Heterotopias in Tess of D'Urbervilles

Tess of D'Urbervilles is one of the Wessex novels of the late 19 thcentury naturalist writer, Thomas Hardy. The environment description has always been the focus of previous studies and critiques in that it plays a fundamental role in the characterization and the development of plot. While most of the studies consider the environment as an indicator and catalyst for the protagonists' tragedy, Foucault's philosophical theory concerning the Heterotopia actually provides us with a novel insight into the significance of the environment description in this story. In this perspective, the surroundings are not merely a physical existence entirely separated from human perceptive, but rather a synchronic space network where different spaces are intertwined and interlocked together.

Assessment of gray matter heterotopia by magnetic resonance imaging

AIM:To evaluate magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) features of different types of gray matter heterotopia.METHODS:Between June 2005 and December 2009,the medical records and MRI studies of patients with gray matter heterotopia were reviewed.The MRI morphologic findings of heterotopia were recorded along with the presence and type of associated cranial malformations.Available clinical and electrophysiological data were also recorded.RESULTS:20 patients were included in the study.Their ages ranged from 9 mo to 39 years with a mean age of 15 years.All patients suffered from epileptic seizures.According to the location of heterotopia,patients were classified into three groups:subependymal(12),subcortical(5) and band(3) heterotopia.CONCLUSION:MRI was useful in diagnosing and differentiating between various types of gray matter heterotopia.The severity of clinical manifestations of heterotopia was related to the location and pattern of heterotopia.Determination of heterotopia type and its extent is useful for management planning and predicting prognosis.

Neuropathology of Schizophrenia

The paper is to study the structural changes in cortex and cerebellum of autopsies of subjects with schizophrenia. In the Pathology Department of the Psychiatric Hospital ＂Fray Bernardino ,Avarez＂, there are 410 autopsy cases with diagnosis of mental disease, from which 52 match schizophrenia. The aim of this work is to describe structural changes in the autopsy material and make markers in order to confirm neurodevelopment alterations. The tissues were preserved in formol, paraffin-embedded; cut into 5-7 μm slices; stained with H-E （Hematoxilin and Eosin）, Bielschowsky, crystal fast of violet. The observed changes were brain asymmetry, cortical dysplasia, neuronal distortion, axon bifurcation, neuronophagia and generalized demyelination. Schizophrenia is the result of several happenings, it is important to devise new treatment strategies for prevention and genetic counseling for population.

Complete pancreatic heterotopia of gallbladder with hypertrophic duct simulating an adenomyoma

The gallbladder is an unusual location of pancreatic heterotopia, defined as the presence of pancreatic tissue lacking anatomical and vascular continuity with the main body of the gland. A 28-year-old man presented with anorexia, nausea and pain in the right upper abdomen. On physical examination, the abdomen was tender to palpation and Murphy sign was positive. The patient underwent a cholecystecomy. This case, in our opinion, is very interesting since it permits to consider a controversial issue in the pathology of the gallbladder. The histological appearance of ductal structure in pancreatic heterotopia resembles the histological picture of both Aschoff-Rokitansky （AR） sinuses and adenomyomas. This finding suggests that these lesions are linked by a common histogenetic origin. We suggest that the finding of an adenomyoma in the gallbladder should prompt an extensive sampling of the organ in order to verify the coexistence of pancreatic rests.

Cystic dystrophy in heterotopic pancreas:a rare indication for pancreaticoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND:Cystic dystrophy in heterotopic pancreas (CDHP)is a rare benign condition characterized by the presence of cysts in the wall of the digestive tract associated with inflammation and fibrosis,intermingled with heterotopic pancreatic tissue.Treatment options for CDHP are poorly defined. METHOD:We report a case of CDHP,and review the literature focusing on the diagnosis and management. RESULTS:CDHP is mainly encountered in men in the fifth decade of life in association with chronic pancreatitis secondary to alcohol ingestion.Alcohol and mechanical obstruction of heterotopic pancreatic ducts have been implicated in its pathogenesis.Clinical presentation is varied and current imaging provides the diagnosis. Treatment options include somatostatin analogue injections, endoscopic cyst fenestration and surgical resection (pancreaticoduodenectomy or gastrointestinal bypass). CONCLUSION:CDHP is rare and presents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.The long term efficacy and indications for different treatment options need to be refined.

