Assessment of Human Impacts on Vegetation in Built-up Areas in China Based on AVHRR,MODIS and DMSP_OLS Nighttime Light Data,1992–2010

Since the reform and opening-up program started in 1978,the level of urbanization has increased rapidly in China.Rapid urban expansion and restructuring have had significant impacts on the ecological environment especially within built-up areas.In this study,ArcGIS 10,ENVI 4.5,and Visual FoxPro 6.0 were used to analyze the human impacts on vegetation in the built-up areas of 656Chinese cities from 1992 to 2010.Firstly,an existing algorithm was refined to extract the boundaries of the built-up areas based on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System(DMSP_OLS)nighttime light data.This improved algorithm has the advantages of high accuracy and speed.Secondly,a mathematical model(Human impacts(HI))was constructed to measure the impacts of human factors on vegetation during rapid urbanization based on Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR)Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)NDVI.HI values greater than zero indicate relatively beneficial effects while values less than zero indicate proportionally adverse effects.The results were analyzed from four aspects:the size of cities(metropolises,large cities,medium-sized cities,and small cities),large regions(the eastern,central,western,and northeastern China),administrative divisions of China(provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities)and vegetation zones(humid and semi-humid forest zone,semi-arid steppe zone,and arid desert zone).Finally,we discussed how human factors impacted on vegetation changes in the built-up areas.We found that urban planning policies and developmental stages impacted on vegetation changes in the built-up areas.The negative human impacts followed an inverted′U′shape,first rising and then falling with increase of urban scales.China′s national policies,social and economic development affected vegetation changes in the built-up areas.The findings can provide a scientific basis for municipal planning departments,a decision-making reference for government,and scientific guidance for sustainable development in China.

Space-time Relationship Between Urban Municipal District Adjustment and Built-up Area Expansion in China

Municipal district adjustment and built-up area expansion are two main forms of urban spatial expansion. Using geometric methods, this study constructed a space-time path method to characterize the space-time relationship between municipal district adjustment and built-up area expansion, and drew the space-time path sets of major prefecture level cities from 2000 to 2010 by constructing a coordinate system of the standardized built-up areas and municipal district areas. This divided them into four quadrants, namely, H-H, L-H, L-L, and H-L, based on the relative mean value to evaluate overall and individual stability by three indexes of the trajectory vectors, namely, direction, length, and slope. Results provide the following conclusions. 1) Municipal district adjustment is an effective spatial expansion way for city-scale promotion in China. Since 2000, municipal district adjustments have been mainly distributed in the eastern coastal regions and mid-western capital cities along with their surrounding cities. 2) Municipal district adjustment affects the scale and status of a city in China. Many cities that have expanded municipal districts behave stably and cross quadrants. 3) Great majority second-tier cities have effectively promoted their scale and status through municipal district adjustment. The municipal district adjustment of medium and small cities in the mid-west area is relatively advanced compared with city development. 4) Municipal district adjustment with minimal magnitude is severely restricted from upgrading the scale and status of a city. The transformation from entirely incorporated counties or cities to municipal districts should be the mainstream in future municipal district adjustment.

Quantitative Analysis of Spatial Vitality of Urban Built-up Area: A Case Study of Shenzhen

As an important goal of urban design research,the evaluation of urban spatial vitality has been widely concerned.Taking Shenzhen as an example,the urban built-up area of Shenzhen was identifi ed using improved DENsi-Graph analysis,from the perspective of quantifi cation of urban spatial morphological features.The accessibility of urban streets,degree of construction and architectural form,and degree of functional mixing were quantitatively analyzed through space syntax,space matrix and mixeduse index(MXI),and the spatial vitality of urban built-up area was evaluated.Research results demonstrated that the improved Densi-Graph analysis could better identify the built-up area of Shenzhen,and the overall classifi cation accuracy was 0.810.The analysis results of spatial vitality showed that the urban spatial vitality in Shenzhen urban built-up area was well created.The street accessibility of Shenzhen generally hindered the creation of urban vitality;the spatial matrix value in the north of Shenzhen urban built-up area was lower;and the MXI of most areas within the study area was above the medium.

