Variations in the radial growth rate of 24 isolates belonging to ten species of Trichoderma, three isolates of conifer pathogen Heterobasidion annosum s.s. and four isolates of H. parviporum were evaluated by incubati...Variations in the radial growth rate of 24 isolates belonging to ten species of Trichoderma, three isolates of conifer pathogen Heterobasidion annosum s.s. and four isolates of H. parviporum were evaluated by incubation on a solid malt extract medium at a temperature of 4℃, 15℃ and 21℃. Trichoderma antagonism against Heterobasidion was investigated in dual culture in vitro. The slowest rate of growth was referable to all seven strains of Heterobasidion spp. All Heterobasidion spp. strains were overgrown by 63% of Trichoderma spp. strains after two weeks at 21℃ and by 33% of strains at 15℃. 21% of Trichoderma strains did not grow and only four strains belonging to T. koningii, T. viride and T. viridescens demonstrated the ability to completely overgrow Heterobasidion spp. after two weeks incubation at 4℃. According to the antagonistic efficiency, Trichoderma strains were divided into five groups with an Euclidean distance of 25. The groups contained isolates from different species. It was suggested that selected psychrotrophic fast growing T. viride, T. koningii and T. viridescens strains could be examined in different substrate conditions as suitable antagonist agents for the control of H. annosum and H. parviporum.展开更多
There have been several investigations into the genus Heterobasidion,however,differentiation of species in these studies have depended on the gene regions analyzed.Reliable defining of species,establishing species div...There have been several investigations into the genus Heterobasidion,however,differentiation of species in these studies have depended on the gene regions analyzed.Reliable defining of species,establishing species divergence times and establishing species biogeographical distributions have been challenging.Here,we used a multilocus phylogenetic approach and maximum parsimony,maximum likehood,and Bayesian analyses to infer the phylogenetic relationships of Heterobasidion species.In addition,we focused on a fungus fossil-based approach and used the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II-the second subunit of RNA polymerase II(RPB1-RPB2)dataset to perform maximum likelihoodbased estimation and Bayesian binary analyses,to assess the divergence and biogeographical distributions of Heterobasidion species.The Heterobasidion annousum/H.insulare species complex clusters in three groups in the phylogenetic analyses.Molecular dating suggests that ancestral Heterobasidion species originated in Eurasia during the Early Miocene,followed by dispersal and speciation to other continents during the Middle Miocene and Early Pliocene.Our data are compatible with the previous viewpoint that H.irregulare and H.occidentale colonized North America via different routes,which has been interpreted as Beringian and Thulean North Atlantic vicariance.In addition,we propose that the occurrence of H.araucariae in the southern Hemisphere was probably due to recent human-mediated introductions.Plate tectonics and long-distance dispersal are the most likely factors that influenced Heterobasidion speciation and biogeography.展开更多
北半球针叶林最严重的森林病害是由广义的多年异担子菌(Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato)引起的干基白色腐朽病,但近年的研究表明多年异担子菌并不是单一的物种,目前在欧洲已分出3个独立的种,即原始多年异担子菌(Heterobasidion anno...北半球针叶林最严重的森林病害是由广义的多年异担子菌(Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato)引起的干基白色腐朽病,但近年的研究表明多年异担子菌并不是单一的物种,目前在欧洲已分出3个独立的种,即原始多年异担子菌(Heterobasidion annosum sensu stricto)、小孔异担子菌(Heterobasidion parviporum)和冷杉异担子菌(Heterobasidi-on abietinum),它们生物学习性、形态结构,生态学,寄主范围和发生区域均有差异。应用大伏革菌Phlebiopsisgigantea对该类病害进行生物防治是较好的方法。将中国东北和西南(云南)的异担子菌单孢菌株与欧洲的三种异担子菌进行交配,结果表明中国东北和西南地区的异担子菌与原始多年异担子菌无性亲和反应,而与小孔异担子菌有性融合反应,因此中国东北和西南地区的异担子菌是小孔异担子菌,目前中国并不存在原始多年异担子菌。由于原始多年异担子菌和冷杉异担子菌均为严重的森林病原菌,应将其作为对外检疫对象。展开更多
