In 2013, a human influenza outbreak caused by a novel H7N9 virus occurred in China. Recently, the H7N9 virus acquired multiple basic amino acids at its hemagglutinin（HA） cleavage site, leading to the emergence of a ...In 2013, a human influenza outbreak caused by a novel H7N9 virus occurred in China. Recently, the H7N9 virus acquired multiple basic amino acids at its hemagglutinin（HA） cleavage site, leading to the emergence of a highly pathogenic virus. The development of an effective diagnostic method is imperative for the prevention and control of highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza. Here, we designed and synthesized three pairs of primers based on the nucleotide sequence at the HA cleavage site of the newly emerged highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza virus. One of the primer pairs and the corresponding probe displayed a high level of amplification efficiency on which a real-time RT-PCR method was established. Amplification using this method resulted in a fluorescent signal for only the highly pathogenic H7N9 virus, and not for any of the H1–H15 subtype reference strains, thus demonstrating high specificity. The method detected as low as 39.1 copies of HA-positive plasmid and exhibited similar sensitivity to the virus isolation method using embryonated chicken eggs. Importantly, the real-time RT-PCR method exhibited 100% consistency with the virus isolation method in the diagnosis of field samples. Collectively, our data demonstrate that this real-time RT-PCR assay is a rapid, sensitive and specific method, and the application will greatly aid the surveillance, prevention, and control of highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza viruses.展开更多
Repeated waves of influenza virus H7N9 epidemics after 2013 have caused severe influenza in humans,with mortality reaching approximately 40%–50%.To prevent possible pandemics,the development of highly effective vacci...Repeated waves of influenza virus H7N9 epidemics after 2013 have caused severe influenza in humans,with mortality reaching approximately 40%–50%.To prevent possible pandemics,the development of highly effective vaccines against influenza virus H7N9 is highly desired.In the present study,by taking advantage of the D-tetra-peptide adjuvant(G^(D)F^(D)F^(D)Y),we reported a simple method to prepare H7N9 vaccines.Naproxen(Npx),with good anti inflammatory and broad anti-viral effects,was employed as an N-terminal capping group to construct a hydrogel precursor,Npx-G^(D)F^(D)F^(D)Y.The hydrogel adjuvant was prepared using a routine heating cooling protocol and the final vaccine was ready after mixing with the split A/Zhejiang/DTID-ZJU01/2013(H7N9)antigen by vortexing.Compared with the traditional Al(OH)_(3) adjuvant vaccine and the split vaccine,our hydrogel adjuvant vaccine showed the best preventive effects against H7N9 infection.A mechanistic study illustrated that higher antibody responses and variations in cytokine expression might account for its increased protective effects.Our strategy demonstrated the advantages of a peptide hydrogel adjuvant in the application of vaccines against H7N9 and demonstrated its potential application in vaccines against emerging threats from other viruses.展开更多
Since the identification of the novel reassortant avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China in 2013, until Jun 30, 2017, the virus has caused five epidemic waves leading to a total of 1,552 human infections, with a fatal...Since the identification of the novel reassortant avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China in 2013, until Jun 30, 2017, the virus has caused five epidemic waves leading to a total of 1,552 human infections, with a fatality rate of about 40%. In the spring of2017, highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI) H7N9 virus emerged and has caused 25 human infections. The HPAI H7N9 virus has some biological differences from the LPAI one, such as its multiple basic amino acid residues on HA leading to its independence on trypsin for replication. The pathogenicity of the HPAI H7N9 virus to experimental animals or humans is still unclear. A(H7N9) vaccine development for pandemic preparedness is ongoing, including the reassortment(H7N9/PR8)reverse genetic based vaccine, the virus like particle(VLP) vaccine, the intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine(LAIV),the non-adjuvant Vero cell culture-derived inactivated whole-virus vaccine, the MDCK culture-derived vaccine, the H7 DNA vaccine and the recombinant replicative H7N9 virus \(H7N9-53 TM\) vaccine. Five neuramidinase resistant sites of A(H7N9)virus isolated from patients have been reported. Some alternative drugs have been studied, such as DAS181(Fludase), ribavirin,troglitazone and minocycline. Persistent surveillance and enhanced global control are essential to fight against human infections with A(H7N9) virus.展开更多