Ecological Optimization Design Methods for the Green Space System in Densely Built-up Areas

This paper is aimed at studying the environmental degradation of densely built-up areas in the process of urbanization in Qiina. In consideration of the severe environmental conditions of die densely built-up afeas, such as the lack of green space and. open space, ecological disturbance in some areas, poor landscape quality, this paper focused on the ecological space optimization in the process of urban renewal Firstly, theories related to this field were analyzed, and a comprehensive ecological efficiency evaluation sjrstem was established based on disciplines such as urban ecology, landscape ecology, urban sociology, behavioral psychology, biology, urban planning and design. Secondly, this system was used to judge the ecological efficiency of typical blocks on GIS platform and to find out the key spatial nodes that need to be updated. Thirdly, in different cases, space optimization projects witii different theories were designed, and the spatial model of influence was used to comprehensively evaluate their ecological efficiency. Finally, the parameters under different conditions were corrected to get a systematic system for evaluating the green space system in densely built-up areas＊ Due to the lack of undetstanding of the ecological fonction of green space in the past, die environmental condition of densely built-up areas is not good. Therefore, the most important task of urban oigauic renewal is ecological restoiation. In this paper, die exploiation is based on the reservation for built-up afeas to avoid repeated reconstruction and interference. Authors of this paper tried to find out a way to rebuild green space system that performed more complex functions with limited spatial resources. The application of “micfo-ttansfotmation” of green space system in densely built-up areas turns out to improve the quality of landscape while reducing the construction costrds

The Incorporation of Precautionary Principle in the Planning of Global System for Mobile Communications Mast Locations in Built-up Areas： Proposals for Jimeta, Nigeria

This paper aimed at incorporating the precautionary principles into the planning and development of GSM （global system for mobile communications） masts within the built-up areas of Jimeta. Using GIS （geographic information system） analysis technique, the zone of precautionary principle was defined to 500 meters radius as the zone within which precautionary measures are exercised. The criteria for siting GSM base station are also equally identified. For instance, the presence of certain elements within the precautionary zone like schools, hospitals, residential density and overlap of RF （radio frequency） occurrences, may disqualify any mast location. Analysis of the land use within precautionary zone has shown various proportions of exposure to RF, whereas, only 3.39% of the masts are suitably located and 94.92% are not and therefore should be relocated. The study recommend measures for addressing physical development within precautionary areas, including land conversion and mast sharing to reduce potential harmful effects of RF emanating from GSM base stations.

Examining Rate of Built-Up Areas on the Vegetation Cover along River Riara Riparian within Kiambu Town, Kenya

Urban river riparian spaces and their natural systems are valuable to urban dwellers;but are increasingly affected and ruined by human activities and in particular, urbanization processes. In this research, land sat and sentinel satellite imagery apt for change detection in vegetation cover, both landsat and sentinel imagery, covering the period between 1970 and 2021 in epochs of 1973, 1984, 1993, 2003, 2015 and 2021 years were used to establish the correlation between vegetation cover and built-up area along River Riara river reserve. The images were analysed to extract the built-up areas along the river reserve, including the buildings, and the rate of human settlements, which influenced vegetation cover. Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were computed using the Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) and the Near Infra-Red (NIR) bands to show the rate of change over the years. Results indicate NDVI values were high, compared to NDBI values along river Riara in the years 1973 and 1993 implying that there was more vegetation cover then. However, in the year 2021, the NDVI indicated the highest value at 0.88, with the complementary NDBI indicating the highest NDBI value at 0.47. This represents a significant increase in built-up areas since 2015 more than in previous epochs. Either, there was a significant increase in NDBI values, from 0.24 in 1993 to 0.47 in 2021. More so, the R-squared value at 0.80 informed 80% relationship between NDBI and NDVI values indicating a negative correlation.

Analysis of the Relationship between Land Surface Temperature and Vegetation and Built-Up Indices in Upper-Hill, Nairobi

Designing “liveable” cities as climate change effects are felt all over the world has become a priority to city authorities as ways are sought to reduce rising temperatures in urban areas. Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect occurs when there is a difference in temperature between rural and urban areas. In urban areas, impervious surfaces absorb heat during the day and release it at night, making urban areas warmer compared to rural areas which cool faster at night. This Urban Heat Island effect is particularly noticeable at night. Noticeable negative effects of Urban Heat Islands include health problems, air pollution, water shortages and higher energy requirements. The main objective of this research paper was to analyze the spatial and temporal relationship between Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Normalized Density Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Built-Up Density Index (BDI) in Upper-Hill, Nairobi Kenya. The changes in land cover would be represented by analyzing the two indices NDVI and BDI. Results showed the greatest increase in temperature within Upper-Hill of up to 3.96&#176C between the years 2015 and 2017. There was also an increase in impervious surfaces as indicated by NDVI and BDI within Upper-Hill and its surroundings. The linear regression results showed a negative correlation between LST and NDVI and a positive correlation with BDI, which is a better predictor of Land Surface Temperature than NDVI. Data sets were analyzed from Landsat imagery for the periods 1987, 2002, 2015 and 2017 to determine changes in land surface temperatures over a 30 year period and it’s relation to land cover changes using indices. Visual comparisons between Temperature differences between the years revealed that temperatures decreased around the urban areas. Minimum and maximum temperatures showed an increase of 1.6&#176C and 3.65&#176C respectively between 1987 and 2017. The comparisons between LST, NDVI and BDI show the results to be significantly different. The use of NDVI and BDI to study changes in land cover due to urbanization, reduces the time taken to manually classify moderate resolution satellite imagery.