狭义多年异担子菌Heterobasidion annosum(Fr.)Bref.sensu stricto是广义多年异担子菌H.annosum sensu lato复合种之一,该病原菌引起的根腐病和根干基腐朽病在欧洲、北美针叶林造成严重损失。按照国际植物保护公约的有害生物风险分析原...狭义多年异担子菌Heterobasidion annosum(Fr.)Bref.sensu stricto是广义多年异担子菌H.annosum sensu lato复合种之一,该病原菌引起的根腐病和根干基腐朽病在欧洲、北美针叶林造成严重损失。按照国际植物保护公约的有害生物风险分析原则(ISPM No.11),从地理分布、定殖可能性、扩散可能性、经济重要性和管理难度等方面对该病菌进行了定性分析,同时按照有害生物危险性评价指标体系及赋值标准,获得该病菌风险R值。结果显示:狭义多年异担子菌风险评估R值为2.38,属于高度危险林业有害生物,传入我国的风险较大、危害大,目前尚未列入我国禁止进境检疫性有害生物名录中。因此,建议将该病原菌尽快列入名录,以加强口岸检疫,严防其传入我国。展开更多
文摘Variations in the radial growth rate of 24 isolates belonging to ten species of Trichoderma, three isolates of conifer pathogen Heterobasidion annosum s.s. and four isolates of H. parviporum were evaluated by incubation on a solid malt extract medium at a temperature of 4℃, 15℃ and 21℃. Trichoderma antagonism against Heterobasidion was investigated in dual culture in vitro. The slowest rate of growth was referable to all seven strains of Heterobasidion spp. All Heterobasidion spp. strains were overgrown by 63% of Trichoderma spp. strains after two weeks at 21℃ and by 33% of strains at 15℃. 21% of Trichoderma strains did not grow and only four strains belonging to T. koningii, T. viride and T. viridescens demonstrated the ability to completely overgrow Heterobasidion spp. after two weeks incubation at 4℃. According to the antagonistic efficiency, Trichoderma strains were divided into five groups with an Euclidean distance of 25. The groups contained isolates from different species. It was suggested that selected psychrotrophic fast growing T. viride, T. koningii and T. viridescens strains could be examined in different substrate conditions as suitable antagonist agents for the control of H. annosum and H. parviporum.
基金We thank Dr.Natalia Arhipova(Latvia)for providing a photo of H.araucariae.We express our gratitude to Drs.Bang Feng and Xi-Hui Du(HKAS,China)for helping us in informative analyses and improving this manuscript.The research was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Project Nos.JC2013-1 and BLYJ201403)。
文摘There have been several investigations into the genus Heterobasidion,however,differentiation of species in these studies have depended on the gene regions analyzed.Reliable defining of species,establishing species divergence times and establishing species biogeographical distributions have been challenging.Here,we used a multilocus phylogenetic approach and maximum parsimony,maximum likehood,and Bayesian analyses to infer the phylogenetic relationships of Heterobasidion species.In addition,we focused on a fungus fossil-based approach and used the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II-the second subunit of RNA polymerase II(RPB1-RPB2)dataset to perform maximum likelihoodbased estimation and Bayesian binary analyses,to assess the divergence and biogeographical distributions of Heterobasidion species.The Heterobasidion annousum/H.insulare species complex clusters in three groups in the phylogenetic analyses.Molecular dating suggests that ancestral Heterobasidion species originated in Eurasia during the Early Miocene,followed by dispersal and speciation to other continents during the Middle Miocene and Early Pliocene.Our data are compatible with the previous viewpoint that H.irregulare and H.occidentale colonized North America via different routes,which has been interpreted as Beringian and Thulean North Atlantic vicariance.In addition,we propose that the occurrence of H.araucariae in the southern Hemisphere was probably due to recent human-mediated introductions.Plate tectonics and long-distance dispersal are the most likely factors that influenced Heterobasidion speciation and biogeography.
文摘北半球针叶林最严重的森林病害是由广义的多年异担子菌(Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato)引起的干基白色腐朽病,但近年的研究表明多年异担子菌并不是单一的物种,目前在欧洲已分出3个独立的种,即原始多年异担子菌(Heterobasidion annosum sensu stricto)、小孔异担子菌(Heterobasidion parviporum)和冷杉异担子菌(Heterobasidi-on abietinum),它们生物学习性、形态结构,生态学,寄主范围和发生区域均有差异。应用大伏革菌Phlebiopsisgigantea对该类病害进行生物防治是较好的方法。将中国东北和西南(云南)的异担子菌单孢菌株与欧洲的三种异担子菌进行交配,结果表明中国东北和西南地区的异担子菌与原始多年异担子菌无性亲和反应,而与小孔异担子菌有性融合反应,因此中国东北和西南地区的异担子菌是小孔异担子菌,目前中国并不存在原始多年异担子菌。由于原始多年异担子菌和冷杉异担子菌均为严重的森林病原菌,应将其作为对外检疫对象。
