The transmission of video content over a network raises various issues relating to copyright authenticity,ethics,legality,and privacy.The protection of copyrighted video content is a significant issue in the video ind...The transmission of video content over a network raises various issues relating to copyright authenticity,ethics,legality,and privacy.The protection of copyrighted video content is a significant issue in the video industry,and it is essential to find effective solutions to prevent tampering and modification of digital video content during its transmission through digital media.However,there are stillmany unresolved challenges.This paper aims to address those challenges by proposing a new technique for detectingmoving objects in digital videos,which can help prove the credibility of video content by detecting any fake objects inserted by hackers.The proposed technique involves using two methods,the H.264 and the extraction color features methods,to embed and extract watermarks in video frames.The study tested the performance of the system against various attacks and found it to be robust.The evaluation was done using different metrics such as Peak-Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR),Mean Squared Error(MSE),Structural Similarity Index Measure(SSIM),Bit Correction Ratio(BCR),and Normalized Correlation.The accuracy of identifying moving objects was high,ranging from 96.3%to 98.7%.The system was also able to embed a fragile watermark with a success rate of over 93.65%and had an average capacity of hiding of 78.67.The reconstructed video frames had high quality with a PSNR of at least 65.45 dB and SSIMof over 0.97,making them imperceptible to the human eye.The system also had an acceptable average time difference(T=1.227/s)compared with other state-of-the-art methods.展开更多
The proposed robust reversible watermarking algorithm addresses the compatibility challenges between robustness and reversibility in existing video watermarking techniques by leveraging scene smoothness for frame grou...The proposed robust reversible watermarking algorithm addresses the compatibility challenges between robustness and reversibility in existing video watermarking techniques by leveraging scene smoothness for frame grouping videos.Grounded in the H.264 video coding standard,the algorithm first employs traditional robust watermark stitching technology to embed watermark information in the low-frequency coefficient domain of the U channel.Subsequently,it utilizes histogram migration techniques in the high-frequency coefficient domain of the U channel to embed auxiliary information,enabling successful watermark extraction and lossless recovery of the original video content.Experimental results demonstrate the algorithm’s strong imperceptibility,with each embedded frame in the experimental videos achieving a mean peak signal-to-noise ratio of 49.3830 dB and a mean structural similarity of 0.9996.Compared with the three comparison algorithms,the performance of the two experimental indexes is improved by 7.59%and 0.4%on average.At the same time,the proposed algorithm has strong robustness to both offline and online attacks:In the face of offline attacks,the average normalized correlation coefficient between the extracted watermark and the original watermark is 0.9989,and the average bit error rate is 0.0089.In the face of online attacks,the normalized correlation coefficient between the extracted watermark and the original watermark is 0.8840,and the mean bit error rate is 0.2269.Compared with the three comparison algorithms,the performance of the two experimental indexes is improved by 1.27%and 18.16%on average,highlighting the algorithm’s robustness.Furthermore,the algorithm exhibits low computational complexity,with the mean encoding and the mean decoding time differentials during experimental video processing being 3.934 and 2.273 s,respectively,underscoring its practical utility.展开更多
The International Telecommunications Union （ITU-T） and the International Standardization Organization/International Electrotechnical Commission （ISO/IEC） are the only two formal organizations that developed video ...The International Telecommunications Union （ITU-T） and the International Standardization Organization/International Electrotechnical Commission （ISO/IEC） are the only two formal organizations that developed video coding standards. The ITU-T video coding standards called recommendations and are usually optimized for real-time video communication such as videoconference and video telephony while the ISO/IEC standards are mainly designed for storage （DVD） and broadcast （satellite and digital TV）. ITU-T and the ISO/IEC JTC1 have agreed to join their efforts in the development of H.264 standard, which was initiated by ITU-T committee. The ITU-T H.264 video coding standard has been developed to achieve significant improvements over the existing standards in compression performance, although the basic coding framework of the standard is similar to that of the existing standards. H.264 standard is compared with H.263 and test results showed the coding gains obtained by the H.264 encoder is over the H.263 encoder for Common Intermediate Format （CIF） and Quarter Common Intermediate Format （QCIF）sequences, respectively. H.264 achieves an average of 4 dB PSNR（peak signal-to-noise rate） gain for the selected ten CIF sequences at 30 frames per second, and 4.57 dB Peak Signal-to-Noise Rate （PSNR） gain for the selected ten QCIF sequences at 30 frames per second.展开更多
Diamond search （DS） is an excellent fast block matching motion estimation （BMME） algorithm. In this paper, we propose an improved diamond search （IDS） algorithm, which revises the two search patterns of DS. The ...Diamond search （DS） is an excellent fast block matching motion estimation （BMME） algorithm. In this paper, we propose an improved diamond search （IDS） algorithm, which revises the two search patterns of DS. The proposed algorithm is compared with several mainstream algorithms. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm over DS can be up to 20% gain on speedup on average, while maintain the similar or even better quality, both objectively and subjectively. The proposed algorithm is also competitive with other fast algorithms.展开更多
In this paper, we propose a new method for very low bit-rate video coding that combines H.264/AVC standard and two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform. In this method, first a two dimensional wavelet transform is a...In this paper, we propose a new method for very low bit-rate video coding that combines H.264/AVC standard and two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform. In this method, first a two dimensional wavelet transform is applied on each video frame independently to extract the low frequency components for each frame and then the low frequency parts of all frames are coded using H.264/AVC codec. On the other hand, the high frequency parts of the video frames are coded by Run Length Coding algorithm, after applying a threshold to neglect the low value coefficients. Experiments show that our proposed method can achieve better rate-distortion performance at very low bit-rate applications below 16 kbits/s compared to applying H.264/AVC standard directly to all frames. Applications of our proposed video coding technique include video telephony, video-conferencing, transmitting or receiving video over half-rate traffic channels of GSM networks.展开更多