广西贵港市农村居民点土地集约利用评价

以贵港市5个县域范围内的农村居民点整体为评价单元,从土地利用程度、土地投入程度、土地利用产出、社会经济4个方面构建指标体系,采用层次分析法确定权重,利用加权函数法计算综合评价分值,然后根据综合评价分值的大小将贵港市农村居民点用地分为3大土地集约利用类型,即相对集约利用类型、一般集约利用类型和相对不集约利用类型,最后针对该地区实际情况提出农村居民点土地集约利用的对策。

典型岩溶区硫化物矿床——广西贵港锡基坑铅锌矿开采的生态效应

硫化物矿床开采的环境污染效应与围岩性质有密切关系,碳酸盐岩类围岩能在一定程度上中和硫化物矿床开采形成的酸性矿山废水(AMD),从而降低酸性废水及重金属的污染危害。以广西贵港锡基坑硫化物矿床为研究区,系统采集了矿石、尾矿、废水、地表水、悬浮物、底积物及地下水样品,测定了重金属含量及pH值等理化指标,研究了岩溶区硫化物矿床开采的生态效应,以期为类似碳酸盐岩地区硫化物矿床开采的环境污染与生态危害评价、矿山环境保护提供科学依据。研究取得结论如下:(1)尾矿及废水样品中Cd、Pb等重金属含量较高,对矿区地表水及地下水质量构成一定的潜在风险;(2)硫化物矿床开采过程释放的重金属元素对矿区地表水有较显著影响,由于碳酸盐岩的中和作用,流出矿区后地表水、悬浮物及底积物中重金属含量迅速降低,重金属潜在风险处于轻微等级;(3)富含Cd、Pb等重金属的矿坑酸性积水,下渗过程中与碳酸盐岩中的Ca^2+、CO3^2-、HCO-3发生中和反应而沉淀,矿区地下水环境质量良好,除了尾矿库、矿坑水周边存在少量超标样品外,矿区周边村镇地下水质均未受到明显的采矿污染影响。可见,碳酸盐岩类围岩是重金属元素迁移的天然地球化学障,能有效降低硫化物矿床开采的环境污染风险。

某少数民族地区急性传染病健康教育效果评价

[目的]评价在广西贵港少数民族地区开展的SARS、禽流感等急性传染病健康教育效果,为探索和建立一种适合少数民族农村地区应对SARS等急性传染病流行的最有效、经济、简捷、方便操作的健康促进模式提供参考依据。[方法]采用随机抽样的方法,用自编调查问卷对示范村黄练镇大董村居民在实施健康教育干预前后进行现况调查,并与不作任何健康教育干预的对照村潘陈村进行对比。[结果]示范村对SARS、禽流感等急性传染病知识的知晓率和相关行为形成率干预前后对比差异具有统计学意义(P﹤0.01),示范村在干预后与对照村对比差异具有统计学意义(P﹤0.01),对照村自身前后对比变化不大(P﹥0.05)。[结论]示范村大董村SARS、禽流感等急性传染病健康教育取得明显效果。

南广铁路引入贵港地区方案研究

介绍了贵港地区既有铁路以及在建和规划铁路项目现状,分析了线路运营特征以及存在的主要问题。根据地区客、货运输量需求,结合贵港市规划,重点研究了南广铁路引入贵港地区的2个系列方案,经过技术经济比较,推荐引入既有贵港站北侧新建南广车场方案,该方案符合城市总体规划、经济合理,便于运营管理。

Regional differences and determinants of built-up area expansion in China

Based on remote sensing data on land use provided by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and socio-economic data collected by the authors,this paper analyzes the trends and regional differences in built-up area(BUA) expansion in China from the late 1980s to 2000,and empirically estimates the major determinants of BUA expansion in different regions in 1996―2000.In 1989―2000,although China's overall BUA expansion accelerated,the trends differed significantly among regions.BUA expansion in the central and western regions accelerated significantly,but it slowed down considerably in the east-ern region.The estimation results from our econometric analysis reveal that BUA expansion in the eastern region reached a period when economic growth had no further significant impact on per capita BUA,the land utilization in this region has become more intensive with further expansion of the economy.In the central and western regions,the BUA has expanded remarkably due to the relatively more flexible land development policies and the relatively cheap land prices.Therefore,as the econ-omy continues to grow rapidly,policies relating to BUA expansion and cultivated land reductions may face more serious challenges in the central and western regions.

