基于申威SIMD指令的H.264编码优化

国产化申威处理器出现较晚,其在多媒体领域中的性能还不突出,同时通用处理器中的单指令流多数据流(SIMD)因能有效提升并行处理能力而受到处理器厂商的青睐。为提高国产化自主平台申威架构的多媒体处理能力,结合申威架构Core3B体系的SIMD指令系统,提出一种基于申威架构的SIMD指令集H.264编码优化方法。结合申威处理器的并行结构特点,利用申威适配的Perf、Top指令等系统性能分析工具,采集两种主流视频分辨率下与编码性能强相关的高频热点函数,详细分析其程序并行化可行性,采用手工嵌入申威SIMD和访存扩展等汇编指令进行细粒度优化。实验结果表明,该方法在申威架构下的H.264平均编码性能提升了约30%。相应工作成果已推送到申威社区,增强了基于申威处理器的国产计算机在桌面多媒体应用领域的工作体验。

基于FPGA的H.264可变块运动估计算法的优化及实现

可变块运动估计算法(Variable Block Size Motion Estimation,VBSME)是H.264标准中重要的组成部分。它不仅计算量大,而且耗时长。为了减少运动估计时间和计算量,本文采用硬件实现的方式,并提出了一种利用绝对差值和(Sum of Absolute Differences,SAD)计算的树状结构进行数据重用的方案。该方案使得各单元间的数据流向明确,结构更简单。同时,本文还考虑到了帧间模式决策(Mode Decision,MD)和SAD计算可以并行计算的可行性,设计了相应的并行流水线结构。利用Xilinx xc7v585tffg1761-1开发板进行了仿真验证。结果表明,该方案可以一次性处理输入的256个像素数据,提高了实时性,并且达到了100%的数据利用率。此外,该方案支持最大分辨率为1920×1080,帧率为60帧/s,并具备低编码延时,满足了绝大多数场合的实时性要求。

基于威焱831平台的H.264视频解码优化

为提高威焱831平台的多媒体处理能力,解决H.264解码器解码效率低的问题,在提出SIMD指令级优化方法的同时,提出一种面向帧拷贝的优化方法。通过分析开源软件FFmpeg中H.264解码器的并行化特性,使用威焱平台性能分析工具解析影响视频解码性能的热点函数。采用手工嵌入SIMD汇编指令的方式对关键模块热点函数进行优化,通过FFmpeg源码编译过程链接汇编实现的内存操作函数memcpy提升内存拷贝速度。实验结果表明,威焱831平台视频解码的平均性能提高26%,推动了威焱831处理器在多媒体应用领域的发展。

新一代通用视频编码标准H.266/VVC:现状与发展

相比于上一代标准,新一代通用视频编码标准(H.266/VVC)在同等质量下能够节省大约50%的码率,且适用于多种多样的视频应用场景。论文从H.266/VVC的关键技术出发,对标准的现状、实现和应用发展进行深入探讨。H.266/VVC沿用既往标准中的双层码流体系和混合编码框架,针对帧内预测、帧间预测、变换、量化、环路滤波等所有主要编码模块进行了技术革新,并为屏幕内容视频等应用提供了高效的专用编码工具。H.266/VVC标准目前已处于实用化阶段,官方参考软件VTM和开源编解码器VVenC/VVdeC是目前最具代表性的软件编解码实现。对H.266/VVC的性能分析可以看出:H.266/VVC针对高分辨率视频取得的编码增益更为突出;主要编码工具对性能的贡献通常以复杂度为代价,但也有部分编码工具在提升编码性能的同时可降低整体编码复杂度。H.266/VVC的硬件实现面临诸多挑战,发展明显滞后于软件实现,现有研究主要集中在对具体编码模块的硬件加速方面。H.266/VVC标准发布之后,下一代视频编码标准的发展目前仍围绕混合编码框架进行探索,聚焦在两大方向:超越VVC的增强压缩关注更为先进的、非神经网络的编码工具,基于神经网络的视频编码则探索采用神经网络的编码工具。除此之外,部分或完全跳出现有混合编码框架的端到端视频编码也在飞速发展,未来视频编码标准与神经网络结合成为趋势,但面临着计算资源依赖和稳定结构两方面的考验。

