There is a false notion of existing available, abundant, and long lasting fuel energy in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries;with continual income return from its exports. This is not true as the sustainabili...There is a false notion of existing available, abundant, and long lasting fuel energy in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries;with continual income return from its exports. This is not true as the sustainability of this income is questionable. Energy problems started to appear, and can be intensified in coming years due to continuous growth of energy demands and consumptions. The demands already consume all produced Natural Gas (NG) in all GCC, except Qatar;and the NG is the needed fuel for Electric Power (EP) production. These countries have to import NG to run their EP plants. Fuel oil production can be locally consumed within two to three decades if the current rate of consumed energy prevails. The returns from selling the oil and natural gas are the main income to most of the GCC. While NG and oil can be used in EP plants, NG is cheaper, cleaner, and has less negative effects on the environment than fuel oil. Moreover, oil has much better usage than being burned in steam generators of steam power plants or combustion chambers of gas turbines. Introducing renewable energy or nuclear energy may be a necessity for the GCC to keep the flow of their main income from exporting oil. This paper reviews the GCC productions and consumptions of the prime energy (fuel oil and NG) and their role in electric power production. The paper shows that, NG should be the only fossil fuel used to run the power plants in the GCC. It also shows that the all GCC except Qatar, have to import NG. They should diversify the prime energy used in power plants;and consider alternative energy such as nuclear and renewable energy, (solar and wind) energy.展开更多
Mediation is an important peaceful means of resolving international disputes.In such cases,the mediator invites member states in dispute to roundtable negotiations to bring about a reconciliation.In the late GCC crisi...Mediation is an important peaceful means of resolving international disputes.In such cases,the mediator invites member states in dispute to roundtable negotiations to bring about a reconciliation.In the late GCC crisis between Qatar on one hand and Saudi Arabia,UAE,Bahrain,and Egypt on the other,Kuwaiti mediation tries to bridge the gap and prevent escalation that might lead to military confrontation against Doha to force a change of regime.However,this mediation is always in danger of an elongated crisis that might worsen the situation and hinder the parties reaching a reconciliatory settlement of their dispute.This is a challenge that confronts the Kuwaiti mediator and jeopardizes the very existence of the GCC in case the Kuwaiti mediator fails to reach a settlement.The dispute went beyond a limited geographic one with Egypt joining the boycott and the symbolic presence of Turkish troops in Qatar.As such,the dispute has created an unprecedented political rift among Gulf States and their rulers and somehow worries the existing regimes.This worrying situation threatens the core principles of some of these States,including those who are still neutral towards the dispute.展开更多
The Persian Gulf as a crucial region has been in the center of the global powers’strategies.China,as a growing international power,in the framework of“Go Global”strategy,has cemented its multidimensional ties with ...The Persian Gulf as a crucial region has been in the center of the global powers’strategies.China,as a growing international power,in the framework of“Go Global”strategy,has cemented its multidimensional ties with the Persian Gulf countries,particularly the Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC)monarchies during the last three decades.China has established comprehensive strategic relations with the GCC states.The GCC sultanates have also attempted to deepen their collaboration with China in different fields.The bilateral relations between China and GCC countries mainly focused on energy,economy,trade,finance,relatively politics,security,military,culture and recently COVID-19.In recent years,the Chinese Belt and Road project has deepened the relationship between China and GCC countries and has effectively contributed to the Chinese“Go Global”strategy.展开更多
