Dialectical Thermodynamics’Solution to the Conceptual Imbroglio That Is the Reversible Path

According to the second law of thermodynamics, as currently understood, any given transit of a system along the reversible path proceeds with a total entropy change equal to zero. The fact that this condition is also the identifier of thermodynamic equilibrium, makes each and every point along the reversible path a state of equilibrium, and the reversible path, as expressed by a noted thermodynamic author, “a dense succession of equilibrium states”. The difficulties with these notions are plural. The fact, for example, that systems need to be forced out of equilibrium via the expenditure of work, would make any spontaneous reversible process a consumer of work, this in opposition to common thermodynamic wisdom that makes spontaneous reversible processes the most efficient transformers of work-producing-potential into actual work. The solution to this and other related impasses is provided by Dialectical Thermodynamics via its previously proved notion assigning a negative entropy change to the energy upgrading process represented by the transformation of heat into work. The said solution is here exemplified with the ideal-gas phase isomerization of butane into isobutane.

Arabic Dialect Identification in Social Media:A Comparative Study of Deep Learning and Transformer Approaches

Arabic dialect identification is essential in Natural Language Processing(NLP)and forms a critical component of applications such as machine translation,sentiment analysis,and cross-language text generation.The difficulties in differentiating between Arabic dialects have garnered more attention in the last 10 years,particularly in social media.These difficulties result from the overlapping vocabulary of the dialects,the fluidity of online language use,and the difficulties in telling apart dialects that are closely related.Managing dialects with limited resources and adjusting to the ever-changing linguistic trends on social media platforms present additional challenges.A strong dialect recognition technique is essential to improving communication technology and cross-cultural understanding in light of the increase in social media usage.To distinguish Arabic dialects on social media,this research suggests a hybrid Deep Learning(DL)approach.The Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory(BiLSTM)architectures make up the model.A new textual dataset that focuses on three main dialects,i.e.,Levantine,Saudi,and Egyptian,is also available.Approximately 11,000 user-generated comments from Twitter are included in this dataset,which has been painstakingly annotated to guarantee accuracy in dialect classification.Transformers,DL models,and basic machine learning classifiers are used to conduct several tests to evaluate the performance of the suggested model.Various methodologies,including TF-IDF,word embedding,and self-attention mechanisms,are used.The suggested model fares better than other models in terms of accuracy,obtaining a remarkable 96.54%,according to the trial results.This study advances the discipline by presenting a new dataset and putting forth a practical model for Arabic dialect identification.This model may prove crucial for future work in sociolinguistic studies and NLP.

Dialectic:辩证逻辑的新形态

当代中国辩证逻辑研究的多元进路均不同程度地把辩证法作为研究的理论基础。基于“dialectic”一词具有的辩证法与论辩术的双重含义,当代关于论辩术的种种逻辑研究具有作为辩证逻辑的合法性,这种新形态的辩证逻辑对于深化马克思主义辩证逻辑的研究、把握辩证逻辑和现代性建构与批判之间的关系都具有重要意义。

Reflection on Dialect Interference on Mandarin and the Second Language Acquisition of English Learners of Huangshi Dialect

Many findings have shown that positive and negative transfer from the first language influences the second language acquisition.Some observations illustrate that dialect incurs negative transfer on Mandarin learning.Twenty-nine English learners of Huangshi dialect are surveyed about their living and education environment,their second language acquisition and Mandarin learning in an attempt to prove the existence of dialect interference on Mandarin and the second language acquisition and explain the reasons of the difference among dialect,Mandarin and the second language acquisition,based on sound analysis.

Pragma-Dialectics:语用-辩证法,还是语用论辩学?

荷兰Pragma-Dialectics学派的论辩理论在我国的影响越来越大。但是,对Pragma-Dialectics这个词本身的翻译发生了重大变化。Pragma-Dialectics最初传入我国时,被译作"语用-辩证法",后来出现了"语用论辩术(学)"的译法。两种译法孰优孰劣,关涉不少理论和历史问题,需要辨明。"语用论辩术(学)"的译法有诸多危险:不能保证相关术语翻译的一致性;抹煞了作为一种颇具特色的论辩理论——Pragma-Dialectics的一个突出特性;割裂了Dialectics的历史,忽视了Dialectics的各种表现形式。

Language and dialect

本文从多个方面论述了语言与方言之间的关系 :两者之间既有区别又有联系。方言虽然是语言的附属变体 ,在使用范围和影响力方面弱于语言 ,但反过来方言又在地域、时间、社会。