Global mapping of urban built-up areas of year 2014 by combining MODIS multispectral data with VIIRS nighttime light data

An improved methodology for the extraction and mapping of urban built-up areas at a global scale is presented in this study.The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)-based multispectral data were combined with the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite(VIIRS)-based nighttime light(NTL)data for robust extraction and mapping of urban built-up areas.The MODIS-based newly proposed Urban Built-up Index(UBI)was combined with NTL data,and the resulting Enhanced UBI(EUBI)was used as a single master image for global extraction of urban built-up areas.Due to higher variation of the EUBI with respect to geographical regions,a region-specific threshold approach was used to extract urban built-up areas.This research provided 500-m-resolution global urban built-up map of year 2014.The resulted map was compared with three existing moderate-resolution global maps and one high-resolution map in the United States.The comparative analysis demonstrated finer details of the urban built-up cover estimated by the resultant map.

Examining the influence of the implementation of Major Function-oriented Zones on built-up area expansion in China

China had implemented the national strategies for Major Function-oriented Zones （MFOZs） to realize the goal of national sustainable development since 2010. This study analyzed and compared spatio-temporal characteristics and differences in built-up area for China＇s MFOZs using a China＇ s Land Use Database （CLUD） derived from high-resolution remotely sensed images in the periods of 2000-2010 and 2010-2013. To sum up： （1） The percentage of built-up area in each of the MFOZs was significantly different, revealing the gradient feature of national land development based on the distribution of the main functions. （2） Annual growth in built-up area in optimal development zones （ODZs） decreased signifi- cantly during 2010-2013 compared with the period 2000-2010, while annual growth in built-up area in key development zones （KDZs）, agricultural production zones （APZs） and key ecological function zones （KEFZs） increased significantly. （3） In ODZs, the average annual increase in built-up area in the Yangtze River Delta region was significantly higher than in other regions; the average area increase and rate of increase of built-up area in KDZs was faster in the western region than in other regions; average annual area growth of built-up area in APZs in the northeast, central and western regions was twice as high as the previous decade on average; the annual rate of change and increase in the dynamic degree of built-up area were most notable in KEFZs in the central region. （4） The spatial pattern and charac- teristics of built-up area expansions in the period 2010-2013 reflected the gradient feature of the plan for MFOZs. But the rate of increase locally in built-up area in ODZs, APZs and KEFZs is fast, so the effective measures must be adopted in the implementation of national and regional policies. The conclusions indicated these methods and results were meaningful for future regulation strategies in optimizing national land development in China.

A standardized dataset of built-up areas of China’s cities with populations over 300,000 for the period 1990-2015

China’s urbanization has attracted a lot of attention due to its unprecedented pace and intensity in terms of land,population,and economic impact.However,due to the lack of consistent and harmonized data,little is known about the patterns and dynamics of the interaction between these different aspects over the past few decades.Along with the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,a standardized dataset for assessing the sustainability of urbanization in China is needed.In this paper,we used remote sensing data from multiple sources(time-series of Landsat and Sentinel images)to map the impervious surface area(ISA)at five-year intervals from 1990 to 2015 and then converted the results into a standardized dataset of the built-up area for 433 Chinese cities with 300,000 inhabitants or more.This dataset was produced following the well-established rules adopted by the United Nations(UN).Validation of the ISA maps in urban areas based on the visual interpretation of Google Earth images showed that the average overall accuracy(OA),producer’s accuracy(PA)and user’s accuracy(UA)were 91.24%,92.58%and 89.65%,respec-tively.Comparisons with other existing urban built-up area datasets derived from the National Bureau of Statistics of China,the World Bank and UN-habitat indicated that our dataset,namely the stan-dardized urban built-up area dataset for China(SUBAD-China),provides an improved description of the spatiotemporal character-istics of the urbanization process and is especially applicable to a combined analysis of the spatial and socio-economic domains in urban areas.Potential applications of this dataset include combin-ing the spatial expansion and demographic information provided by UN to calculate sustainable development indicators such as SDG 11.3.1.The dataset could also be used in other multidimensional syntheses related to the study of urbanization in China.