H.264/AVC自适应视频水印算法

H.264/AVC视频数字水印在视频版权保护和信息隐藏等方面具有重要作用。目前,已有的水印研究,在水印嵌入过程中缺乏考虑视频画面复杂程度不断变化的问题,从而易导致两种后果:一是可能无法在画面复杂程度低的帧完整嵌入所需水印;二是无法充分利用画面复杂程度高的帧的冗余度。由此,分析在视频编码过程中与视频画面复杂程度相关的因素,提出一种根据视频画面复杂程度自适应嵌入水印的视频数字水印算法。在所提算法中,根据上一关键帧中符合嵌入条件的Intra_4×4子宏块的总个数预测获得当前关键帧的画面复杂度,并依据此复杂度自动调整每一水印比特重复嵌入的次数,从而达到自适应的目的。当由于预测失误而导致某一帧的水印嵌入失败,水印提取端则会舍弃该帧提取出的水印。提取端采用多数表决的机制提取水印。实验结果显示,该算法的水印具有良好的不可见性,且能保证码流的稳定性,优于近期相关文献的算法。算法对以重复嵌入水印比特为基础的研究具有启发意义。

浅谈H.264 H.265视频编码及其在安防系统的应用

面对视频应用向高画质、高帧率、高压缩比方向发展的趋势,视频编解码标准也在日益更新,阐述了主要视频压缩标准H.264和H.265的主要技术参数和各自的优缺点,重点分析了H.265的关键技术及核心优势,探讨了H.265与安防系统结合给行业带来的新机遇。

New Fragile Watermarking Technique to Identify Inserted Video Objects Using H.264 and Color Features

The transmission of video content over a network raises various issues relating to copyright authenticity,ethics,legality,and privacy.The protection of copyrighted video content is a significant issue in the video industry,and it is essential to find effective solutions to prevent tampering and modification of digital video content during its transmission through digital media.However,there are stillmany unresolved challenges.This paper aims to address those challenges by proposing a new technique for detectingmoving objects in digital videos,which can help prove the credibility of video content by detecting any fake objects inserted by hackers.The proposed technique involves using two methods,the H.264 and the extraction color features methods,to embed and extract watermarks in video frames.The study tested the performance of the system against various attacks and found it to be robust.The evaluation was done using different metrics such as Peak-Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR),Mean Squared Error(MSE),Structural Similarity Index Measure(SSIM),Bit Correction Ratio(BCR),and Normalized Correlation.The accuracy of identifying moving objects was high,ranging from 96.3%to 98.7%.The system was also able to embed a fragile watermark with a success rate of over 93.65%and had an average capacity of hiding of 78.67.The reconstructed video frames had high quality with a PSNR of at least 65.45 dB and SSIMof over 0.97,making them imperceptible to the human eye.The system also had an acceptable average time difference(T=1.227/s)compared with other state-of-the-art methods.

A Dual Domain Robust Reversible Watermarking Algorithm for Frame Grouping Videos Using Scene Smoothness

The proposed robust reversible watermarking algorithm addresses the compatibility challenges between robustness and reversibility in existing video watermarking techniques by leveraging scene smoothness for frame grouping videos.Grounded in the H.264 video coding standard,the algorithm first employs traditional robust watermark stitching technology to embed watermark information in the low-frequency coefficient domain of the U channel.Subsequently,it utilizes histogram migration techniques in the high-frequency coefficient domain of the U channel to embed auxiliary information,enabling successful watermark extraction and lossless recovery of the original video content.Experimental results demonstrate the algorithm’s strong imperceptibility,with each embedded frame in the experimental videos achieving a mean peak signal-to-noise ratio of 49.3830 dB and a mean structural similarity of 0.9996.Compared with the three comparison algorithms,the performance of the two experimental indexes is improved by 7.59%and 0.4%on average.At the same time,the proposed algorithm has strong robustness to both offline and online attacks:In the face of offline attacks,the average normalized correlation coefficient between the extracted watermark and the original watermark is 0.9989,and the average bit error rate is 0.0089.In the face of online attacks,the normalized correlation coefficient between the extracted watermark and the original watermark is 0.8840,and the mean bit error rate is 0.2269.Compared with the three comparison algorithms,the performance of the two experimental indexes is improved by 1.27%and 18.16%on average,highlighting the algorithm’s robustness.Furthermore,the algorithm exhibits low computational complexity,with the mean encoding and the mean decoding time differentials during experimental video processing being 3.934 and 2.273 s,respectively,underscoring its practical utility.

