Myricetin alleviates ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis in mice by regulating Th1/Th2 balance

Objective:To evaluate the effect of myricetin on ovalbumin(OVA)-induced allergic rhinitis in mice.Methods:Mice were sensitized and challenged using OVA(5%,500 mL)intraperitoneally and intranasally,respectively,on an alternative day for 14 days,followed by administration of myricetin(50,100,and 200 mg/kg)till day 21.Nasal symptoms,biochemical parameters,protein expressions,and histopathology were observed.Results:OVA-induced increased nasal symptoms including rubbing,sneezing,and discharge were significantly reduced by myricetin(100and 200 mg/kg)(P<0.05).Myricetin also protected against histamine challenge and attenuated elevated serum immunoglobulin E(IgE;total and OVA-specific),total IgG1,andβ-hexosaminidase levels,as well as leukotriene C4 and interleukins levels in nasal lavage fluid(P<0.05).Western blot analysis showed that myricetin significantly upregulated the protein expression of T-box expressed in T cells,while downregulating the protein expression of GATA binding protein 3,NF-κB,and IκB-α(P<0.05).Additionally,OVA-induced histopathological abberations in the nasal mucosa was markedly ameliorated by myricetin treatment(P<0.05).Conclusions:Myricetin exerts anti-allergic effects against OVAinduced allergic rhinitis via regulating Th1/Th2 balance.

Effect of glycyrrhetinic acid on Th1/Th2 balance in cough variant asthma mice

Objective:To evaluate the therapeutic effect of Glycyrrhetinic Acid on cough variant asthma(CVA)mice and to investigate the possible mechanism in reducing lung inflammation.Methods:48 young female Balb/c mice were divided into Control,CVA,Prednisone Acetate,Glycyrrhetinic Acid high-dose,Glycyrrhetinic Acid middle-dose and Glycyrrhetinic Acid lowdose groups randomly,with 8 mice in each group.The CVA mice model was established by ovalbumin(OVA)sensitization and OVA challenge,the animal asthma behavior was observed after drug administration,and the index of the lung of mice were recorded.The level of OVAsIgE in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)was tested by ELISA.The pathological changes of the lung tissue were observed by Hematoxylin and Eosin(H&E)staining.The protein expressions of T-bet,IFN-γ,Gata3,IL-4 and IL-13 in the lung tissue were determined by Western blot.Results:Compared with the CVA group,the index of lung of mice,the OVA-sIgE level in BALF and expression levels of Th2-related factor in the lung tissue of mice in Prednisone Acetate and Glycyrrhetinic Acid groups were significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01),the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lung tissue was reduced,while expressions of Th1-related factor in the lung tissue was significantly increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Conclusion:Glycyrrhetinic acid has therapeutic effect on CVA mice,the underlying mechanism of Glycyrrhetinic acid alleviating lung impairment and airway inflammation may be associated with mediating the Th1/Th2 imbalance in the lung tissue.

MASS BALANCE SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE: A CASE STUDY OF GLACIER NO. 1 AT URUMQI RIVERHEAD, TIANSHAN MOUNTAINS, CHINA

In this paper the degree day mass balance model is applied to the sensitivity test of mass balance/ELA(equilibrium line altitude) to climate change of Glacier No.1 at Urumqi Riverhead, the Tianshan Mountains, China. The results demonstrate that the mass balance of Glacier No.1, which is of continental type and accumulates in warm seasons, is less sensitive than that of a maritime glacier. On Glacier No.1, air temperature rise of 1℃ or precipitation increase by 20% can cause the ELA shift 81 m up or 31 m down respectively. Air temperature and precipitation play the different roles in the mass balance formation, in which the mass balance hypsometry follows the temperature variations by the means of rotation against the elevation axis and it shifts in parallel with precipitation change. Assuming a future temperature rise of 2 ℃ the mass losing trend on Glacier No.1 can not be radically alleviated even if there is a precipitation increase by 30%.