Gastric heterotopia of colon found cancer workup in liver abscess:A case report

BACKGROUND Recently reported cases of pyogenic liver abscess associated with colonic cancer in the absence of underlying disease,have included a small number of cases of gastric heterotopia(GHT).GHT is a congenital anomaly composed of ectopic gastric mucosa and can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract but is more frequently encountered in the cervical esophagus.However,it is rarely observed in colon.Furthermore,most reported cases of GHT of the colon involved the rectum,and GHT involving the colon proximal to the rectum is rare.CASE SUMMARY An 83-year-old male patient presented with fever and a diagnosis of pyogenic liver abscess.Colonoscopy was performed for colon cancer workup and revealed a 1.0 cm sized polyp at the transverse colon.The polyp was removed by endoscopic mucosal resection by monopolar electrocauterization using a snare.Pathological examination revealed GHT.After administering intravenous antibiotics,the patient recovered well.CONCLUSION GHT in the colon could affect the development of pyogenic liver abscess by enabling hematogenous propagation of Klebsiella pneumoniae through mucosal damage.However,more study is needed due to the lack of cases.

Appropriate posture of cancer patients treated with PICC to prevent internal jugular vein ectopic

We aimed to study the appropriate posture of peripherally inserted central catheter （PICC） patients, to reduce the incidence of internal jugular vein heterotopia. Methods： From 2009 to 2013, a total of 290 cases with PICC were enrolled in our study. They were divided into two groups. The patients in control group took regular position, which mean pros- tration, upper limb of tube side was abduction 90°, head moved to puncture side in order to block the internal jugular vein. On the basis of conventional body position putting, posture of patients in observation group was improved, the head remain neutral, and had 180° angle with trunk longitudinal axis, not favor any side. After ensuring the upper limb abduction, had 90° angle with the trunk, then catheter was inserted slowly. The jugular venous catheter heterotopia rate was judged by X.ray results. Results： The jugular venous catheter heterotopia rate of control group and observation was 12.8% and 0.68%, respectively. The difference between two groups was statistically significant （P 〈 0.01）. Conclusion： The body posture improvement can prevent discomfort of patients and reduce the jugular venous catheter heterotopia rate of PICC.

Digital Mobilization and Politicization of <i>El Caminata del Migrante</i>

Social media have become an important communication tool and backstage for the dissemination of information for Honduran migrants seeking political asylum and international refugee status in the United States at the Otay Mesa Port of Entry. This nonmainstream structure of communication can be conceived as a type of counterargument to international border policies. In this essay, I examine how Bartolo Fuentes’s Caminata del Migrante post digitally informed migrant decision making processes, enforced migrant solidarity, and spurred a digital heterotopia providing a back and forth sharing of opinions and information between migrants, political actors, advocacy groups, and the press.

Memphis, Tennessee： A Metonym for Rock ＇n Roll, the Child of the Blues

The 1991 Booker Prize--winning novelist Ben Okri, while traveling in the Deep South after Barack Obama＇s victory in the November 2008 presidential election, wrote that Elvis Presley was a lingering deity in the city of Memphis. The images of Elvis Presley, who earned the sobriquet ＂King of Rock＂ early in his career, and that of B. B. King, the exemplar extraordinaire of the Blues, are ubiquitous in the city of Memphis, which may be regarded as a metonym for the Blues and Rock ＇n Roll. The byline for the city of Memphis is, ＂Home of the Blues, Birthplace of Rock ＇n Roll＂, and this fact announces itself to the visitor as soon as he/she enters the arrivals concourse of the Memphis International Airport. As one proceeds towards the baggage claims area, the images which saturate the walkway create an aura that is redolent of the city＇s vibrant Rock ＇n Roll era. Drawing on Foucault＇s notion of heterotopias, as well as Jakobson＇s work on metonymy, this paper explores the hybrid musical spatiality of the city of Memphis and its environs, as well as its iconic status in the evolution of Rock ＇n Roll which was engendered by the Blues.