Background Influenza A （H7Ng） virus infections were first observed in China in March 2013.This type virus can cause severe illness and deaths,the situation raises many urgent questions and global public health conce...Background Influenza A （H7Ng） virus infections were first observed in China in March 2013.This type virus can cause severe illness and deaths,the situation raises many urgent questions and global public health concerns.Our purpose was to investigate bedside chest radiography findings for patients with novel influenza A （H7Ng） virus infections and the followup appearances after short-time treatment.Methods Eight hospitalized patients infected with the novel influenza A （H7Ng） virus were included in our study.All of the patients underwent bedside chest radiography after admission,and all had follow-up bedside chest radiography during their first ten days,using AXIOM Aristos MX and/or AMX-Ⅳ portable X-ray units.The exposure dose was generally 90 kV and 5 mAs,and was slightly adjusted according to the weight of the patients.The initial radiography data were evaluated for radiological patterns （ground glass opacity,consolidation,and reticulation）,distribution type （focal,multifocal,and diffuse）,lung zones involved,and appearance at follow-up while the patients underwent therapy.Results All patients presented with bilateral multiple lung involvement.Two patients had bilateral diffuse lesions,three patients had unilateral diffuse lesions of the right lobe with multifocal lesions of the left lobe,and the remaining three had bilateral multifocal lung lesions.The lesions were present throughout bilateral lung zones in three patients,the whole right lung zone in three patients with additional involvement in the left middle and/or lower lung zone（s）,both lower and middle lung zones in one patient,and the right middle and lower in combination with the left lower lung zones in one patient.The most common abnormal radiographic patterns were ground glass opacity （8/8）,and consolidation （8/8）.In three cases examined by CT we also found the pattern of reticulation in combination with CT images.Four patients had bilateral and four had unilateral pleural effusion.After a short period of treatment the pneumonia in one patient had significantly improved and three cases demonstrated disease progression.In four cases the severity of the pneumonia fluctuated.Conclusions In patients with influenza A （H7N9） virus infection,the distribution of the lung lesions are extensive,and the disease usually involves both lung zones.The most common imaging findings are a mixture of ground glass opacity and consolidation.Pleural effusion is common.Most cases have a poor short-time treatment response,and seem to have either rapid progressive radiographic deterioration or fluctuating radiographic changes.Chest radiography is helpful for evaluating patients with severe clinical symptoms and for follow-up evaluation.展开更多
China has markedly increased infectious disease surveillance efforts after the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS） in 2003.＇ When the first pneumonia cases with unknown etiology from Shanghai were ...China has markedly increased infectious disease surveillance efforts after the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS） in 2003.＇ When the first pneumonia cases with unknown etiology from Shanghai were reported to the National Health and Family Planning Commission and the China Center of Disease Control and Prevention （CDC） in March 2013, our Chinese doctors and scientists show more confident to face the emerging infectious disease than 10 years ago.展开更多
Avian influenza A（H7N9） virus is one subgroup among the larger group of H7 viruses,which normally circulate among birds.The H7N9 subtype of avian influenza viruses has not been known to infect humans until only rece...Avian influenza A（H7N9） virus is one subgroup among the larger group of H7 viruses,which normally circulate among birds.The H7N9 subtype of avian influenza viruses has not been known to infect humans until only recently.On March 31,2013,China confirmed the first three human cases of novel avian influenza A（H7N9）infection in Shanghai and Anhui,two of these patients died.1 As of February 27,2014,367 laboratory-confirmed human cases have been reported from 15 provinces/municipalities in China's Mainland,展开更多