论黑格尔语言哲学的独特理论个性

从语言哲学角度去考察黑格尔哲学会动摇一种常见的哲学信念:黑格尔哲学是以语言分析为主阵地的英美哲学所要拒绝的对象。实质上,黑格尔哲学中有着丰富的语言哲学论述,对其特征的阐明能够揭示出其与英美语言哲学传统不同的语言分析进路。让·依波利特甚至认为黑格尔把逻辑学建构为一种语言哲学,也有人主张黑格尔是真正实施罗蒂提出的“语言转向”的第一位哲学家。黑格尔引入的辩证法语言具有整体主义与历史主义特征、运动承诺及模糊性与意义转换特征,这使得其语言哲学思想与英美语言哲学进路有着根本的差异。

Comparing Xi'an and Baoji Dialects in Guanzhong—How Mandarin Influences Two Dialects

As the main components of Northwestern mandarin,Xi'an dialect and Baoji dialect share similarities and disparities in many aspects.By making comparisons between Xi'an and Baoji dialects in terms of lexicon and syntax,this paper observes how mandarin has exerted impact on the two dialects above and finds out that Xi'an dialect is influenced more deeply by mandarin than Baoji dialect.

A Dialectical Way between Literal and Free Translation:Taking the Translation of English Similes as an Exemplar

Simile,as an important figure of speech,is widely used in various texts.And it has its own feature and different subtypes,which require that the translation methods-literal translation and free translation should be adopted dialectically in accordance with the content or form of the similes.Actually,free translation based on literal translation is much better even though adding some extensions or footnotes is employed,too.

The Differences between Dalian Dialect and Standard Chinese

Dalian dialect is one kind of Northern dialect.Its formation is due to many factors including history,geographical location,Shandong dialect and influence from Russia and Japan.This paper analyzes the main difference between Dalian dialect and Standard Chinese,also presents the characteristics of Dalian dialect in four aspects: phonology,morphology,syntax and slangs.

克尔凯郭尔与卢卡奇马克思主义哲学观的流变

克尔凯郭尔并非卢卡奇偶然提及的学术注脚,而是其理解马克思的背景支援。卢卡奇在不同时期都对克尔凯郭尔作了选择性评述,并将其接受或重构马克思主义哲学的曲折心路历程逐一呈现:通过质疑克尔凯郭尔在人与世界相统一问题上遭遇的“审美—伦理”悖论,青年卢卡奇从心灵掘进到阶级意识,将“主体—总体”辩证图式看作马克思的认识论地平,由此创作出《历史与阶级意识》;之后,为回应该书引起的争议,盛年的卢卡奇以批判克尔凯郭尔的非理性主义为契机,尝试清除“主体—总体”辩证图式中残余的主体形而上学痕迹,开始在方法论维度正视生产实践与经济规律间的有机联系;及至晚年,当卢卡奇立足社会存在,抨击克尔凯郭尔有关主体优先性的宗教幻象时,他又把社会性的“自在—自为”运动内嵌于人性的“主体—总体”辩证图式,并根据超然的悟性,默认马克思主义哲学是将经济规律置于从属地位的劳动本体论,再度退回《历史与阶级意识》的主体形而上学谋划。不难看出,在卢卡奇臧否克尔凯郭尔与马克思的“主体—总体”辩证桥段中,当事人对“人之实然性和应然性的现实统一”问题所秉持的龃龉心态暴露无遗。这也恰好说明,卢卡奇一生都徘徊于正统的马克思主义与人道的马克思主义之间。

论中国式现代化辩证逻辑的五重向度

党的二十大报告系统阐述了中国式现代化理论,蕴含着深刻的辩证逻辑。中国式现代化的辩证逻辑主要表现为以人口数量与质量的辩证运动提升中国式现代化的主体根基、以先富与共富的辩证运动激发中国式现代化的创造潜能、以物质文明与精神文明的辩证运动推进中国式现代化全面发展、以人与自然的辩证运动深化中国式现代化的生态建设、以自身发展与世界发展的辩证运动实现中国式现代化的世界意义。中国式现代化的辩证逻辑是中国式现代化理论的思想精髓,是指导我国社会主义现代化建设的智慧来源,是全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的方法指导。深入研究和阐释中国式现代化的辩证逻辑对于我们深刻领悟党的二十大精神、准确理解中国式现代化理论和推进我国社会主义现代化进程都具有重要意义。

辽西方言四声别义现象与特点研究

“四声别义”是用变读声调来区别词性或词义变化的一种构词手段,学界把汉语中利用声调的不同区分同一个词的意义的现象,称为“破读”也称为“四声别义”。今辽西方言中存在四声别义现象,主要通过变读声调表达新的意义或区分词性。“四声别义”现象既不同于文白异读现象,也不同于语流音变现象。从四声别义的特点也可看出汉语声调发展演变的过程和方向。

English Phonetics Problems under the Chinese Mother-tongue and Dialect Cultures and its Countermeasures

Many people do believe that the pronunciation just related to the phonetic transcription, if we can master it, then we have good pronunciation. However, during the process of language study, we can found that the phonetics is affected by many factors. The consonants problems or vowels problems or during the process of learning, their phonetics is also affected by their mother tongue and local dialect.