＂From a Utopia to a Dystopia＂ On Mark Twain＇s Compliance with and Deviation from Heterotopology in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur＇s Court

In this paper, the author intends to parallelize Mark Twain＇s A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur＇s Court with Foucault＇s theorizations about heterotopia, or heterotopology. For Foucault, heterotopia is a paradox because it is paces that are both real and placeless. Twain＇s novel is a time travel story, which juxtaposes the temporalities of the 6th and 19th centuries. In the story, Hank, the hero, is allowed access to Camelot, King Arthur＇s court. Above all, he has introduced to it quite a few elements of modem technology and civilization. So far Twain seems to have complied with Foucault＇s heterotopology. That is, there is a textual heterotopia created in his novel. However, the last principle of Foucault＇s heterotopology states that a heterotopia can be comparable to a utopia because of its contrastive function. A typical time travel story has the same contrastive function as well. That is, in either case there should be a utopia, a dystopia, or a mixture of them. However, Twain＇s novel fails to contrast the 6th century with the 19th century simply because the heterotopia Hank has created leaps from a utopia to a dystopia. It is at this point where Twain has deviated from heterotopology. The shifting nature of this heterotopia not only disables its contrastive mechanism but also jeopardizes its thematic clarity. Most of all, it indicates that Twain has a considerably ambivalent attitude towards the industrial civilization, and that as a consequence, he is indecisive about the direction of this novel.

A Rare Case of Nasal Glial Heterotopia Presenting as Sphenochoanal Polyp

Objective: This paper reports a rare case of nasal glial heterotopia presenting as sphenochoanal polyp. So far, literature has revealed only few cases. Case Report: A 55-year-old woman presented with a 2-month history of left sided nasal obstruction. Rigid endoscopy showed greyish left nasal polyp and anterior discharge. Subsequently, CT scan of the sinuses revealed sphenochoanal polyp filling the left nasal cavity, without signs of expansion, or destruction and no obvious connection with intracranial tissue. Mass was removed endoscopically and histology confirmed glial nature of the mass. Conclusion: Any mass arising from sphenoid sinus should be carefully evaluated on CT scan for existence of fibrous stalk, or connection with brain tissue and needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of the sphenochoanal mass. Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice, which is curative.

Heterotopia Basilingual Thyroid Goiter: A Case Rapport

Thyroid heterotopia is an abnormal localization of normal thyroid tissue coexisting with a normal organ and of normal localization. It is distinguished from ectopic thyroid and thyroid cancer metastasis. Lingual or sublingual thyroid is defined as the presence of thyroid tissue in the midline at the base of the tongue anywhere between the circumvallate papillae and the epiglottis. The prevalence of lingual thyroid is 1 in 100,000, and it is more common in women, with a female to male ratio ranging from 3:1 to 7:1. Embryologically, the thyroid originates at the foramen cecum, which is located at the junction of the anterior two thirds with the posterior one-third of the tongue, report a case of a goiter on a heterotopic basilingual thyroid tissue causing dysphagia in a 58-year-old woman operated in the ENT department of the CHN in Nouakchott, Mauritania, the thyroid origin of the mass was confirmed by histology.

The Contemporary Disintegration of Aesthetic Utopia and Its Paradoxical Form

With the advent of the era of aesthetic capitalism in the late 20th century, aesthetics and art exude enormous political potential. In contemporary aesthetic field, Utopia is breaking through the existing model and disintegrating into the paradoxical ＂Heterotopia＂ or ＂Dystopia （anti-utopia）＂ with its revolutionary and negative power. It engages in politics, society and life with its reflexivity and anew assesses and activates aesthetical language and perceptive experience, The popularity of the engagement of aesthetics and art is the new modeling road of Utopia aiter its contemporary disintegration.