Dear Editor,Ever since the first human infection with H7N9 avian influenza virus(AIV)was reported in China in March 2013,there have been five H7N9 AIV pandemics in humans.Wave5 began earlier than the previous four wav...Dear Editor,Ever since the first human infection with H7N9 avian influenza virus(AIV)was reported in China in March 2013,there have been five H7N9 AIV pandemics in humans.Wave5 began earlier than the previous four waves,spread to more districts and counties in affected provinces,and had more confirmed cases(Wang et al.,2017).Human infections展开更多
The National Health and Family Planning Commission of China published an updated guidance （2014 version） on clinical management in Chinese on January 26, 2014.The guidelines come as human cases of avian influenza A...The National Health and Family Planning Commission of China published an updated guidance （2014 version） on clinical management in Chinese on January 26, 2014.The guidelines come as human cases of avian influenza A（H7N9） virus infection undergo a seasonal spike.展开更多
The H7 subtype avian influenza viruses, including H7N2, HTN3 and HTN7, have posed a public health threat worldwide. Except one H7N7 fatal case in the Netherlands in 2003, the other H7 human cases have resulted in self...The H7 subtype avian influenza viruses, including H7N2, HTN3 and HTN7, have posed a public health threat worldwide. Except one H7N7 fatal case in the Netherlands in 2003, the other H7 human cases have resulted in self-limiting conjunc- tivitis or mild upper respiratory illness.展开更多
Over the past decade, we have seen an alarming number of high-profile outbreaks of newly emerging and re-emerging viruses.Recent outbreaks of avian influenza viruses, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, Zi...Over the past decade, we have seen an alarming number of high-profile outbreaks of newly emerging and re-emerging viruses.Recent outbreaks of avian influenza viruses, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, Zika virus and Ebola virus present great threats to global health. Considering the pivotal role of host T-cell immunity in the alleviation of symptoms and the clearance of viruses in patients, there are three issues to be primarily concerned about T-cell immunity when a new virus emerges: first, does the population possess pre-existing T-cells against the new virus through previous infections of genetically relevant viruses; second, does a proper immune response arise in the patients to provide protection through an immunopathogenic effect; lastly, how long can the virus-specific immune memory persist. Herein, we summarize the current updates on the characteristics of human T-cell immunological responses against recently emerged or re-emerged viruses, and emphasize the necessity for timely investigation on the T-cell features of these viral diseases, which may provide beneficial recommendations for clinical diagnosis and vaccine development.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFD0500800)the International Science&Technology Cooperation Program of China(2014DFR31260)
文摘In 2013, a human influenza outbreak caused by a novel H7N9 virus occurred in China. Recently, the H7N9 virus acquired multiple basic amino acids at its hemagglutinin（HA） cleavage site, leading to the emergence of a highly pathogenic virus. The development of an effective diagnostic method is imperative for the prevention and control of highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza. Here, we designed and synthesized three pairs of primers based on the nucleotide sequence at the HA cleavage site of the newly emerged highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza virus. One of the primer pairs and the corresponding probe displayed a high level of amplification efficiency on which a real-time RT-PCR method was established. Amplification using this method resulted in a fluorescent signal for only the highly pathogenic H7N9 virus, and not for any of the H1–H15 subtype reference strains, thus demonstrating high specificity. The method detected as low as 39.1 copies of HA-positive plasmid and exhibited similar sensitivity to the virus isolation method using embryonated chicken eggs. Importantly, the real-time RT-PCR method exhibited 100% consistency with the virus isolation method in the diagnosis of field samples. Collectively, our data demonstrate that this real-time RT-PCR assay is a rapid, sensitive and specific method, and the application will greatly aid the surveillance, prevention, and control of highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza viruses.