Comparisons of the H.264 and H.263 Video Compression Standards

The International Telecommunications Union （ITU-T） and the International Standardization Organization/International Electrotechnical Commission （ISO/IEC） are the only two formal organizations that developed video coding standards. The ITU-T video coding standards called recommendations and are usually optimized for real-time video communication such as videoconference and video telephony while the ISO/IEC standards are mainly designed for storage （DVD） and broadcast （satellite and digital TV）. ITU-T and the ISO/IEC JTC1 have agreed to join their efforts in the development of H.264 standard, which was initiated by ITU-T committee. The ITU-T H.264 video coding standard has been developed to achieve significant improvements over the existing standards in compression performance, although the basic coding framework of the standard is similar to that of the existing standards. H.264 standard is compared with H.263 and test results showed the coding gains obtained by the H.264 encoder is over the H.263 encoder for Common Intermediate Format （CIF） and Quarter Common Intermediate Format （QCIF）sequences, respectively. H.264 achieves an average of 4 dB PSNR（peak signal-to-noise rate） gain for the selected ten CIF sequences at 30 frames per second, and 4.57 dB Peak Signal-to-Noise Rate （PSNR） gain for the selected ten QCIF sequences at 30 frames per second.

Adaptive Video Dual Domain Watermarking Scheme Based on PHT Moment and Optimized Spread Transform Dither Modulation

To address the challenges of video copyright protection and ensure the perfect recovery of original video,we propose a dual-domain watermarking scheme for digital video,inspired by Robust Reversible Watermarking(RRW)technology used in digital images.Our approach introduces a parameter optimization strategy that incre-mentally adjusts scheme parameters through attack simulation fitting,allowing for adaptive tuning of experimental parameters.In this scheme,the low-frequency Polar Harmonic Transform(PHT)moment is utilized as the embedding domain for robust watermarking,enhancing stability against simulation attacks while implementing the parameter optimization strategy.Through extensive attack simulations across various digital videos,we identify the optimal low-frequency PHT moment using adaptive normalization.Subsequently,the embedding parameters for robust watermarking are adaptively adjusted to maximize robustness.To address computational efficiency and practical requirements,the unnormalized high-frequency PHT moment is selected as the embedding domain for reversible watermarking.We optimize the traditional single-stage extended transform dithering modulation(STDM)to facilitate multi-stage embedding in the dual-domain watermarking process.In practice,the video embedded with a robust watermark serves as the candidate video.This candidate video undergoes simulation according to the parameter optimization strategy to balance robustness and embedding capacity,with adaptive determination of embedding strength.The reversible watermarking is formed by combining errors and other information,utilizing recursive coding technology to ensure reversibility without attacks.Comprehensive analyses of multiple performance indicators demonstrate that our scheme exhibits strong robustness against Common Signal Processing(CSP)and Geometric Deformation(GD)attacks,outperforming other advanced video watermarking algorithms under similar conditions of invisibility,reversibility,and embedding capacity.This underscores the effectiveness and feasibility of our attack simulation fitting strategy.

Improved Diamond Search Algorithm for H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard

Diamond search （DS） is an excellent fast block matching motion estimation （BMME） algorithm. In this paper, we propose an improved diamond search （IDS） algorithm, which revises the two search patterns of DS. The proposed algorithm is compared with several mainstream algorithms. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm over DS can be up to 20% gain on speedup on average, while maintain the similar or even better quality, both objectively and subjectively. The proposed algorithm is also competitive with other fast algorithms.

Very Low Bit-Rate Video Coding by Combining H.264/AVC Standard and 2-D Discrete Wavelet Transform

In this paper, we propose a new method for very low bit-rate video coding that combines H.264/AVC standard and two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform. In this method, first a two dimensional wavelet transform is applied on each video frame independently to extract the low frequency components for each frame and then the low frequency parts of all frames are coded using H.264/AVC codec. On the other hand, the high frequency parts of the video frames are coded by Run Length Coding algorithm, after applying a threshold to neglect the low value coefficients. Experiments show that our proposed method can achieve better rate-distortion performance at very low bit-rate applications below 16 kbits/s compared to applying H.264/AVC standard directly to all frames. Applications of our proposed video coding technique include video telephony, video-conferencing, transmitting or receiving video over half-rate traffic channels of GSM networks.

基于标准H.265的监控视频压缩编码方法

为了提升视频压缩编码效率,解决成本问题,基于标准H.265研究了一种新的监控视频压缩编码方法。通过H.265/HEVC选取色度帧内预测参数,确定参数格式,同时完成帧内和帧间预测。通过DM模式计算色度亮度参数的分量间相关性,得到五种候选模式,推导最优模式,根据推导结果得出分解结果。通过平滑处理确定像素精度,分别计算DCT2和DST7之间反复切换的参数,匹配监控视频的压缩编码速度与视频监控的播放采集速度,实现视频压缩编码。实验结果表明,标准H.265的压缩效率得到了大幅度提升,节省了大量成本,说明该方法能够提高编码性能,降低视频处理成本。