Clival Salivary Heterotopia (Salivary Choristoma): A Rare Radiopathogical Lesión

Objective: To describe the radiological and pathological presentation of a salivary heterotopia in clivus. The lesion was detected incidentally in a 57-year-old woman. Material and Methods: Radiologic imaging (CT scan and MRI) and histological picture obtained from a clival lesion. Results: Radiologically the lesion presented as a well-limited lytic lesion with a diameter of 1.5 cm and accompanied by a cerebrospinal fluid secondary fistula. Histological examination revealed non-pathological salivary gland tissue. Conclusion: The differential diagnosis of this rare entity mandates a histological examination of the lesion.

Early surgical intervention for structural infantile spasms in two patients under 6 months old:a case report

Background:Infantile spasms(IS)are the most common childhood epileptic encephalopathy.Focal cortical dysplasia(FCD)and gray matter heterotopias(GH)are common structural causes of IS.The recommended first-line treatment for IS patients with structural causes is surgical intervention,according to the International League Against Epilepsy(ILAE)commission guidelines.However,there is currently no consensus on appropriate timings of surgery.Case presentations:Two structural IS cases are presented here:one was caused by FCD,and the other by GH.Both patients exhibited recurrent seizures at the age of 2 months,had poor responses to various antiepileptic drugs(AEDs)and displayed severe mental and motor developmental retardation.Seizure types included focal seizures and spasms.Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed abnormal gray signal or suspicious FCD lesions that coincided with the origin of the focal seizures.The patients underwent lesion resection before the age of 6 months.Follow-up observation showed that seizures of both patients were completely controlled several days after the surgery.All AEDs were gradually reduced in dosage within 1 year,and the mental and motor development almost returned to normal.Conclusion:Early resection of lesions in structural IS patients has benefits of effectively controlling convulsions and improving developmental retardation.Infants at several months of age can well tolerate craniotomy,and their cognitive development is more likely to return to normal after early surgery.

Filamin A Gene Associated Periventricular Nodular eterotopia and Epilepsy in a Cohort of Chinese Patients

Periventricular nodular heterotopia （PNH） is a cortical malformation commonly found in epilepsy patients caused by the failure of neurons to migrate.Patients with PNH present with various clinical manifestations and genetic mutations. Despite their remarkable structural malformations, PNH patients generally have no neurological deficits or cognitive disabilities. However, particularly in patients with abnormal cortical development, the systematic abnormalities can also be severely delayed.

Traveling through Time and Searching for Utopia： Utopian Imaginaries in Internet Time-Travel Fiction

The time-travel genre of Chinese Internet literature combines old mythological motifs with contemporary science fiction approaches to create a narrative line in which the protagonist travels through time, undergoes a series of trials, discovers new worlds, and realizes an idealized life. Borrowing Foucault＇s theory of utopian bodies and heterotopias and taking Tianxia Guiyuan＇s female-oriented Intemet novel Empress Fuyao as its exemplary case, this study analyzes how time-travel fiction uses time travel in order to image a ＂utopia＂ and what kind of ＂new world＂ is projected by this utopia, In the process, this paper will simultaneously examine the relationship between utopia and twenty-first century China＇s new media literature.

Intranasal glial heterotopia in an infant boy

Introduction:Nasal glial heterotopia is a rare congenital developmental disorder characterized by meningeal epithelium and/or glial components.Case presentation:A 2-month-old boy presented for treatment of a congenital mass in the right nasal cavity near the pharynx.The preoperative diagnosis was congenital intranasal neoplasm.Nasal endoscopic resection of the nasopharyngeal mass was performed under general anesthesia.Histological findings in the resected tissue supported a diagnosis of intranasal glial heterotopia.The surgical outcome was good and no surgical site infection occurred.During 1 year of follow-up,the patient did not exhibit recurrence of heterotopia or related symptoms.Conclusion:Transnasal endoscopic surgery is recommended for patients with intranasal glial heterotopia.Thorough preoperative imaging should be performed before glioma resection.The mass should be differentiated from encephalocele to prevent cerebrospinal fluid leakage and meningitis.