Ribavirin contributes to eradicate hepatitis C virus through polarization of T helper 1/2 cell balance into T helper 1 dominance

The mechanism of action of ribavirin(RBV) as an immunomodulatory and antiviral agent and its clinical significance in the future treatment of patients with hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection are reviewed.RBV up-regulates type 1 and/or 2 cytokines to modulate the T helper(Th) 1/2 cell balance to Th1 dominance.Examination of co-stimulatory signaling indicated that RBV down-modulates inducible co-stimulator on Th cells,which contributes to differentiating na?ve Th cells into Th2 cells while reducing their interleukin-10 production.The effects on T-regulatory(Treg) cells were also investigated,and RBV inhibited the differentiation of na?ve Th cells into adaptive Treg cells by downmodulating forkhead box-P3.These findings indicate that RBV mainly down-regulates the activity of Th2 cells,resulting in the maintenance of Th1 activity that contributes to abrogating HCV-infected hepatocytes.Although an interferon-free treatment regimen exhibits almost the same efficacy without serious complications,regimens with RBV will be still be used because of their ability to facilitate the cellular immune response,which may contribute to reducing the development of hepatocellular carcinogenesis in patients infected with HCV.

The processes and characteristics of mass balance on the Urumqi Glacier No. 1 during 1958-2009

As a solid reservoir, a glacier can regulate regional water resources. The annual net mass balance directly reflects the fluctuation of the glacier and climate variability. Based on 51 years of mass balance observation data, the mass balance of Tianshan Mountains Urumqi Glacier No. 1 experienced a nine times positive balance fluctuation and nine times negative balance fluctuation. There were 35 and 16 negative and positive balance years, respectively. From 1996/97 to 2008/09, 12 consecutive negative balance years were observed at Tianshan Mountains Urumqi Glacier No. 1. These results demon- strate that the Urumqi Glacier No. 1 is experiencing a strong negative balance, and the strongest negative balance, -931 mm w.e. （mm water equivalent）, during the observation period occurred in 2008. In addition, the cumulative mass balance reached 13,709 mm w.e. in 2008. However, in 2009, the mass balance was positive at 63 mm w.e. The equilibrium-line al- titude changes with the fluctuation in the mass balance, and the effective mass balance gradient is 7.4 mrn/m. In this paper, the headwaters of the Urumqi River were analyzed using meteorological data from 1958 to 2009, including the average seasonal temperature and precipitation. The results showed that the main factor associated with the mass balance variation of Glacier No. 1 is the fluctuation in the summer air temperature, followed by changes in the precipitation.

Comparative study on observed mass balance between East and West Branch of Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Eastern Tianshan, China

This paper is based on observed mass balance between East and West Branch of Urumqi Glacier No. l, meteorological data dur- ing 1988-2010, comparative studies the mass balance variations, and analyses the mass balance sensitivity to climate change. Re- sults show that average mass balance of East and West Branch was -532 mm/a and 435 mm/a, cumulative mass balance was 12,227 mm （ice thinned by 13.6 m） and -10,001 mm （ice thinned by 11.1 m）, respectively, and mass loss of East Branch was 97 mm/a larger than West Branch. The East and West Branch ELA （equilibrium line altitude） ascended about 176 m and 154 m, analysis shows the steady-state ELA0 was 3,942 m a.s.1, and 4,011 m a.s.1., and when East and West Branch mass balance de- creased by 100 ram, ELA ascended 20 m and 23 m, respectively. The AAR （accumulation area ratio） of East and West Branch presented an obviously decreasing trend of 34.5% and 23%, equilibrium-state AAR0 was 65% and 66%, when East and West Branch mass balance increased by 100 mm, AAR ascended 4.6% and 4.2%, respectively. Glacier mass balance was sensitive to change of net ablation, net ablation of East and West Branch increased 10x 104 m3, and mass balance decreased 110 mm and 214 mm, respectively. By analyzing mass balance sensitivity to climate change, results suggest that East and West Branch mass bal- ance decreased （increased） 463 mm and 388 mm when ablation period temperature increased （decreased） by 1 ~C, East and West Branch mass balance increased （decreased） 140 mm and 158 mm when annual precipitation increased （decreased） by 100 mm, and sensitivity of East Branch mass balance to climate change was more intense than that of West Branch.

All-transRetinoic Acid Regulates Th1/Th2 Balance in CD4+T cells When GATA-3 is Deficient

The essential effect of vitamin A on immune function occurs through various mechanisms including direct effect on ThloTh2 balance modulation. However, it is unclear whether or not vitamin A can regulate Thl-Th2 balance under a strong Thl-polarizing condition. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to examine the effect of vitamin A metabolite allotrans retinoic acid （ATRA） on ThloTh2 differentiation in CD4~ T cells under GATA-3 deficiency, which can induce Thl-polarizing condition. In the present study, GATA-3 deficiency T cells were induced by siRNA and checked by real-time quantitative PCR and western blot. GATA-3 deficiency CD4＋ T cells and normal CD4＋ T were treated for 48 h with or without ATRA.