Dynamics of Urbanization and Its Impact on Land-Use/Land-Cover: A Case Study of Megacity Delhi

The rapid expansion of urban areas due to rise in population and economic growth is increasing additional demand on natural resources thereby causing land-use changes especially in megacities. Therefore, serious problems associated with rapid development such as additional infrastructure, informal settlements, environmental pollution, destruction of ecological structure and scarcity of natural resources has been studied carefully using remote sensing and GIS technologies for a rapidly grown megacity namely, Delhi. The present work evaluates the land use/land cover (LULC) changes and urban expansion in Mega city Delhi and highlights the major impact of rapid urbanization and population growth on the land cover changes which needs immediate attention. The results indicate that the city is expanding towards its peripheral region with the conversion of rural regions in to urban expansions. Built-up area of Delhi witnessed an overall increment from 540.7 km2 to 791.96 km2 or 16.86% of the total city area (1,490 km2 ) during the study period 1997 to 2008 which mainly came from agriculture land, waste land, scrub-land, sandy areas and water bodies. The increment in forest cover of 0.5 % is very small when considering the increment in built up category to 17%. Total area of waterbodies has reduced by 52.9% in a ten year period (58.26 km2 in 1997 to 27.43 km2 in 2008) with shallow waterbodies now having a dismal presence. LULC changes are studied with the urban growth parameters such as population, vehicles, gross state domestic product etc. The results lay emphasis on the concepts of urban planning to be applied such that more consideration is towards the preservation and management of natural land use classes which will increase the quality of life in an urban environment.

广西贵港—平南地区铅锌铜矿床地质特征

广西贵港—平南地区是热水沉积改造型层控铅锌铜矿床集中区。该区铅锌铜矿主要控矿层位为中泥盆统四排组—应堂组及东岗岭组中段,以深灰—灰黑色含炭质白云岩夹薄层状炭质泥岩控矿为特征;控矿构造主要为复式背、向斜的翼部单斜构造,燕山晚期再次成矿时,与含矿层叠加的断裂和岩浆侵入构造则是热水沉积改造型矿床的主要控矿构造。矿床形成是经深循环作用使含矿热卤水进入沉积盆地局部沉积而成,成矿作用主要发生在同生—成岩晚期,燕山期构造热液和岩浆热液改造带形成叠加改造型矿床。

Statistical Change Detection in Water Cycle over Two Decades and Assessment of Impact of Urbanization on Surface and Sub-Surface Water Flows

Urbanization is termed as physical transformation of landscapes that alter the natural regime of the environment of its surrounding resulting in further changes in macro as well as micro climate of the region [1]. Urban areas are continually facing problems of water scarcity and urban flash floods. Recent news from IPCC report 2010, CIESIN’s Global Rural Urban Mapping Project [2] and World Water Vol. 7 2007, it is clear that urban land area has doubled and affected the hydrological cycle. The components of hydrological cycle affected are Infiltration, Runoff and Evaporation and the causing components are derived by studies as land use, land cover, water withdrawal and urban developments. Thus water availability, water recharge and water cycle are all destabilized in course or urban development. The paper is an attempt to correlate and identify the periodical changes in urban water cycle, during urbanization of Bhopal City, India, during last twenty years and above. The observations are based on GIS mapping of the study area from 1991 to 2009 using rational method of runoff and recharge calculations and statistical analysis of related built-up areas. Also change in natural course of drainages with the help of GIS imageries which have been detected during twenty years that help to observe the adaptation of natural system to urban course. Also the observations show an interesting relation which can be used for further research and sustainable development [3].

郁江贵港城区河段河道演变分析

郁江的河道演变对河流的堤防安全、河势稳定、防汛抢险等影响重大。以郁江贵港市区河段作为研究对象,通过实测资料,分析了研究河段的历史演变,对24个典型断面的断面特征和河床演变的趋势进行分析。结果表明:研究河段在近30 a河槽变化不大,河势相对较为稳定,河道各个断面有冲有淤且变化幅度较小;在现有水沙条件下,未来河段将呈缓慢淤积的趋势,贵港和桂平航运枢纽对河势及冲淤变化影响不大。

广西贵港市覃塘区碳酸盐岩区表层土壤Cd元素迁移转化与影响因素

广西贵港市覃塘区绝大部分为碳酸盐岩,该区表层土壤中Cd元素普遍富集。应用生物可利用系数和迁移系数计算法研究土壤中Cd生物有效性及活动性,在水平和垂向两个方向解析了Cd元素迁移与转化规律,并利用空间叠加和Pearson相关性分析法系统研究了土壤Cd元素的影响因素。结果表明:该区土壤Cd元素含量主要以残渣态形式存在,在水平和垂向方向的迁移受地势、土壤风化淋溶作用影响,土壤盐基总量的流失致使Cd元素富集,且土壤理化性质和氧化物K_2O、Na_2O等是影响Cd元素含量的重要因素。