Optimizing Teacher-Student Collaborative Assessment in the Production-Oriented Approach:A Dialectical Research

Teacher-student collaborative assessment(TSCA)aims to address the challenges of responding to students’work in the Production-Oriented Approach:low efficiency and poor effectiveness.As part of a bigger project carried out in a Chinese university over a period of three years,the present study explored how the teacher prepared and implemented TSCA in class,especially with a focus on how she determined the assessing objective and worked collaboratively with her students in class to achieve it,using the students’written and translated texts as examples.By adopting the dialectical research(DR)method,this paper collected qualitative data such as teaching plans,classroom recordings,and reflective journals of the teacher-researcher(the author),along with students’written drafts and translated texts.TSCA theory and classroom practice have been refined simultaneously by means of putting theory into practice and reflecting upon it.The optimized pre-class and in-class procedures may shed some light on applying TSCA to L2 classrooms.

Study on Dialect Words in Chinese Neologism——Based on the Research of Beijing,Guangdong,Hunan and Jiangxi Dialects

In recent years,a large number of dialect words merged with Chinese mandarin,becoming a main source of Chinese new words and contributing to the diversity of Chinese.Targeting this phenomenon,the researchers conducted research on those words.By studying literature,sending out questionnaires,making field trips and observations,this paper analyzes the main factors influencing the dialect words'absorption in Chinese mandarin and the channels involved,summarizes the traits of their formula tion.

Looking at the Effects of Language Contact With Hakka as Reflected by the Characteristics of the Pingshan Zhanmi Dialect

The special Economic Zone of Shenzhen has been endowed with plentiful of language resources. Apart from various Yue dialects in the west and Hakka dialect in the east, there are also many indigenous Chinese dialects such as the Dapeng dialect (大鹏话), the Danjia dialect (疍家话) and also the Zhanmi dialect (占米话). The last one is not ever reported. Out of curiosity, we went to investigate the dialect which is spoken in isolate patches in the easternmost townships of Pingshan (坪山), Kengzi (坑梓) and Pingdi (坪地). The Pingshan Zhanmi dialect (PZD)seems to be an intermediate between Yue and Hakka dialects. According to our observation, PZD is quite similar to the Dongguan-Baoan Yue dialects (DBYD, 莞宝片粤语) in the western part of the city and has obvious correspondence with them, such as having the onset [m] in the Middle Chinese (MC) Wei (微) characters, little literal/colloquial discrepancies in the Fei Group (非组), [a/?] contrast, literal/colloquial readings in the Geng rime group all with [?/k] as codas, etc. However, because of long term contact with the surrounding Hakka dialects, PZD has also a lot of characteristics of Hakka, such as aspirated readings in all MC voiced stops and affricates onsetsafter devoicing, lack of rounded frontal vowels, no Ying-yang contrast in the Shang tone. More influences of Hakka can be found in the vocabulary, which PZD has been borrowing for centuries.

亚里士多德《修辞学》中“dialectic”一词的翻译

正确理解术语"dialectic"是理解亚里士多德修辞学的关键之一。这一术语在亚里士多德《修辞学》的两个中译本中有着"论辩术"和"辩证法"两个不同的译名。文章试从词源、词义的演变、词的译介以及亚里士多德本人的观点四个方面探讨"dialectic"的意义和翻译,指出"辩证法"译名的不科学性,并提出了翻译处理的建议。

The Appropriate Relevance between Putonghua and Dialects

Putonghua is the lingua franca of People’s Republic of China,so the government of People’s Republic of China has made laws to promote it and require the citizens of People’s Republic of China use it in certain formal occasions;Promoting Putonghua is the actual needs of China in the current times and in the long future to come.It must be kept in the mind that we must also protect the dialects when promoting Putonghua and we can not afford to let them perish.Putonghua and dialects fulfill different social function in our daily life,so the appropriate relationship between Putonghua and dialects is complementary coexistence in harmony,not in conflicts.And the success of promoting Putonghua should not base on the death of dialects.In order to ensure Putonghua and dialects to fulfill their different social functions better,measures must be taken to safeguard the long-term complementary harmonious coexistence of Putonghua and dialects and to protect endangered dialects.

Study on the Status Quo of Yichang Dialect-A Case study in Xiling District

Dialect is threatened by the increasing language contact. In Yichang, seldom young students speak its dialect. In this preliminary research, the author tries to clarify the actual language use and language attitude in the community of family by the means of interviewing the parents living in Xiling district, both of whom could speak the dialect. It is found that the profession,education background of parents would influence their language attitude and actual choice of language to their children. The result shows that there exists significant disparity between the parents' language attitudes and the actual communication with their children. Reasons of such disparity and the public prediction of the tendency of Yichang dialect and provided. In the end, suggestions towards language policy are presented.