Levels of evidence and grades of recommendation supporting European society for medical oncology clinical practice guidelines

Background:The European Society for Medical Oncology(ESMO)guidelines are among the most comprehensive and widely used clinical practice guidelines(CPGs)globally.However,the level of scientific evidence supporting ESMO CPG recommendations has not been systematically investigated.This study assessed ESMO CPG levels of evidence(LOE)and grades of recommendations(GOR),as well as their trends over time across various cancer settings.Methods:We manually extracted every recommendation with the Infectious Diseases Society of America(IDSA)classification from each CPG.We examined the distribution of LOE and GOR in all available ESMO CPG guidelines across different topics and cancer types.Results:Among the 1,823 recommendations in the current CPG,30%were classified as LOEⅠ,and 43%were classified as GOR A.Overall,there was a slight decrease in LOEⅠ(−2%)and an increase in the proportion of GOR A(+1%)in the current CPG compared to previous versions.The proportion of GOR A recommendations based on higher levels of evidence such as randomized trials(LOEⅠ–Ⅱ)shows a decrease(71%vs.63%,p=0.009)while recommendations based on lower levels of evidence(LOEⅢ–Ⅴ)show an increase(29%vs.37%,p=0.01)between previous and current version.In the current versions,the highest proportion of LOEⅠ(42%)was found in recommendations related to pharmacotherapy,while the highest proportion of GOR A recommendations was found in the areas of pathology(50%)and diagnostic(50%)recommendations.Significant variability in LOEⅠand GOR A recommendations and their changes over time was observed across different cancer types.Conclusion:One-third of the current ESMO CPG recommendations are supported by the highest level of evidence.More well-designed randomized clinical trials are needed to increase the proportion of LOEⅠand GOR A recommendations,ultimately leading to improved outcomes for cancer patients.

A review of public health guidelines for postpartum physical activity and sedentary behavior from around the world

Background:The period following pregnancy is a critical time window when future habits with respect to physical activity(PA) and sedentary behavior(SB) are established;therefore,it warrants guidance.The purpose of this scoping review was to summarize public health-oriented country-specific postpartum PA and SB guidelines worldwide.Methods:To identity guidelines published since 2010,we performed a(a) systematic search of 4 databases(CINAHL,Global Health,PubMed,and SPORTDiscus),(b) structured repeatable web-based search separately for 194 countries,and(c) separate web-based search.Only the most recent guideline was included for each country.Results:We identified 22 countries with public health-oriented postpartum guidelines for PA and 11 countries with SB guidelines.The continents with guidelines included Europe(n=12),Asia(n=5),Oceania(n=2),Africa(n=1),North America(n=1),and South America(n=1).The most common benefits recorded for PA included weight control/management(n=10),reducing the risk of postpartum depression or depressive symptoms(n=9),and improving mood/well-being(n=8).Postpartum guidelines specified exercises to engage in,including pelvic floor exercises(n=17);muscle strengthening,weight training,or resistance exercises(n=13);aerobics/general aerobic activity(n=13);walking(n=11);cycling(n=9);and swimming(n=9).Eleven guidelines remarked on the interaction between PA and breastfeeding;several guidelines stated that PA did not impact breast milk quantity(n=7),breast milk quality(n=6),or infant growth(n=3).For SB,suggestions included limiting long-term sitting and interrupting sitting with PA.Conclusion:Country-specific postpartum guidelines for PA and SB can help promote healthy behaviors using a culturally appropriate context while providing specific guidance to public health practitioners.

Research on the development methodology for clinical practice guidelines for organic integration of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine

Integrated traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and Western medicine(WM)is a new medical science grounded in the knowledge bases of both TCM and WM,which then forms a unique modern medical system in China.Integrated TCM and WM has a long history in China,and has made important achievements in the process of clinical diagnosis and treatment.However,the methodological defects in currently published clinical practice guidelines(CPGs)limit its development.The organic integration of TCM and WM is a deeper integration of TCM and WM.To realize the progression of"integration"to"organic integration",a targeted and standardized guideline development methodology is needed.Therefore,the purpose of this study is to establish a standardized development procedure for clinical practice guidelines for the organic integration of TCM and WM to promote the systematic integration of TCM and WM research results into clinical practice guidelines in order to achieve optimal results as the whole is greater than the sum of the parts.