黄芪甲苷Ⅳ通过抑制TIM-1信号通路增加Th1/Th2细胞比率减轻IgA肾病小鼠肾损伤

目的探讨黄芪甲苷Ⅳ(AS-Ⅳ)对IgA肾病(IgAN)小鼠1型辅助T(Th1)细胞/Th2细胞平衡的影响及其可能作用机制。方法建立BALB/c小鼠IgAN模型,造模成功小鼠随机分为模型组、AS-Ⅳ低、中和高剂量组各10只,另设对照组10只。AS-Ⅳ低、中和高剂量组小鼠灌胃(12.5、25、50)mg/kg AS-Ⅳ混悬液(生理盐水配制),对照组及模型组给予等量生理盐水。测定各组小鼠24 h尿蛋白(24 hUPr)含量和尿红细胞计数;测定小鼠血尿素氮(BUN)、血清肌酐(Scr)和白蛋白(ALB)水平;ELISA检测各组小鼠血清γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素4(IL-4)和IL-10水平;流式细胞术检测小鼠外周血Th1/Th2细胞比率;HE染色观察小鼠肾组织病理学变化;反转录PCR和Western blot法分别检测小鼠肾组织中T细胞免疫球蛋白和黏蛋白结构域1(TIM-1)、Toll样受体4(TLR4)的mRNA和蛋白表达。结果与模型组比较,AS-Ⅳ低、中和高剂量组小鼠第12周和第15周尿红细胞计数、24 h UPr、BUN、Scr、IL-4、IL-10水平、Th2细胞比例、TIM-1与TLR4 mRNA和蛋白表达水平均明显降低,ALB、IFN-γ水平、Th1细胞比例和Th1/Th2细胞比率升高,且以AS-Ⅳ高剂量组效果最佳。结论AS-Ⅳ通过抑制TIM-1信号通路,增加Th1/Th2细胞比率,抑制炎症反应,减轻IgAN小鼠肾损伤。

Effect of Th1/Th2 balance on serum prostaglandin,COX-2,AVP and OT in primary dysmenorrhea rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis syndrome

Objective:Explore the role of Th1/Th2 balance in the pathogenesis of primary dysmenorrhea through study the effect of Th1/Th2 balance drift on serum prostaglandin F_(2α),prostaglandin,6-keto-prostaglandin F_(1α),TXB2,COX-2,AVP and OT in Primary Dysmenorrhea Rats with cold coagulation and blood stasis syndrome.Method:The rat model of primary dysmenorrhea with cold coagulation and blood stasis syndrome was established.On the basis of this model,Th1 shift model and Th2 shift model were established.The rats were divided into blank group,model group,Th1 shifting group and Th2 shifting group.The writhing reaction of rats in each group was compared,and the contents of PGF_(2α),PGE_(2),6-keto-PGF_(1α),TXB2,COX-2,AVP and OT in serum were detected.Results:Writhing latency:There was no significant difference between Th1 and Th2 shifting groups(P>0.05),Th2 shifting group was shorter than Th1 shifting group(P<0.05).Writhing times in 30 minutes:Compared with the model group,the writhing times of Th1 shifting group decreased significantly(P<0.01),while Th2 shifting group increased significantly(P<0.01).Compared with the blank group,the contents of PGF_(2α),TXB2,COX-2,AVP and OT were increased(P<0.05,P<0.01),and the contents of 6-keto-PGF_(1α)and PGE_(2)were decreased(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the contents of PGF_(2α),TXB2,COX-2 and AVP in Th1 shifting group were decreased(P<0.05,P<0.01),and the contents of 6-keto-PGF_(1α)and PGE_(2)were increased(P<0.01),while the contents of PGF_(2α),TXB2,COX-2,AVP and OT in Th2 shifting group were increased(P<0.01),and the contents of 6-keto-PGF_(1α)and PGE_(2)were decreased(P<0.01).Conclusion:The intervention of Th1/Th2 cell balance on the expression of PGF_(2α),PGE_(2),6-keto-PGF_(1α),TXB2,COX-2,AVP and OT may be one of the pathogenesis of PD with cold coagulation and blood stasis syndrome.