基金the support from the Medical and Health Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province,China(No.2020379356)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2020T130102ZX)。
文摘Repeated waves of influenza virus H7N9 epidemics after 2013 have caused severe influenza in humans,with mortality reaching approximately 40%–50%.To prevent possible pandemics,the development of highly effective vaccines against influenza virus H7N9 is highly desired.In the present study,by taking advantage of the D-tetra-peptide adjuvant(G^(D)F^(D)F^(D)Y),we reported a simple method to prepare H7N9 vaccines.Naproxen(Npx),with good anti inflammatory and broad anti-viral effects,was employed as an N-terminal capping group to construct a hydrogel precursor,Npx-G^(D)F^(D)F^(D)Y.The hydrogel adjuvant was prepared using a routine heating cooling protocol and the final vaccine was ready after mixing with the split A/Zhejiang/DTID-ZJU01/2013(H7N9)antigen by vortexing.Compared with the traditional Al(OH)_(3) adjuvant vaccine and the split vaccine,our hydrogel adjuvant vaccine showed the best preventive effects against H7N9 infection.A mechanistic study illustrated that higher antibody responses and variations in cytokine expression might account for its increased protective effects.Our strategy demonstrated the advantages of a peptide hydrogel adjuvant in the application of vaccines against H7N9 and demonstrated its potential application in vaccines against emerging threats from other viruses.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0500208 to Dayan Wang)
文摘Since the identification of the novel reassortant avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China in 2013, until Jun 30, 2017, the virus has caused five epidemic waves leading to a total of 1,552 human infections, with a fatality rate of about 40%. In the spring of2017, highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI) H7N9 virus emerged and has caused 25 human infections. The HPAI H7N9 virus has some biological differences from the LPAI one, such as its multiple basic amino acid residues on HA leading to its independence on trypsin for replication. The pathogenicity of the HPAI H7N9 virus to experimental animals or humans is still unclear. A(H7N9) vaccine development for pandemic preparedness is ongoing, including the reassortment(H7N9/PR8)reverse genetic based vaccine, the virus like particle(VLP) vaccine, the intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine(LAIV),the non-adjuvant Vero cell culture-derived inactivated whole-virus vaccine, the MDCK culture-derived vaccine, the H7 DNA vaccine and the recombinant replicative H7N9 virus \(H7N9-53 TM\) vaccine. Five neuramidinase resistant sites of A(H7N9)virus isolated from patients have been reported. Some alternative drugs have been studied, such as DAS181(Fludase), ribavirin,troglitazone and minocycline. Persistent surveillance and enhanced global control are essential to fight against human infections with A(H7N9) virus.
文摘Background Influenza A （H7Ng） virus infections were first observed in China in March 2013.This type virus can cause severe illness and deaths,the situation raises many urgent questions and global public health concerns.Our purpose was to investigate bedside chest radiography findings for patients with novel influenza A （H7Ng） virus infections and the followup appearances after short-time treatment.Methods Eight hospitalized patients infected with the novel influenza A （H7Ng） virus were included in our study.All of the patients underwent bedside chest radiography after admission,and all had follow-up bedside chest radiography during their first ten days,using AXIOM Aristos MX and/or AMX-Ⅳ portable X-ray units.The exposure dose was generally 90 kV and 5 mAs,and was slightly adjusted according to the weight of the patients.The initial radiography data were evaluated for radiological patterns （ground glass opacity,consolidation,and reticulation）,distribution type （focal,multifocal,and diffuse）,lung zones involved,and appearance at follow-up while the patients underwent therapy.Results All patients presented with bilateral multiple lung involvement.Two patients had bilateral diffuse lesions,three patients had unilateral diffuse lesions of the right lobe with multifocal lesions of the left lobe,and the remaining three had bilateral multifocal lung lesions.The lesions were present throughout bilateral lung zones in three patients,the whole right lung zone in three patients with additional involvement in the left middle and/or lower lung zone（s）,both lower and middle lung zones in one patient,and the right middle and lower in combination with the left lower lung zones in one patient.The most common abnormal radiographic patterns were ground glass opacity （8/8）,and consolidation （8/8）.In three cases examined by CT we also found the pattern of reticulation in combination with CT images.Four patients had bilateral and four had unilateral pleural effusion.After a short period of treatment the pneumonia in one patient had significantly improved and three cases demonstrated disease progression.In four cases the severity of the pneumonia fluctuated.Conclusions In patients with influenza A （H7N9） virus infection,the distribution of the lung lesions are extensive,and the disease usually involves both lung zones.The most common imaging findings are a mixture of ground glass opacity and consolidation.Pleural effusion is common.Most cases have a poor short-time treatment response,and seem to have either rapid progressive radiographic deterioration or fluctuating radiographic changes.Chest radiography is helpful for evaluating patients with severe clinical symptoms and for follow-up evaluation.
