Performance of Frame Synchronization of HDLCProtocol

In this paper, the types of synchronization errors of HDLC protocol are defined and equations for evaluating the performance of frame synchronization are derived. The probabilities of synchronization errors are calculated with these equations. Since the synchronization errors are highly related to the average error rate of the channel, their calculations are the precondition of choosing optimal error control technique in order to maintain a high throughput of the communication channel.

Cascaded ELM-Based Joint Frame Synchronization and Channel Estimation over Rician Fading Channel with Hardware Imperfections

Due to the interdependency of frame synchronization(FS)and channel estimation(CE),joint FS and CE(JFSCE)schemes are proposed to enhance their functionalities and therefore boost the overall performance of wireless communication systems.Although traditional JFSCE schemes alleviate the influence between FS and CE,they show deficiencies in dealing with hardware imperfection(HI)and deterministic line-of-sight(LOS)path.To tackle this challenge,we proposed a cascaded ELM-based JFSCE to alleviate the influence of HI in the scenario of the Rician fading channel.Specifically,the conventional JFSCE method is first employed to extract the initial features,and thus forms the non-Neural Network(NN)solutions for FS and CE,respectively.Then,the ELMbased networks,named FS-NET and CE-NET,are cascaded to capture the NN solutions of FS and CE.Simulation and analysis results show that,compared with the conventional JFSCE methods,the proposed cascaded ELM-based JFSCE significantly reduces the error probability of FS and the normalized mean square error(NMSE)of CE,even against the impacts of parameter variations.

Robust synchronization of uncertain chaotic systems

This paper investigates robust unified （lag, anticipated, and complete） synchronization of two coupled chaotic systems, By introducing the concepts of positive definite symmetrical matrix and Riccati inequality and the theory of robust stability, several criteria on robust synchronization are established. Extensive numerical simulations are also used to confirm the results.

A frequency domain estimation and compensation method for system synchronization parameters of distributed-HFSWR

To analyze the influence of time synchronization error,phase synchronization error,frequency synchronization error,internal delay of the transceiver system,and range error and angle error between the unit radars on the target detection performance,firstly,a spatial detection model of distributed high-frequency surface wave radar(distributed-HFSWR)is established in this paper.In this model,a method for accurate extraction of direct wave spectrum based on curve fitting is proposed to obtain accurate system internal delay and frequency synchronization error under complex electromagnetic environment background and low signal to noise ratio(SNR),and to compensate for the shift of range and Doppler frequency caused by time-frequency synchronization error.The direct wave component is extracted from the spectrum,the range estimation error and Doppler estimation error are reduced by the method of curve fitting,and the fitting accuracy of the parameters is improved.Then,the influence of frequency synchronization error on target range and radial Doppler velocity is quantitatively analyzed.The relationship between frequency synchronization error and radial Doppler velocity shift and range shift is given.Finally,the system synchronization parameters of the trial distributed-HFSWR are obtained by the proposed spectrum extraction method based on curve fitting,the experimental data is compensated to correct the shift of the target,and finally the correct target parameter information is obtained.Simulations and experimental results demonstrate the superiority and correctness of the proposed method,theoretical derivation and detection model proposed in this paper.

Quantum synchronization with correlated baths

We study quantum synchronization under the nonequilibrium reservoirs.We consider a two-qubit XXZ chain coupled independently to their own reservoirs modeled by the collisional model.Two reservoir particles,initially prepared in a thermal state or a state with coherence,are correlated through a unitary transformation and afterward interact locally with the two quantum subsystems.We study the quantum effect of reservoir on synchronous dynamics of system.By preparing different reservoir initial states or manipulating the reservoir particles coupling and the temperature gradient,we find that quantum entanglement of reservoir is the key to control quantum synchronization of system qubits.

Geometric Error Identification of Gantry-Type CNC Machine Tool Based on Multi-Station Synchronization Laser Tracers

Laser tracers are a three-dimensional coordinate measurement system that are widely used in industrial measurement.We propose a geometric error identification method based on multi-station synchronization laser tracers to enable the rapid and high-precision measurement of geometric errors for gantry-type computer numerical control(CNC)machine tools.This method also improves on the existing measurement efficiency issues in the single-base station measurement method and multi-base station time-sharing measurement method.We consider a three-axis gantry-type CNC machine tool,and the geometric error mathematical model is derived and established based on the combination of screw theory and a topological analysis of the machine kinematic chain.The four-station laser tracers position and measurement points are realized based on the multi-point positioning principle.A self-calibration algorithm is proposed for the coordinate calibration process of a laser tracer using the Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear least squares method,and the geometric error is solved using Taylor’s first-order linearization iteration.The experimental results show that the geometric error calculated based on this modeling method is comparable to the results from the Etalon laser tracer.For a volume of 800 mm×1000 mm×350 mm,the maximum differences of the linear,angular,and spatial position errors were 2.0μm,2.7μrad,and 12.0μm,respectively,which verifies the accuracy of the proposed algorithm.This research proposes a modeling method for the precise measurement of errors in machine tools,and the applied nature of this study also makes it relevant both to researchers and those in the industrial sector.

