for Learning English in Light of Globalization and Culture

With the globalization of English, the macro and micro cultures of the users of English around the world interact intensively. Considering these conditions, the local and global cultural interface seems an important issue which needs to be clarified in the materials and books used for learning English. Thus, the focus of this study was to explore the language learning policy of the new Iranian English course book at high schools, Prospect 1, recently published and taught for a year in Iran, in light of globalization and culture. This qualitative study was conducted through carrying out semi-structured interviews. The participants of this study were 30 teachers of Ministry of Education, who had the experience of teaching Prospect I for a year and they were mostly chosen from Mashhad and the rest from other cities of Khorasan province, Iran. The interview contained four main questions which were posed to the teachers. The findings of the study indicate that the language learning policy of Iran need to pay more attention to the learners＇ intercultural communicative competence because it mainly attempts at teaching English language focusing on the home culture in the Iranian context. The article ends with some pedagogical implications and more recommendations for developing research studies.

Gender Mainstreaming Policy： Development and Culture in Taiwan

The gender mainstreaming policy has developed with the change of culture in Taiwan from 2001 to 2012. Based on literature review, this paper discusses the change of culture and the development of gender mainstreaming policy with ＂Gender at Work Framework＂ to explain the difference between change at the formal, organizational level and change at the informal and personal level for addressing the root causes of gender equality. This research finds that to achieve gender mainstreaming policy goal, the government has to foster robust, and sound cultural basis for the society.

Research on Practice Subjects Construction of Public Cultural Service in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

The construction of the public culture in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area requires the establishment of effective mechanism on multiple practice subjects.Policy networks theory,with its characteristics of governance attribute,multiple subjects coordination and optimization efficiency,provides a beneficial analytical framework for the construction of multiple practice subjects in the public culture area.This paper analyzes the application of the policy networks in the development of the public culture.

Study on the Policy of Embodying Language Difference between Chinese and Western Culture

For centuries, cross-cultural exchange activities throughout history, language and culture from the communication is an integral part of the contact. For the entire human history, cross-cultural communication is not strange. It plays an important role in studying different languages. Language is the carrier of culture and the main manifestation of culture. Language is developing with the development of a nation, it is an integral part of national culture, history, customs and local customs and practices, the nation＇s culture and social customs are also in the national language to show. The different historical background and development process leads to great difference exists in Western languages. With mutual understanding and deepen, the conflict in western culture are increasing. Language is the primary from of communication. And the use of language and culture are closely related. So ＂differences between Chinese culture and Western culture in English language＂ has become the important topic of intercultural communication.

A discourse on creating and rendering educational and cultural enrichment services to rural migrant workers by public libraries

As far as China's enormous success in her economic reforms and development is concerned,Chinese rural migrant workers indeed have had their biggest share of contributions.Yet ironically in return,they have only received a disproportionate meager share of benefit rewards.These people represent a huge economically deprived group at the bottom of the social totem pole in China's metropolises.On the whole as a social group,their educational attainment is relatively low as compared to their average urban coworkers.As such being the case,their rights to access some of the cost-free cultural and educational enrichment programs in the society are limited and not always assured.Nevertheless and in general speaking,they manifest a strong and consistent desire to acquire all sorts of new and practical knowledge by means of accessing the resources and facilities of their local public libraries.It is suggested in this paper that public libraries are in a good position to give strong support to the central government's strategic planning for the development of a public culture service systema).In implementing such a government initiative with an unswerving purpose of advancing social justice and equality,public libraries should strife to provide as many as possible their library services at no cost to the public,especially to those socially deprived rural migrant workers.

文旅融合政策创新体系研究——基于中央政策文本的“主体-路径-工具”三维框架分析

机构改革开启了文旅融合政策创新的新篇章,中央发布的文旅融合政策对地方政策创新和行业实践发挥“风向标”作用,但学界一般关注的是文化旅游政策,而非融合相关政策,也鲜少以一个立体化的研究框架去分析其结构和关联特征。文章以中央政策文本为例,构建了“政策主体-融合路径-政策工具”三维框架,研究有以下发现。(1)文旅融合政策创新主体以文化和旅游部、国家发展和改革委员会以及财政部等部门为主,发文方式独立创新为主、合作创新为辅。政策文件的主体属性包括单核、多核、单边等6种。(2)融合路径存在偏好性,以体制融合、业态融合和产品融合为主,其中,政策支撑、产业融合类型和高品质文旅产品等细分类别较为突出,其他路径政策内容相对较少。(3)政策工具的使用具有倾向性,以供给型为主、环境型为辅,需求型最少,其中,产业培育、目标定位、示范试点和公共服务是较为重要的工具类别。(4)文旅融合政策创新共有386条创新路径,提炼出6类典型政策创新路径。政策创新逻辑是以核心层部门为主,从体制、产品和业态等融合路径,调动供给型、环境型工具促进文旅融合。该研究进一步提出制定文旅融合专项政策、加强主体合作、优化融合路径和均衡政策工具4点政策优化建议,具有一定的理论意义和实践价值。