A Preliminary Discussion on Watercolor Creation and Emotional Expression of Female Themes in the 20th Century

The history of watercolor painting spans over three centuries,and the study of watercolor creations focusing on female themes have been a hot topic in the subfield of art studies.Watercolor originated in the Age of Exploration,initially serving as a practical tool for natural history,and later evolving into an art form for the aristocracy.In the 20th century,creations featuring female themes flourished and reached their peak.Compared to early works portraying female theses in mythology and religion,these paintings exhibit significant differences in expression,color,and texture,reflecting the gradual rise of women’s status and the artists’reflections on modern society.This article delves into the development,emotional expression,creation,and inspiration of watercolor paintings with female themes.By analyzing representative works,we explore the artists’portrayal of women and the reflection of women’s living conditions,social status,and ideological consciousness in contemporary society.This article also examines the profound influence and artistic value of these works on contemporary female-themed paintings from the perspective of art studies.

Impact of glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists on endoscopy and its preoperative management: Guidelines, challenges, and future directions

Glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists(GLP-1RA)are used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and,more recently,have garnered attention for their effect-iveness in promoting weight loss.They have been associated with several gastrointestinal adverse effects,including nausea and vomiting.These side effects are presumed to be due to increased residual gastric contents.Given the potential risk of aspiration and based on limited data,the American Society of Anesthesi-ologists updated the guidelines concerning the preoperative management of patients on GLP-1RA in 2023.They included the duration of mandated cessation of GLP-1RA before sedation and usage of“full stomach”precautions if these medications were not appropriately held before the procedure.This has led to additional challenges,such as extended waiting time,higher costs,and increased risk for patients.In this editorial,we review the current societal guidelines,clinical practice,and future directions regarding the usage of GLP-1RA in patients undergoing an endoscopic procedure.

Fever assessment in children under five: Are we following the guidelines?

BACKGROUND Fever is a common cause of medical consultation and hospital admission,particularly among children.Recently,the United Kingdom’s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence(NICE)updated its guidelines for assessing fever in children under five years of age.The efficient assessment and management of children with fever are crucial for improving patient outcomes.AIM To evaluate fever assessment in hospitalized children and to assess its adherence with the NICE Fever in under 5s guideline.METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort review of the electronic medical records of children under five years of age at the Department of Pediatrics,Salmaniya Medical Complex,Bahrain,between June and July 2023.Demographic data,vital signs during the first 48 h of admission,route of temperature measurement,and indications for admission were gathered.Fever was defined according to the NICE guideline.The children were divided into five groups according to their age(0-3 months,>3-6 months,>6-12 months,>12-36 months,and>36-60 months).Patients with and without fever were compared in terms of demography,indication for admission,route of temperature measurement,and other vital signs.Compliance with the NICE Fever in the under 5s guideline was assessed.Full compliance was defined as>95%,partial compliance as 70%-95%,and minimal compliance as≤69%.Pearson’sχ^(2),Student’s t test,the Mann-Whitney U test,and Spearman’s correlation coefficient(rs)were used for comparison.RESULTS Of the 136 patients reviewed,80(58.8%)were boys.The median age at admission was 14.2[interquartile range(IQR):1.7-44.4]months,with the most common age group being 36-60 months.Thirty-six(26.4%)patients had fever,and 100(73.6%)were afebrile.The commonest age group for febrile patients(>12-36 months)was older than the commonest age group for afebrile patients(0-3 months)(P=0.027).The median weight was 8.3(IQR:4.0-13.3)kg.Patients with fever had higher weight than those without fever[10.2(IQR:7.3-13.0)vs 7.1(IQR:3.8-13.3)kg,respectively](P=0.034).Gastrointestinal disease was the leading indication for hospital admission(n=47,34.6%).Patients with central nervous system diseases and fever of unknown etiology were more likely to be febrile(P=0.030 and P=0.011,respectively).The mean heart rate was higher in the febrile group than the afebrile group(140±24 vs 126±20 beats per minute,respectively)[P=0.001(confidence interval:5.8-21.9)]with a positive correlation between body temperature and heart rate,r=0.242,n=136,P=0.004.A higher proportion of febrile patients received paracetamol(n=35,81.3%)compared to the afebrile patients(n=8,18.6%)(P<0.001).The axillary route was the most commonly used for temperature measurements(n=40/42,95.2%),followed by the rectal route(n=2/42,4.8%).The department demonstrated full compliance with the NICE guideline for five criteria:the type of thermometer used,route and frequency of temperature measurement,frequency of heart rate measurement,and use of antipyretics as needed.Partial compliance was noted for two criteria,the threshold of fever at 38°C or more,and the respiratory rate assessment in febrile patients.Minimal compliance or no record was observed for the remaining three criteria;routine assessment of capillary refill,temperature reassessment 1-2 h after each antipyretic intake,and refraining from the use of tepid sponging.CONCLUSION This study showed that fever assessment in hospitalized children under five years of age was appropriate,but certain areas of adherence to the NICE guideline still need to be improved.

Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of advanced breast cancer in China(2022 edition)

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide.It has been estimated that about 416000 new cases and over 117000 deaths of breast cancer occurred in China in 2020.Among the new cases of breast cancer diagnosed each year,3-10%have distant metastasis at the time of initial diagnosis.In addition,approxi-mately 30%of patients with early-stage breast cancer may eventually experience recurrence or metastases.The 5-year survival rate of patients with advanced breast cancer is only 20%with a median overall survival of 2-3 years.Although advanced breast cancer remains incurable at present,new therapeutic options and multidisci-plinary treatment could be utilized to alleviate symptoms,improve quality of life,and prolong patients’survival.The choice of treatment regimens for patients with advanced breast cancer is very important,and the optimal treatment strategy beyond the first-and second-line therapy is often lacking.Herein,the China Advanced Breast Cancer Guideline Panel discussed and summarized recent clinical evidence,updated the guidelines for the diag-nosis and treatment of advanced breast cancer based on the 2020 edition,and formulated the“Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of advanced breast cancer in China(2022 edition)”for clinicians’reference.

Application of Chinese Ethnic Minority Themes in Contemporary Figurative Sculpture Creation

In the field of contemporary sculpture creation,the rich culture and historical depth of Chinese ethnic minorities have attracted the widespread attention of artists.These creations not only emphasize external features such as ethnic costumes,totems,or life scenes but also touch deep spiritual contents including historical stories,religious beliefs,and living habits of ethnic minorities.This paper discusses the integration process of Chinese ethnic minority themes in figurative sculpture creation and the inheritance of the profound spirit of ethnic groups in this process.At the same time,this paper also places the diversified expression and innovative practice of these themes in sculpture art in the context of the new era for investigation and explores the far-reaching influence of its development on promoting cultural inheritance and artistic innovation.

实证研究在临床实践指南制订中的思考及方法学建议

临床实践指南制订的方法学理论在真实的制订情境下存在诸多问题,缺乏对于实际情况的考量,致使其对于指南制订的指导性下降。本文深入剖析了指南制订中理论与实践相关的多方面难点,包括指南制订时方法学理论与实践存在偏差、缺乏大样本的指南方法学相关的实证研究、方法学理论在实证运用后对于局限性和未来研究建议的报告内容不足且形式不规范的问题。为提高未来指南制订方法学的指导性,本课题组提出了多项方法学建议,包括倡导开展对方法学理论进行验证的实证研究、促进大样本实证研究和对比研究开展、规范实证研究后对局限性和未来研究建议的报告内容和形式,以期为指南制订方法学研究者及指南制订小组提供参考。

中国妊娠期高血压疾病的管理建议:基于《2023年澳大利亚和新西兰产科医学协会妊娠期高血压疾病指南摘要》

妊娠期高血压疾病(HDP)是常见的妊娠期并发症之一,也是导致全球孕产妇死亡的主要原因之一。2023年澳大利亚和新西兰产科医学协会发布了《2023年澳大利亚和新西兰产科医学协会妊娠期高血压疾病指南摘要》,本文围绕其重点内容进行解读,对中国HDP的非药物干预措施、精细化管理流程提出建议,以期为中国HDP的管理提供新的依据。