基金This study was supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 81070005/H0104, No. 81030032/ H 19 and No. 81271840） and the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University （No. NCET-10-0006）.
文摘China has markedly increased infectious disease surveillance efforts after the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS） in 2003.＇ When the first pneumonia cases with unknown etiology from Shanghai were reported to the National Health and Family Planning Commission and the China Center of Disease Control and Prevention （CDC） in March 2013, our Chinese doctors and scientists show more confident to face the emerging infectious disease than 10 years ago.
文摘Avian influenza A（H7N9） virus is one subgroup among the larger group of H7 viruses,which normally circulate among birds.The H7N9 subtype of avian influenza viruses has not been known to infect humans until only recently.On March 31,2013,China confirmed the first three human cases of novel avian influenza A（H7N9）infection in Shanghai and Anhui,two of these patients died.1 As of February 27,2014,367 laboratory-confirmed human cases have been reported from 15 provinces/municipalities in China's Mainland,
基金supported by funding from the National Key Research and Development Program(2016YFD0500201)the CAS Pioneer Hundred Talents Program to Jie Cui
文摘Dear Editor,Ever since the first human infection with H7N9 avian influenza virus(AIV)was reported in China in March 2013,there have been five H7N9 AIV pandemics in humans.Wave5 began earlier than the previous four waves,spread to more districts and counties in affected provinces,and had more confirmed cases(Wang et al.,2017).Human infections
文摘The National Health and Family Planning Commission of China published an updated guidance （2014 version） on clinical management in Chinese on January 26, 2014.The guidelines come as human cases of avian influenza A（H7N9） virus infection undergo a seasonal spike.
基金supported by a Combination Project of Guangdong Province from Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology, China (Grant No. 2010B091000018)Emergency Response Project of Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. KJYJ-2013-01-05)+1 种基金the National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant Nos. 2014ZX10004006, 2013ZX09201021 and 2013ZX09304102)the National Key Technology R&D Program of the 12th National Five-year Development Plan (Grant No. 2012BAI05B01)
文摘The H7 subtype avian influenza viruses, including H7N2, HTN3 and HTN7, have posed a public health threat worldwide. Except one H7N7 fatal case in the Netherlands in 2003, the other H7 human cases have resulted in self-limiting conjunc- tivitis or mild upper respiratory illness.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC1200202)the China Mega-Project on Infectious Disease Prevention(2016ZX10004222-003)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81401312,81373141)the National Natural Science Foundation of China Innovative Research Group(81621091)
文摘Over the past decade, we have seen an alarming number of high-profile outbreaks of newly emerging and re-emerging viruses.Recent outbreaks of avian influenza viruses, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, Zika virus and Ebola virus present great threats to global health. Considering the pivotal role of host T-cell immunity in the alleviation of symptoms and the clearance of viruses in patients, there are three issues to be primarily concerned about T-cell immunity when a new virus emerges: first, does the population possess pre-existing T-cells against the new virus through previous infections of genetically relevant viruses; second, does a proper immune response arise in the patients to provide protection through an immunopathogenic effect; lastly, how long can the virus-specific immune memory persist. Herein, we summarize the current updates on the characteristics of human T-cell immunological responses against recently emerged or re-emerged viruses, and emphasize the necessity for timely investigation on the T-cell features of these viral diseases, which may provide beneficial recommendations for clinical diagnosis and vaccine development.
