Gummosis is the most serious disease of mango all around the world,which is becoming epidemic in different regions of these countries,can infect almost all the commercial and indigenous varieties of mango,and has been...Gummosis is the most serious disease of mango all around the world,which is becoming epidemic in different regions of these countries,can infect almost all the commercial and indigenous varieties of mango,and has been regarded as a new serious threat of mango trees at an alarming ratio.This article reviewed causal organisms,current status,future prospects,and management practices of mango gummosis disease.展开更多
Guggal, a threatened species that is endemic to western India, is tapped to extract medicinally important oleo-gum-resin （guggul）. However, the plant dies after gum exudation. The indigenous tapping techniques used ...Guggal, a threatened species that is endemic to western India, is tapped to extract medicinally important oleo-gum-resin （guggul）. However, the plant dies after gum exudation. The indigenous tapping techniques used by local people were examined in Gujarat, India to dis-cover the scientific basis behind these techniques： selection of gum in-ducer, season of tapping, and plant parts to be tapped. First, the presence of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. commiphorae （Xac） in the gum suspen-sion used for tapping was established. This bacterium induces gum ooz-ing from the tapped plants and later, causes them to die off. The popula-tion of Xac in gum was found to decrease with the age of the gum. With that, fresh gum increased the tapping success. Second, local people pre-ferred tapping during the warm season, which we validated by determin-ing that Xac growth was best at 30 ＆#176;C. Tapping during September （mean temperature 25.7-30.0 ＆#176;C） clearly favoured growth of the pathogen and yielded maximum guggul. Multiple tapping on a mature tree ensured maximum gum extraction before its death. Finally, application of in-digenous technology under natural plant stands by the local people en-sured availability of this important raw drug for consumption. Our study established that the age-old traditional methods have a strong scientific basis. However, it is imperative to formulate strategies based on con-temporary scientific understanding to protect this natural resource before it becomes extinct.展开更多
Coorg mandarin is a famous ecotype of mandarin grown in multi-tier cropping system in coffee and pepper plantations in Coorg region of India. The roving survey indicated disease incidence of Huanglongbing （HLB） and ...Coorg mandarin is a famous ecotype of mandarin grown in multi-tier cropping system in coffee and pepper plantations in Coorg region of India. The roving survey indicated disease incidence of Huanglongbing （HLB） and Phytophthora, ranging between 35%-64.2% and 22.5%-35.6% in different places of Coorg region. A total of 177 Phytophthora infected （plant roots 59, soil 118）, and 576 greening or HLB infected Coorg mandarin samples were collected from 184 Coorg mandarin orchards, of these I II Phytophthora isolates were isolated and characterized in this study on the basis of colony growth patterns and morphological structures. Based on the virulence, only 52 of 111 Phytophthora isolates were amplified by PCR using universal internal transcriber spacer （ITS） primers, cloned and sequenced. The sequences analysis of Phytophthora isolates revealed more than 97% nucleotide （nt） similarity within themselves, except eight isolates ofP. palmivora and four isolates ofP. nicotianae had varied nt identity （70.6% to 97.4%） with other Phytophthora species compared. Similarly, 523 of 576 Coorg mandarin samples were confirmed the presence of HLB infection by PCR using 16S rRNA gene specific universal primers. The representative five of 523 Coorg mandarin isolates showed nt identity ranged from 94.4% to 95.3% with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus （AB008366） isolate infecting citrus in Asia and one isolate of HLB shared nt identity of 96.9% with Ca. L. asiaticus （KJ944269）.展开更多
Organic farming has an important place in agricultural economy.However few studies talk about biological control of many enemies groups.This study aims to illustrate nettle efficiency as preventive fight towards both ...Organic farming has an important place in agricultural economy.However few studies talk about biological control of many enemies groups.This study aims to illustrate nettle efficiency as preventive fight towards both insect’s outbreaks and disease infestation.It consists of verifying if nettle extract has curative properties towards gummosis citrus or stops development disease and we evaluated its efficiency on main insects’pests of bean.Moreover nettle field of insects was tested if it can protect bean.Investigational device was realized during season crop 2017-2019 and took place in market gardens around the city Antananarivo(Madagascar).Nettle field of insects’efficiency was compared with witness plots and field of insects which composed with various companions’plants(maize,nettle,crucifers).Each companions’specie grows on 1 m width and the length depends on plot size which needs protection.And nettle extract modalities were compared with witness untreated and reference treatment such as garlic extract for insecticides plants and Bordeaux mixture for mineral fungicide.Each bean plot has a surface of 20 m2spaced out at least 0.5 cm.Three repetitions were realized for each modality.For citrus disease evaluation was realized on 10 observed plants that each plant constitutes one modality.Evolution of pest number for bean and symptoms of gummosis(yellow leaf importance and phytosanitary situation after treatment)was observed as parameters.As results,nettle extract has a better efficiency to control bean aphids as reference treatment and restores citrus gumminess as much as treated with mineral fungicide.Similarly,nettle field of insects presented the same efficiency to allow diversifying pest as diversification field insects’.In sum use of nettle extract needs tracking on gummosis citrus if there was reverse disease.Nevertheless,nettle has appreciable protection properties on crops which can help farmers to produce in a sustainable and environmentally-friendly way.展开更多
文摘Gummosis is the most serious disease of mango all around the world,which is becoming epidemic in different regions of these countries,can infect almost all the commercial and indigenous varieties of mango,and has been regarded as a new serious threat of mango trees at an alarming ratio.This article reviewed causal organisms,current status,future prospects,and management practices of mango gummosis disease.