文摘The transmission of video content over a network raises various issues relating to copyright authenticity,ethics,legality,and privacy.The protection of copyrighted video content is a significant issue in the video industry,and it is essential to find effective solutions to prevent tampering and modification of digital video content during its transmission through digital media.However,there are stillmany unresolved challenges.This paper aims to address those challenges by proposing a new technique for detectingmoving objects in digital videos,which can help prove the credibility of video content by detecting any fake objects inserted by hackers.The proposed technique involves using two methods,the H.264 and the extraction color features methods,to embed and extract watermarks in video frames.The study tested the performance of the system against various attacks and found it to be robust.The evaluation was done using different metrics such as Peak-Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR),Mean Squared Error(MSE),Structural Similarity Index Measure(SSIM),Bit Correction Ratio(BCR),and Normalized Correlation.The accuracy of identifying moving objects was high,ranging from 96.3%to 98.7%.The system was also able to embed a fragile watermark with a success rate of over 93.65%and had an average capacity of hiding of 78.67.The reconstructed video frames had high quality with a PSNR of at least 65.45 dB and SSIMof over 0.97,making them imperceptible to the human eye.The system also had an acceptable average time difference(T=1.227/s)compared with other state-of-the-art methods.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 62202496,62272478the Basic Frontier Innovation Project of Engineering university of People Armed Police under Grants WJY202314,WJY202221.
文摘The proposed robust reversible watermarking algorithm addresses the compatibility challenges between robustness and reversibility in existing video watermarking techniques by leveraging scene smoothness for frame grouping videos.Grounded in the H.264 video coding standard,the algorithm first employs traditional robust watermark stitching technology to embed watermark information in the low-frequency coefficient domain of the U channel.Subsequently,it utilizes histogram migration techniques in the high-frequency coefficient domain of the U channel to embed auxiliary information,enabling successful watermark extraction and lossless recovery of the original video content.Experimental results demonstrate the algorithm’s strong imperceptibility,with each embedded frame in the experimental videos achieving a mean peak signal-to-noise ratio of 49.3830 dB and a mean structural similarity of 0.9996.Compared with the three comparison algorithms,the performance of the two experimental indexes is improved by 7.59%and 0.4%on average.At the same time,the proposed algorithm has strong robustness to both offline and online attacks:In the face of offline attacks,the average normalized correlation coefficient between the extracted watermark and the original watermark is 0.9989,and the average bit error rate is 0.0089.In the face of online attacks,the normalized correlation coefficient between the extracted watermark and the original watermark is 0.8840,and the mean bit error rate is 0.2269.Compared with the three comparison algorithms,the performance of the two experimental indexes is improved by 1.27%and 18.16%on average,highlighting the algorithm’s robustness.Furthermore,the algorithm exhibits low computational complexity,with the mean encoding and the mean decoding time differentials during experimental video processing being 3.934 and 2.273 s,respectively,underscoring its practical utility.
文摘The International Telecommunications Union （ITU-T） and the International Standardization Organization/International Electrotechnical Commission （ISO/IEC） are the only two formal organizations that developed video coding standards. The ITU-T video coding standards called recommendations and are usually optimized for real-time video communication such as videoconference and video telephony while the ISO/IEC standards are mainly designed for storage （DVD） and broadcast （satellite and digital TV）. ITU-T and the ISO/IEC JTC1 have agreed to join their efforts in the development of H.264 standard, which was initiated by ITU-T committee. The ITU-T H.264 video coding standard has been developed to achieve significant improvements over the existing standards in compression performance, although the basic coding framework of the standard is similar to that of the existing standards. H.264 standard is compared with H.263 and test results showed the coding gains obtained by the H.264 encoder is over the H.263 encoder for Common Intermediate Format （CIF） and Quarter Common Intermediate Format （QCIF）sequences, respectively. H.264 achieves an average of 4 dB PSNR（peak signal-to-noise rate） gain for the selected ten CIF sequences at 30 frames per second, and 4.57 dB Peak Signal-to-Noise Rate （PSNR） gain for the selected ten QCIF sequences at 30 frames per second.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2001AA132050-03)the Key Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (211CERS-10)
文摘Diamond search （DS） is an excellent fast block matching motion estimation （BMME） algorithm. In this paper, we propose an improved diamond search （IDS） algorithm, which revises the two search patterns of DS. The proposed algorithm is compared with several mainstream algorithms. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm over DS can be up to 20% gain on speedup on average, while maintain the similar or even better quality, both objectively and subjectively. The proposed algorithm is also competitive with other fast algorithms.
文摘In this paper, we propose a new method for very low bit-rate video coding that combines H.264/AVC standard and two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform. In this method, first a two dimensional wavelet transform is applied on each video frame independently to extract the low frequency components for each frame and then the low frequency parts of all frames are coded using H.264/AVC codec. On the other hand, the high frequency parts of the video frames are coded by Run Length Coding algorithm, after applying a threshold to neglect the low value coefficients. Experiments show that our proposed method can achieve better rate-distortion performance at very low bit-rate applications below 16 kbits/s compared to applying H.264/AVC standard directly to all frames. Applications of our proposed video coding technique include video telephony, video-conferencing, transmitting or receiving video over half-rate traffic channels of GSM networks.
