Gastric cancer(GC) is the fourth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Micro RNAs(mi RNAs) and long non-coding RNAs(lnc RNAs) are the most popular non-coding RNAs in cancer rese...Gastric cancer(GC) is the fourth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Micro RNAs(mi RNAs) and long non-coding RNAs(lnc RNAs) are the most popular non-coding RNAs in cancer research. To date,the roles of mi RNAs and lnc RNAs have been extensively studied in GC,suggesting that mi RNAs and lnc RNAs represent a vital component of tumor biology. Furthermore,circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs are found to be dysregulated in patients with GC compared with healthy individuals. Circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs may function as promising biomarkers to improve the early detection of GC. Multiple possibilities for mi RNA secretion have been elucidated,including active secretion by microvesicles,exosomes,apoptotic bodies,highdensity lipoproteins and protein complexes as well as passive leakage from cells. However,the mechanism underlying lnc RNA secretion and the functions of circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs have not been fully illuminated. Concurrently,to standardize results of global investigations of circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs biomarker studies,several recommendations for preanalytic considerations are put forward. In this review,we summarize the known circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs for GC diagnosis. The possible mechanism of mi RNA and lnc RNA secretion as well as methodologies for identification of circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs are also discussed. The topics covered here highlight new insights into GC diagnosis and screening.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is an aggressive malignancy and the second leading cause of cancerrelated deaths worldwide. Conventional biomarkers exhibit poor performance in the surveillance,diagnosis,and prognosis of...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is an aggressive malignancy and the second leading cause of cancerrelated deaths worldwide. Conventional biomarkers exhibit poor performance in the surveillance,diagnosis,and prognosis of HCC. Micro RNAs(mi RNAs) are a class of evolutionarily conserved small non-coding RNAs that are involved in the regulation of gene expression and protein translation,and they play critical roles in cell growth,differentiation,and the development of various types of cancers,including HCC. Recent evidence revealed the role of mi RNAs as potential novel and ideal biomarkers for HCC. mi RNAs are released to extracellular spaces,and they are extremely stable in bodily fluids,including serum or plasma,where they are packaged into various microparticles or associated with RNA-binding proteins. Numerous studies have demonstrated that circulating mi RNAs have potential applications as minimally invasive biomarkers for HCC diagnosis and prognosis. The present review highlights current understanding of mi RNA biogenesis and the origins and types of circulating mi RNAs. We summarize recent progress in the use of circulating mi RNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for HCC. We also discuss the challenges and perspectives of the clinical utility of circulating mi RNAs in HCC.展开更多
文摘Gastric cancer(GC) is the fourth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Micro RNAs(mi RNAs) and long non-coding RNAs(lnc RNAs) are the most popular non-coding RNAs in cancer research. To date,the roles of mi RNAs and lnc RNAs have been extensively studied in GC,suggesting that mi RNAs and lnc RNAs represent a vital component of tumor biology. Furthermore,circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs are found to be dysregulated in patients with GC compared with healthy individuals. Circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs may function as promising biomarkers to improve the early detection of GC. Multiple possibilities for mi RNA secretion have been elucidated,including active secretion by microvesicles,exosomes,apoptotic bodies,highdensity lipoproteins and protein complexes as well as passive leakage from cells. However,the mechanism underlying lnc RNA secretion and the functions of circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs have not been fully illuminated. Concurrently,to standardize results of global investigations of circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs biomarker studies,several recommendations for preanalytic considerations are put forward. In this review,we summarize the known circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs for GC diagnosis. The possible mechanism of mi RNA and lnc RNA secretion as well as methodologies for identification of circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs are also discussed. The topics covered here highlight new insights into GC diagnosis and screening.
基金Supported by Department of Public Health of Jilin Province of China,No.2009Z080 and No.2014Q025Supporting Program of Bethune Medical Research of Jilin University,No.2013207058
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is an aggressive malignancy and the second leading cause of cancerrelated deaths worldwide. Conventional biomarkers exhibit poor performance in the surveillance,diagnosis,and prognosis of HCC. Micro RNAs(mi RNAs) are a class of evolutionarily conserved small non-coding RNAs that are involved in the regulation of gene expression and protein translation,and they play critical roles in cell growth,differentiation,and the development of various types of cancers,including HCC. Recent evidence revealed the role of mi RNAs as potential novel and ideal biomarkers for HCC. mi RNAs are released to extracellular spaces,and they are extremely stable in bodily fluids,including serum or plasma,where they are packaged into various microparticles or associated with RNA-binding proteins. Numerous studies have demonstrated that circulating mi RNAs have potential applications as minimally invasive biomarkers for HCC diagnosis and prognosis. The present review highlights current understanding of mi RNA biogenesis and the origins and types of circulating mi RNAs. We summarize recent progress in the use of circulating mi RNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for HCC. We also discuss the challenges and perspectives of the clinical utility of circulating mi RNAs in HCC.