基金financially supported by the National Medicinal Plants Board,New Delhi
文摘Guggal, a threatened species that is endemic to western India, is tapped to extract medicinally important oleo-gum-resin （guggul）. However, the plant dies after gum exudation. The indigenous tapping techniques used by local people were examined in Gujarat, India to dis-cover the scientific basis behind these techniques： selection of gum in-ducer, season of tapping, and plant parts to be tapped. First, the presence of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. commiphorae （Xac） in the gum suspen-sion used for tapping was established. This bacterium induces gum ooz-ing from the tapped plants and later, causes them to die off. The popula-tion of Xac in gum was found to decrease with the age of the gum. With that, fresh gum increased the tapping success. Second, local people pre-ferred tapping during the warm season, which we validated by determin-ing that Xac growth was best at 30 ＆#176;C. Tapping during September （mean temperature 25.7-30.0 ＆#176;C） clearly favoured growth of the pathogen and yielded maximum guggul. Multiple tapping on a mature tree ensured maximum gum extraction before its death. Finally, application of in-digenous technology under natural plant stands by the local people en-sured availability of this important raw drug for consumption. Our study established that the age-old traditional methods have a strong scientific basis. However, it is imperative to formulate strategies based on con-temporary scientific understanding to protect this natural resource before it becomes extinct.
文摘Coorg mandarin is a famous ecotype of mandarin grown in multi-tier cropping system in coffee and pepper plantations in Coorg region of India. The roving survey indicated disease incidence of Huanglongbing （HLB） and Phytophthora, ranging between 35%-64.2% and 22.5%-35.6% in different places of Coorg region. A total of 177 Phytophthora infected （plant roots 59, soil 118）, and 576 greening or HLB infected Coorg mandarin samples were collected from 184 Coorg mandarin orchards, of these I II Phytophthora isolates were isolated and characterized in this study on the basis of colony growth patterns and morphological structures. Based on the virulence, only 52 of 111 Phytophthora isolates were amplified by PCR using universal internal transcriber spacer （ITS） primers, cloned and sequenced. The sequences analysis of Phytophthora isolates revealed more than 97% nucleotide （nt） similarity within themselves, except eight isolates ofP. palmivora and four isolates ofP. nicotianae had varied nt identity （70.6% to 97.4%） with other Phytophthora species compared. Similarly, 523 of 576 Coorg mandarin samples were confirmed the presence of HLB infection by PCR using 16S rRNA gene specific universal primers. The representative five of 523 Coorg mandarin isolates showed nt identity ranged from 94.4% to 95.3% with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus （AB008366） isolate infecting citrus in Asia and one isolate of HLB shared nt identity of 96.9% with Ca. L. asiaticus （KJ944269）.
文摘Organic farming has an important place in agricultural economy.However few studies talk about biological control of many enemies groups.This study aims to illustrate nettle efficiency as preventive fight towards both insect’s outbreaks and disease infestation.It consists of verifying if nettle extract has curative properties towards gummosis citrus or stops development disease and we evaluated its efficiency on main insects’pests of bean.Moreover nettle field of insects was tested if it can protect bean.Investigational device was realized during season crop 2017-2019 and took place in market gardens around the city Antananarivo(Madagascar).Nettle field of insects’efficiency was compared with witness plots and field of insects which composed with various companions’plants(maize,nettle,crucifers).Each companions’specie grows on 1 m width and the length depends on plot size which needs protection.And nettle extract modalities were compared with witness untreated and reference treatment such as garlic extract for insecticides plants and Bordeaux mixture for mineral fungicide.Each bean plot has a surface of 20 m2spaced out at least 0.5 cm.Three repetitions were realized for each modality.For citrus disease evaluation was realized on 10 observed plants that each plant constitutes one modality.Evolution of pest number for bean and symptoms of gummosis(yellow leaf importance and phytosanitary situation after treatment)was observed as parameters.As results,nettle extract has a better efficiency to control bean aphids as reference treatment and restores citrus gumminess as much as treated with mineral fungicide.Similarly,nettle field of insects presented the same efficiency to allow diversifying pest as diversification field insects’.In sum use of nettle extract needs tracking on gummosis citrus if there was reverse disease.Nevertheless,nettle has appreciable protection properties on crops which can help farmers to produce in a sustainable and environmentally-friendly way.