基于H.264视频编码技术的研究

介绍和分析了H .2 6 4采用的新编码技术 ,诸如 1 /4和 1 /8像素精度运动估计 ,可变大小的图像分块 ,多参考帧 ,新的熵编码算法等 .新编码技术的采用使H .2 6 4的编码性能得到大幅提升 ;通过与H .2 6 3编码模型的实验性能对比测试 ,比较分析了H .2 6

C-S-H-PCE对基准水泥体系水化的影响

传统的早强剂在实际应用过程中会对混凝土的早强性能和耐久性能产生一定的影响,因此开发新型早强剂尤为重要。其中新开发的纳米C-S-H-PCE新型早强剂能够更好地加速水泥基材料的早期水化,有利于水化产物的快速生成。探究C-S-H-PCE早强剂对基准水泥体系水化的影响,对C-S-H-PCE的研发和应用具有重要意义。本文基于水泥水化的溶解-沉淀理论,研究C-S-H-PCE对基准水泥体系水化各阶段的影响,通过水化热测试对比分析C-S-H-PCE、纳米SiO_(2)对水化历程的影响,并测定各阶段的凝结时间和抗压强度。结果表明,C-S-H-PCE的加入显著缩短水化诱导期、提高水化最大放热速率、促进未水化颗粒的溶解;C-S-H-PCE缩短了初凝和终凝时间,1d和3d的强度得到明显提升。由此可知C-S-H-PCE对基准水泥水化的作用规律和影响机制,从而建立了水化微结构和宏观力学性能之间的联系。

基于纹理特征的H.264/AVC顽健视频水印算法

在分析现有视频水印算法的基础上,结合H.264压缩编码标准的特性,提出了一种新的基于纹理特征的视频顽健水印算法。算法先对当前帧4×4块进行整数离散余弦变换,判断其是否是纹理块,再采用能量差的方式自适应选择系数嵌入水印。实验结果表明,该算法对视频质量和码率的影响较小,并且能有效抵抗高斯噪声、低通滤波、重编码等常见的视频水印攻击。

基于3G和H.264技术的无线视频监控系统

针对网络视频监控设备的实际应用需求,融合视频压缩、嵌入式系统和无线通信等相关技术,设计实现了基于3G技术的H.264无线视频监控系统。该监控系统实现了视频数据的采集、压缩与网络传输以及编解码等功能。由于H.264标准中码率控制策略过于强调通用性而没有考虑无线网络的误码率高、抖动性大以及嵌入式终端的处理能力有限的因素,本系统在实现了H.264标准中码率控制策略的基础上进行了优化。实验表明,在码率没有明显增加的情况下,图像PSNR值有所提高,从而较好地实现了码率控制效果。

一种基于H.264/AVC的视频可逆脆弱水印算法

结合H.264压缩编码标准的特性,该文提出一种新的基于H.264/AVC的视频可逆脆弱水印算法。算法先计算当前宏块预测残差块量化的离散余弦变换(DCT)系数的哈希值生成认证码,再把认证码作为水印信息嵌入到下一个相邻宏块活性最大的4′4块的最后一个非零量化DCT系数中。在解码端,通过比较认证码和提取的水印信息进行视频数据完整性的认证。实验结果表明,该算法对视频质量和码率的影响较小,并且能对认证通过的视频数据进行还原和对认证失败的视频Ⅰ帧遭篡改区域进行有效的定位。

H．264／AVC码率控制优化算法

提出了一种新颖的编码特性预测机制,较为充分地利用了视频信源的时空相关性,改进了率失真建模的有效性;利用Lagrangian优化理论推导出两种率失真优化的位分配方案,并实现了相应的码率控制算法,即线性模型算法和二次模型算法.大量实验数据表明:线性模型算法和二次模型算法的编码效率基本上相同,而前者的码率控制能力稍优于后者;和H.264/AVC参考软件中所采用的JVTG012码率控制算法相比,两种新算法在获得更高编码效率的同时,能够更加准确地控制输出码率.

基于H.264视频编码的运动估计算法优化

运动估计是视频压缩中最重要的环节.H.264编码器由于采用了高精度运动矢量,计算量迅速增长,运动估计消耗整个编码时间80%左右.本文在分析UMHexagonS算法的基础上,分别对UMHexagonS算法中搜索窗口大小的选择、大六边形搜索和小六边形(小钻石)搜索模式三方面做了优化,在保持了原有图象质量的情况下有效的节省了运动估计时间.通过对各种测试序列的实验证明,优化后的算法与UMHexagonS算法相比,在重建图象质量和码率接近的情况下,运动估计时间平均节省了18.292%,降低了算法的复杂度,提高了编码器的实时性.