Exploring Themes in the Movie Australia on Culture Identity Theories

Gathering the history and emotions of the nation of Australia,the movie Australia not only reflects Australians’exertion to construct an equal harmonious diversified new Australia but also incarnates Australian people’s nisus to pursue the sense of belonging internally and seek international recognition externally.In order to expand the perspective of researching this movie and give enlightenment on constructing an equal harmonious diversified international community,based on culture identity theories,this paper tries exploring the themes of this movie.

脑卒中中西医结合防治指南(2023版)

近年来我国脑卒中疾病负担仍持续增长,同时目前中西医结合治疗脑卒中领域涌现出许多新的临床证据。为更好地指导中西医结合防治脑卒中的临床实践,本工作组在《中西医结合脑卒中循证实践指南(2019)》的基础上,开展指南更新必要性评估与临床问题遴选,确定了需要更新的12个临床问题,并以《脑卒中中西医结合防治指南》在中华中医药学会申请立项。参考最新的国内外临床实践指南,基于研究证据的系统检索与客观评价,结合我国中西医临床专家的经验,经过工作组的充分讨论及广泛征求意见,最终形成18条推荐意见,以期为各级医疗机构的医务工作者提供科学、具体的指导,促进中西医结合治疗脑卒中的规范应用,从而降低脑卒中的死亡率、复发率、残疾率。

基于卡尔加里-剑桥指南的沙龙培训模式提升全科规培医师医患沟通技能的对照研究

背景医患沟通技能是全科医生的核心岗位胜任力之一,高水平的医患沟通能力是创建和谐医患关系的基石,有助于提高患者就医获得感和满意度。而我国全科医生沟通能力普遍偏低,有待探索出一种适应我国国情、满足我国全科医生沟通需求的医患沟通培训模式来提高其医患沟通能力。目的探索基于卡尔加里-剑桥指南的沙龙培训模式在全科规培医师医患沟通技能培训中的应用效果,为构建适合我国国情的医患沟通培训体系提供参考依据。方法选取成都市第五人民医院2019—2020年度全科规培医师40名作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为沙龙组和对照组,每组20名,其中沙龙组使用基于卡尔加里-剑桥指南的沙龙培训模式进行医患沟通培训,对照组设置为空白对照,培训前、培训后1周分别对两组学员采用标准化病人(SP)模式进行接诊,使用医患沟通评价量表(SEGUE量表)进行现场观察评分,比较两组学员的医患沟通培训效果。结果最终纳入28名,其中沙龙组15名,对照组13名,培训后沙龙组规培医师SEGUE量表评分从(11.80±4.36)分提高至(18.07±4.11)分,对照组规培医师SEGUE量表评分从(12.15±4.63)分提高至(14.46±3.71)分。沙龙组培训后的SEGUE量表评分与培训前的比较,差异有统计学意义(t=3.250,P<0.001);对照组培训后的SEGUE量表评分与培训前比较,差异无统计学意义(t=2.582,P=0.624);培训后对SEGUE量表中的25个项目进行分析,沙龙组与对照组SEGUE量表评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。沙龙组以下5个项目结果优于对照组,准备阶段中的“建立个人信任关系”(93.3%比7.7%)、“保护患者的隐私/尊重患者选择权”(53.3%比15.4%);理解患者阶段中的“认同患者为疾病所付出的努力、改变及其遇到的困难”(33.3%比23.1%)、“表达关心,使患者感到温暖/树立信心”(100.0%比69.2%);结束问诊阶段中的“询问患者是否还有其他的问题需要探讨”(66.7%比23.1%)。结论基于卡尔加里-剑桥指南的沙龙培训模式对全科规培医师进行医患沟通技能培训可增强学员主动参加培训的兴趣和积极性,对于医患沟通能力的提升具有较好的培训效果,值得借鉴和推广。