As an important regional organization in the Middle East,the Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC)faces many challenges in its current development.Today,trapped in intensified internal and external problems,as well as caught ...As an important regional organization in the Middle East,the Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC)faces many challenges in its current development.Today,trapped in intensified internal and external problems,as well as caught in increasingly crises,the GCC is standing at a difficult crossroad.The diplomatic strategies of the GCC in general since its establishment have always been looking towards the West,especially towards the United States(the US).All member states of the GCC maintain close ties with the US and their diplomatic strategies are heavily dependent on it.However,in recent years,the drastic changes in the Middle East and of the international political patterns have posed severe challenges to the GCC states’diplomatic strategies,which have also brought some opportunities with which the GCC states begin to change their diplomatic strategies significantly.Under the new circumstances,the GCC states,especially Saudi Arabia,are extricating themselves from the diplomatic tradition of looking westwards while beginning to make remarkable changes towards looking and going eastwards instead,gradually showing their trend of diversification and autonomy in diplomacy and trying to balance their diplomacy among regional and world powers,also between the East and the West.Therefore,any development on diplomatic orientation of the GCC states,especially Saudi Arabia,along with the accompanying impact on the geopolitical situation in the Middle East,deserves sustained attention.Indeed,it is really a problem for the GCC states to go eastwards or go westwards.展开更多
Once abandoned for more than three decades,vernacular settlements in Oman are now being progressively reinvested in to foster the country’s heritage tourism sector.The present research focuses on the emerging phenome...Once abandoned for more than three decades,vernacular settlements in Oman are now being progressively reinvested in to foster the country’s heritage tourism sector.The present research focuses on the emerging phenomenon of community-led initiatives for vernacular heritage rehabilitation and adaptive reuse in Oman.Through an examination of three case studies,its aim is to describe this process and its modes of action and discuss its efects on vernacular settlement transformations.A mixed research methodology was designed to include(A)analyses of relevant primary and secondary data,(B)documented onsite observations,(C)interviews with local community representatives and key players in the operations of rehabilitation,and(D)extractions and analyses of quantitative data from a hotel booking website.The research sheds light on unsuspected interrelations within and between the projects being implemented in these settlements and their operating modes.It reveals the focal role of a local community in a kind of‘bottom-up’management of its built heritage,coupled with a‘horizontal cooperation’between the three initiatives studied in this research.Moreover,it shows that a heavily centralised and top-down policy for the feld of heritage conservation and management is among the main obstacles that hinder such initiatives.Furthermore,community-led operations of vernacular heritage rehabilitation are being undertaken under insufcient regulations in terms of land use,building restoration and adaptive reuse.In this context,the paper discusses some of the serious threats and concerns faced by such initiatives and proposes actionable solutions to mitigate these hindrances.展开更多
文摘There is a false notion of existing available, abundant, and long lasting fuel energy in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries;with continual income return from its exports. This is not true as the sustainability of this income is questionable. Energy problems started to appear, and can be intensified in coming years due to continuous growth of energy demands and consumptions. The demands already consume all produced Natural Gas (NG) in all GCC, except Qatar;and the NG is the needed fuel for Electric Power (EP) production. These countries have to import NG to run their EP plants. Fuel oil production can be locally consumed within two to three decades if the current rate of consumed energy prevails. The returns from selling the oil and natural gas are the main income to most of the GCC. While NG and oil can be used in EP plants, NG is cheaper, cleaner, and has less negative effects on the environment than fuel oil. Moreover, oil has much better usage than being burned in steam generators of steam power plants or combustion chambers of gas turbines. Introducing renewable energy or nuclear energy may be a necessity for the GCC to keep the flow of their main income from exporting oil. This paper reviews the GCC productions and consumptions of the prime energy (fuel oil and NG) and their role in electric power production. The paper shows that, NG should be the only fossil fuel used to run the power plants in the GCC. It also shows that the all GCC except Qatar, have to import NG. They should diversify the prime energy used in power plants;and consider alternative energy such as nuclear and renewable energy, (solar and wind) energy.