Suppression and synchronization of chaos in uncertain time-delay physical system

The mechanical horizontal platform(MHP)system exhibits a rich chaotic behavior.The chaotic MHP system has applications in the earthquake and offshore industries.This article proposes a robust adaptive continuous control(RACC)algorithm.It investigates the control and synchronization of chaos in the uncertain MHP system with time-delay in the presence of unknown state-dependent and time-dependent disturbances.The closed-loop system contains most of the nonlinear terms that enhance the complexity of the dynamical system;it improves the efficiency of the closed-loop.The proposed RACC approach(a)accomplishes faster convergence of the perturbed state variables(synchronization errors)to the desired steady-state,(b)eradicates the effect of unknown state-dependent and time-dependent disturbances,and(c)suppresses undesirable chattering in the feedback control inputs.This paper describes a detailed closed-loop stability analysis based on the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional theory and Lyapunov stability technique.It provides parameter adaptation laws that confirm the convergence of the uncertain parameters to some constant values.The computer simulation results endorse the theoretical findings and provide a comparative performance.

RL and AHP-Based Multi-Timescale Multi-Clock Source Time Synchronization for Distribution Power Internet of Things

Time synchronization(TS)is crucial for ensuring the secure and reliable functioning of the distribution power Internet of Things(IoT).Multi-clock source time synchronization(MTS)has significant advantages of high reliability and accuracy but still faces challenges such as optimization of the multi-clock source selection and the clock source weight calculation at different timescales,and the coupling of synchronization latency jitter and pulse phase difference.In this paper,the multi-timescale MTS model is conducted,and the reinforcement learning(RL)and analytic hierarchy process(AHP)-based multi-timescale MTS algorithm is designed to improve the weighted summation of synchronization latency jitter standard deviation and average pulse phase difference.Specifically,the multi-clock source selection is optimized based on Softmax in the large timescale,and the clock source weight calculation is optimized based on lower confidence bound-assisted AHP in the small timescale.Simulation shows that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce time synchronization delay standard deviation and average pulse phase difference.

HDLC/UART通信网关的设计

为了实时监控地铁设备的工作状态,设计了HDLC/UART通信网关,并通过UART接口与监控系统相连。监控系统通过通信网关与设备进行通信,并以可视化的方式实时显示出设备的工作状态。该文分析了HDLC协议的帧结构和特点,设计了以STC89C52单片机为核心的硬件电路,完成了软件编程,并为监控系统编写了上位机程序。在地铁上验证设计的通信网关运行可靠。

Einstein’s Concept of Clock Synchronization Conflicts with the Second Relativity Postulate

Einstein defined clock synchronization whenever photon pulses with timetags traverse a fixed distance between two clocks with equal time spans ineither direction. Using the second relativity postulate, he found clocksmounted on a rod uniformly moving parallel with the rod’s length cannot besynchronized, but clocks attached to a stationary rod can. He dismissed thisdiscrepancy by claiming simultaneity and clock synchronization were not commonbetween inertial frames, but this paper proves with both Galilean and Lorentztransformations that simultaneity and clock synchronization are preservedbetween inertial frames. His derivation means moving clocks can never besynchronized in a “resting” inertial frame. Ultraprecise atomic clocks intimekeeping labs daily contradict his results. No algebraic error occurred inEinstein’s derivations. The two cases of clocksattached to a rod reveal three major conflicts with the currentsecond postulate. The net velocity between a photon source and detector plusthe “universal” velocity c is mathematically equivalent toEinstein’s clock synchronization method. As the ultraprecise timekeepingcommunity daily synchronizes atomic clocks on the moving Earth withultraprecise time uncertainty well below Einstein’s lowest limit ofsynchronization, the theoretical resolution of the apparent conflict isaccomplished by expanding the second relativity postulate to incorporate thenet velocity between the photon source and detector with the emitted velocity c as components of the total velocity c. This means the magnitudeof the total photon velocity can exceed the speed limit (299792458 m/s) set by the standard velocity c. .

高效类HDLC异步串行通信协议的实现

提出一种高效、面向字节传送的类似HDLC通信协议的异步串行通信协议AHDLC及其算法的实现,分析了AHDLC协议的变换效率.该协议算法简单、变换效率高,比用ASC 码方式传送效率提高48.7%,该协议适用于维护终端及监控终端等需要自己定义通信协议的场合.