英语Subject与Theme的对应与非对应关系

关于主语与主位的关系 ,各家学派都有其不同的观点。本文试图对英语简单句中主语与主位的对应和非对应关系进行细致地分析和研究 ,找到其相关的规律性 。

Discussion on Theme-based Design of Road Landscape in Scenic Area——A Case Study of Five Dragon Temple Cultural Park in Yingcheng City

The combination of ornamental function and recreational function should be taken into account in road landscape design of scenic area.The theme characteristic should be highlighted by designing techniques.Roads in scenic area should be used to lead tourists' behavior according to people's behavioral psychology.With Five Dragon Temple Cultural Park as case study,starting from its geographic location and establishment concept,the paper had extracted design theme of Five Dragon Temple Cultural Park.Profound religious cultural connotation had been given to the cultural park with Chinese traditional religion and "Five Elements" theory as the inspiration.It designed five main roads with different colors which represented five elements covering "gold,wood,water,fire and earth".Different scenic areas had been linked together by five man roads,forming a road landscape pattern of "meeting of five dragons".Then,flowering plants had been collocated along the five roads which were Vatica astrotricha,Punica granatum,Prunus serrulata,Morus alba and Osmanthus fragrans,creating theme-based road landscape not only representing religious significance but also corresponding with "Five Elements" theory.

一种基于Theme方法的横切关注点的分析和验证

在面向方面的需求工程中,横切关注点是一类比较特殊的关注点,是需要进行单独识别和建模的。论文基于Theme方法,提出了关注点—需求关联关系矩阵的建立方法,提出了Theme方法中一般关注点和横切关注点之间存在着偏序关系和蕴含关系,并且利用关注点—需求关联关系矩阵,关注点之间的偏序关系和蕴含关系来对横切关注点进行分析和验证。可以利用该文提出的方法,对横切关注点进行自动识别和判断。最后,通过一个实例来验证本方法的有效性。

The Focalizers and the Themes of the Sound and the Fury

Based on the narrative theory of Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan,the present paper will analyze the close connection between the choice and order of the focalizers and the themes of the novel to show that they are chosen and arranged deliberately and accorded to its themes.

The Complimentary Functions of Minor Characters to Shakespeare's Themes

本文通过对莎士比亚四大悲剧文本的细致分析,探讨了莎剧中小人物对莎氏悲剧主题的作用,指出其有两点作用:一、揭示主题;二、深化主题。

家族性高胆固醇血症国内外诊疗异同

家族性高胆固醇血症(FH)是一种常见的遗传代谢性疾病,主要特征是低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)异常升高,可表现为角膜弓、黄色瘤等症状。长期高水平的LDL-C会增加动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病(ASCVD)的风险。FH患者早发ASCVD的风险较高,纯合型的FH病情更为严重。全球FH的流行率逐渐受到重视,但诊断和治疗仍存在不足。借着《2023年中国血脂管理指南》的发布,本文主要比较了国内外关于FH筛查、诊断的不同,用于强调筛查血脂情况的重要性,并建议早期识别FH患者。同时,基因检测也被推荐,不仅限于少数基因,还应包含其他相关基因或全基因组检测。此外,本文也比较了不同指南对于FH患者LDL-C控制管理水平的差异,以及对于不同LDL-C划分的ASCVD危险因素新要素;比较了不同指南在饮食、生活方式、药物控制等方面的差别,指出国内外一致认为他汀类药物是主要的降脂药物,联合应用尤为重要,但对于最大剂量后LDL-C控制未达标的患者国际血脂护理指南有一定更新。同时,对于纯合型FH(HoFH)患者,高强度他汀类药物联合其他药物治疗是首选,早期的治疗更为关键,适当提早脂蛋白单采术与前蛋白转换酶枯草溶菌素9(PCSK9)抑制剂的应用有助于降低ASCVD的发病率和死亡率。

Enhancement of “Grotesque”Theme:On Justified Paralepsis in Anderson's Death in the Woods

This paper analyses the justification of paralepsis adopted by Sherwood Anderson,a great American novelist,in his short story Death in the Woods.By using the changing the perspective,typical Anderson’s theme"grotesque"is enhanced.