数字经济与文化产业发展的政策梳理及其演进特征分析

技术进步是驱动文化产业发展的内生增长引擎,数字经济为我国文化产业的高质量发展提供了新的增长活力。本文以习近平文化思想为统领,梳理中国数字经济、文化产业、数字经济促进文化产业发展的政策脉络,把握数字经济、文化产业、数字赋能文化产业发展的主要特征及其演变规律,研究发现,数字经济促进文化产业发展呈现以下趋势:一是新兴数字文化业态的不断涌现将促进新消费热点的形成;二是数字文化治理体系的加速构建将为数字文化产业的持续健康发展提供有力保障;三是数字赋能文化产业的全链条发展将大幅提升文化产业的全要素生产率。管窥数字经济与文化产业发展的相关政策与演进特征,对于探析我国数字文化产业快速发展的动因,推动文化产业高质量发展,建设社会主义文化强国具有重要的理论和现实意义。

现代公共文化服务体系建设对居民文化参与的影响

《关于加快构建现代公共文化服务体系的意见》是促进居民公共文化参与、保障人民基本文化权益的顶层设计。文章借助政策实施的“准自然实验”方法,采用2013—2019年省际面板数据和双重差分方法,评估该政策实施对居民公共文化服务参与水平的实际影响。研究发现:政策实施激发了居民公共文化参与热忱,显著提升了公共阅读、博物观览、业余文艺培训等参与水平,且随着时间推移,促进效应呈增强态势;中介效应检验表明现代公共文化服务体系建设为居民文化参与提供了除市场购买之外的有效途径,发挥了兜底保障作用。

拔尖创新人才培养的理论基础和实践思路

拔尖创新人才的培养是一个现实而又紧迫的话题,但关于什么是“拔尖创新人才”,如何选拔和培养这类人才,尚缺乏成熟的理论准备和实践引导。本文旨在对创新潜能、发展、成就的理论以及对应的识别、培养、文化支持等社会实践做一个系统概要的阐述。首先,在拔尖创新人才的界定上,本文提出了创新的五种形态和创新人才的两种不同类型。第二,在创新人才的识别问题上,本文提出了基于人才动态发展观并结合“总体筛选”和“个体考察”的人才识别模式。第三,在发展和培养问题上,本文提出兼顾成长阶段和领域具体性同时突出“探索未知”和“开放性”的培养模式。第四,在创新成就的文化支持上,本文探讨了如何在创新实践中营造兼容认知多样性和鼓励自由探索的生态环境。第五,本文进一步针对现有教育体制提出了五个实践策略上的着眼点。最后,关于教育实践的政策导向,本文提出了四个基本原则和四种认知误区。

生育文化、生育制度与生育率——兼论三孩生育政策及其配套支持措施的可能效果

随着中国少子老龄化程度的不断加深,如何促使生育率回升至适度水平成为政府和学界重点关注的议题,其中以三孩生育政策及其配套支持措施为代表的鼓励型生育制度和以“多子多福”为核心的传统生育文化被寄予厚望,希望借此帮助中国摆脱“低生育率陷阱”。然而,研究发现:中华文化圈国家或地区的生育率远低于其他国家与地区,而海外华人则是所在国生育率最低的族群之一,传统生育文化在现代社会已然发生了嬗变,对促使低生育率回升的作用已十分有限,取而代之的是“晚婚晚育少生优生甚至不婚不育”的现代生育文化,并形塑起一种内生性的低生育率机制。与此同时,欧洲和东亚国家通过构建鼓励型生育制度后依然深陷低生育率陷阱,无法有效刺激低生育率回升至适度水平。中国三孩生育政策及其配套支持措施的预期效果同样不容乐观,而生育文化、生育制度和生育率之间存在着十分复杂的互构关系,亟需从结构性和内生性的“文化—制度”视角去重新审视我国生育率转变的形成机制。