文摘Mediation is an important peaceful means of resolving international disputes.In such cases,the mediator invites member states in dispute to roundtable negotiations to bring about a reconciliation.In the late GCC crisis between Qatar on one hand and Saudi Arabia,UAE,Bahrain,and Egypt on the other,Kuwaiti mediation tries to bridge the gap and prevent escalation that might lead to military confrontation against Doha to force a change of regime.However,this mediation is always in danger of an elongated crisis that might worsen the situation and hinder the parties reaching a reconciliatory settlement of their dispute.This is a challenge that confronts the Kuwaiti mediator and jeopardizes the very existence of the GCC in case the Kuwaiti mediator fails to reach a settlement.The dispute went beyond a limited geographic one with Egypt joining the boycott and the symbolic presence of Turkish troops in Qatar.As such,the dispute has created an unprecedented political rift among Gulf States and their rulers and somehow worries the existing regimes.This worrying situation threatens the core principles of some of these States,including those who are still neutral towards the dispute.
文摘The Persian Gulf as a crucial region has been in the center of the global powers’strategies.China,as a growing international power,in the framework of“Go Global”strategy,has cemented its multidimensional ties with the Persian Gulf countries,particularly the Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC)monarchies during the last three decades.China has established comprehensive strategic relations with the GCC states.The GCC sultanates have also attempted to deepen their collaboration with China in different fields.The bilateral relations between China and GCC countries mainly focused on energy,economy,trade,finance,relatively politics,security,military,culture and recently COVID-19.In recent years,the Chinese Belt and Road project has deepened the relationship between China and GCC countries and has effectively contributed to the Chinese“Go Global”strategy.
基金This article is one of the research outcomes of the Academic Leading Project“Research on the Contemporary Social Transformation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia”[JX01X0212018032]a project in its second term held by Shanghai International Studies University.
文摘As an important regional organization in the Middle East,the Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC)faces many challenges in its current development.Today,trapped in intensified internal and external problems,as well as caught in increasingly crises,the GCC is standing at a difficult crossroad.The diplomatic strategies of the GCC in general since its establishment have always been looking towards the West,especially towards the United States(the US).All member states of the GCC maintain close ties with the US and their diplomatic strategies are heavily dependent on it.However,in recent years,the drastic changes in the Middle East and of the international political patterns have posed severe challenges to the GCC states’diplomatic strategies,which have also brought some opportunities with which the GCC states begin to change their diplomatic strategies significantly.Under the new circumstances,the GCC states,especially Saudi Arabia,are extricating themselves from the diplomatic tradition of looking westwards while beginning to make remarkable changes towards looking and going eastwards instead,gradually showing their trend of diversification and autonomy in diplomacy and trying to balance their diplomacy among regional and world powers,also between the East and the West.Therefore,any development on diplomatic orientation of the GCC states,especially Saudi Arabia,along with the accompanying impact on the geopolitical situation in the Middle East,deserves sustained attention.Indeed,it is really a problem for the GCC states to go eastwards or go westwards.
基金This study is part of a research project:CR/ENG/CAED/18/04 Sultan Qaboos University.
文摘Once abandoned for more than three decades,vernacular settlements in Oman are now being progressively reinvested in to foster the country’s heritage tourism sector.The present research focuses on the emerging phenomenon of community-led initiatives for vernacular heritage rehabilitation and adaptive reuse in Oman.Through an examination of three case studies,its aim is to describe this process and its modes of action and discuss its efects on vernacular settlement transformations.A mixed research methodology was designed to include(A)analyses of relevant primary and secondary data,(B)documented onsite observations,(C)interviews with local community representatives and key players in the operations of rehabilitation,and(D)extractions and analyses of quantitative data from a hotel booking website.The research sheds light on unsuspected interrelations within and between the projects being implemented in these settlements and their operating modes.It reveals the focal role of a local community in a kind of‘bottom-up’management of its built heritage,coupled with a‘horizontal cooperation’between the three initiatives studied in this research.Moreover,it shows that a heavily centralised and top-down policy for the feld of heritage conservation and management is among the main obstacles that hinder such initiatives.Furthermore,community-led operations of vernacular heritage rehabilitation are being undertaken under insufcient regulations in terms of land use,building restoration and adaptive reuse.In this context,the paper discusses some of the serious threats and concerns faced by such initiatives and proposes actionable solutions to mitigate these hindrances.