高HDLC水平与冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的关系

目的分析高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDLC)水平对冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(CHD)的影响。方法选取住院患者1987例,将确诊的CHD患者1559例作为CHD组,非CHD 428例为对照组。根据HDLC水平分为低HDLC组、正常HDLC组、高HDLC组、极高HDLC组。比较不同HDLC组间一般临床资料。采用Logistic回归模型分析CHD发生的危险因素及冠状动脉病变程度的危险因素。结果与正常HDLC组比较,低HDLC组总胆固醇(TC)降低,吸烟史、甘油三酯升高(P<0.05);高HDLC组、极高HDLC组体质指数和吸烟史占比降低(P<0.05);高HDLC组糖尿病占比降低(P<0.05);极高HDLC组TC升高(P<0.05)。肌酐随着HDLC升高呈降低趋势(P<0.05)。男性、女性CHD组低HDLC占比明显高于对照组,女性CHD组极高HDLC占比低于对照组(P<0.05)。与正常HDLC组比较,低HDLC组CHD发生率、冠状动脉病变程度>50%占比升高,而极高HDLC组则均降低(P<0.05)。与稳定型CHD比较,低HDLC水平组不稳定型心绞痛和急性心肌梗死占比升高(P<0.05)。Logsitic回归分析结果显示,低HDLC组CHD风险增加,而极高组CHD及严重冠状动脉病变发生的风险降低。结论极高HDLC对CHD和冠状动脉粥样硬化具有保护作用,并存在性别差异。

Generalized projective synchronization for the chaotic Lorenz system and the chaotic Chen system

Projective synchronization and generalized projective synchronization have recently been observed in the coupled chaotic systems. In this paper, a new synchronization, called ＂generalized projective synchronization＂, is reported in the chaotic Lorenz system and the chaotic Chen one.

Adaptive generalized functional synchronization of chaotic systems with unknown parameters

A universal adaptive generalized functional synchronization approach to any two different or identical chaotic systems with unknown parameters is proposed, based on a unified mathematical expression of a large class of chaotic system. Self-adaptive parameter law and control law are given in the form of a theorem. The synchronization between the three-dimensional R6ssler chaotic system and the four-dimensional Chen＇s hyper-chaotic system is studied as an example for illustration. The computer simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of the method proposed.

故障安全消息传输系统的HDLC规程子集选择

介绍了ＨＤＬＣ规程类别，描述了如何根据数据链路层服务质量要求及物理层通信结构参数。

Different Types of Projective Synchronization in a Class of Time-Delayed Chaotic Systems Using Active Control Approach

We study different types of projective synchronization （projective-anticipating, projective, and projectivelag synchronization） in a class of time-delayed chaotic systems related to optical bistable or hybrid optical bistable devices. We relax some limitations of previous work, where the scaling factor a can not be any desired value. In this paper, we achieve projective-anticipating, projective, and projective-lag synchronization without the limitation of a. A suitable controller is chosen using active control approach. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory, we derive the sufficient stability condition through theoretical analysis. The analytical results are validated by the numerical simulations using Ikeda model and Mackey-Glass model.

基于ZYNQ的HDLC与同步半双工RS485的实现

为了实现飞行管理模块与舵机、助推器等之间的高速串行通信,设计了基于全可编程片上系统(ZYNQ)的高级数据链路控制(HDLC)协议控制器。ZYNQ内部可编程逻辑(PL)与处理器系统(PS)之间通过高级可扩展接口(AXI)总线进行数据交互,采用双先入先出队列(FIFO)进行数据缓存;PL使用Verilog语言开发了HDLC通讯协议的控制时序,PS完成循环冗余检验(CRC);开发了以ZYNQ为核心的同步半双工RS485总线接口原理图和印制电路板。实际应用效果表明:系统的通信速率可以达到4Mbit/s,工作稳定可靠,没有误码、丢帧等现象。

A function cascade synchronization method with unknown parameters and applications

This paper investigates the function cascade synchronization of chaos system. Combining cascade synchronization scheme, parametric adaptive control and projective synchronization scheme, it proposes a new function cascade synchronization scheme to address a generalized-type synchronization problem of three famous chaotic systems： the Lorenz system, Liu system and RSssler system, the states of two identical chaotic systems with unknown parameters can be asymptotically synchronized by choosing different special suitable error functions. Numerical simulations are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed synchronization techniques.

A general method for modified function projective synchronization

This paper investigates the modified function projective synchronization,which means that the drive system and the response system are synchronized up to a desired scale matrix of function. By the active control scheme,a general method for modified function projective synchronization is proposed. Numerical simulations on chaotic Rssler system and hyper-chaotic Chen system are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Study on Proportional Synchronization of Hyperchaotic Circuit System

In this paper, the proportional synchronization between drive system and response system is achieved by using the concept of generalized synchronization. The phase space of all variables in response system can be expanded and compressed flexibly. Meanwhile, the 6-D hyperchaotic chua's circuit is considered as an illustrative example to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Furthermore, focusing on the shortcoming of the long transient behavior during the process of synchronization, a feedback method is adopted to shorten the transitional time of synchronization, which will provide an effective way for speeding up the transmitting velocity of code in chaotic multiple access communication.