Effects of balance exercise training on chronic nerve injury, GLP-1 and inflammatory mediator secretion in patients with senile dementia

Objective: To study the effects of balance exercise training on chronic nerve injury, GLP-1 and inflammatory mediator secretion in patients with senile dementia. Methods: Patients with senile dementia who were treated in the Fourth People's Hospital of Ya'an between February 2015 and January 2018 were chosen as the research subjects and randomly divided into two groups, the experimental group received balance exercise training and the control group received routine intervention. The levels of chronic nerve injury indexes, GLP-1 and inflammatory cytokines in serum as well as the expression of inflammatory signaling molecules in peripheral blood were determined before and after intervention. Results:Compared with those of same group before intervention, serum Hcy, Aβ1-42, Tau, IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α and IFN-γ levels as well as peripheral blood NLRP3, Caspase-1 and DOCK2 expression intensity of both groups were decreasing whereas serum SOD, PON1 and GLP-1 levels as well as peripheral blood PKA and CREB expression intensity were increasing after intervention, and serum Hcy, Aβ1-42, Tau, IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α and IFN-γ levels as well as peripheral blood NLRP3, Caspase-1 and DOCK2 expression intensity of experimental group after intervention were lower than those of control group whereas serum SOD, PON1 and GLP-1 levels as well as peripheral blood PKA and CREB expression intensity were higher than those of control group. Conclusion: Balance exercise training can reduce the chronic nerve injury and regulate the secretion of GLP-1 and inflammatory mediators in patients with senile dementia.

丙烯/1-丁烯共聚合的工业化实践

一般的无规共聚聚丙烯通过共单体的引入破坏聚丙烯分子链的规整性,降低球晶尺寸实现聚合物的透明化,同时提高产品抗冲击性能。然而,当选用乙烯为共单体时,较低的刚性以及较高含量的正己烷抽提物使其无法满足卫生要求较高的食品和医疗用品领域。当选用1-丁烯作为共聚单体时,可有效克服乙烯作为共聚单体时的不足。通过对聚丙烯装置进行技术改造以及生产工艺控制和优化,开发出丙烯/1-丁烯共聚技术及其聚丙烯新产品,应用于食品包装、医疗卫生等领域。

基于Notch信号通路探讨芪蛭皱肺颗粒对慢性阻塞性肺疾病大鼠Th1/Th2免疫平衡的调节机制

目的探讨果蝇双翅边缘缺刻同源基因(Notch)信号通路在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)辅助性T细胞1(Helper T cells 1,Th1)和辅助性T细胞2(Helper T cells 2,Th2)失衡中的作用及芪蛭皱肺颗粒的干预机制。方法70只Wistar大鼠随机挑选10只作为空白对照组,其余大鼠均采用香烟烟雾(CS)联合气管滴注脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)法建立COPD模型,空白对照组及造模组各随机挑选3只大鼠验证造模是否成功。造模结束进行灌胃给药干预,造模组大鼠随机分为模型对照组、阳性对照组(67.5μg·kg^(-1))及芪蛭皱肺颗粒高中低剂量组(3.24、1.62、0.81 g·kg^(-1)),分别给予生理盐水、醋酸地塞米松混悬液、芪蛭皱肺高、中、低剂量混悬液进行灌胃干预,空白对照组同模型对照组,灌胃等体积生理盐水。经28天造模及28天治疗后,采用动物肺功能测试系统检测吸气峰流速(Peak Inspiratory Flow,PIF)和呼气峰流速(Peak Expiratory Flow,PEF),处死大鼠提取肺脏、脾脏、血清及支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),苏木素-伊红(HE)染色评价肺组织病理变化,酶联免疫吸附实验法(ELISA)测定血清及BALF中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量,流式细胞仪检测脾脏Th1/Th2细胞水平,免疫组织化学法(Immunohistochemistry,IHC)及蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测肺组织Notch1、Hes家族发状分裂相关增强子1(Hes1)、Hey家族发状分裂相关增强子1(Hey1)蛋白水平,实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Real-time PCR,RT-PCR)检测肺组织Notch1、Hes1、Hey1基因表达水平。结果与空白对照组比较,模型对照组大鼠肺功能显著降低(P<0.05),肺组织出现炎性细胞浸润、支气管结构破坏等病变,血清及BALF中TNF-α含量显著升高(P<0.05),脾Th1细胞百分比显著降低(P<0.05),Th2细胞百分比显著升高(P<0.05),肺组织Notch1、Hes1、Hey1蛋白及mRNA表达显著升高(P<0.05),差异均具有统计学意义;与模型对照组比较,各给药组大鼠肺功能显著升高(P<0.05),肺组织病理损伤均有所减轻,血清及BALF中TNF-α含量显著降低(P<0.05),脾Th1细胞百分比显著升高(P<0.05),Th2细胞百分比显著降低(P<0.05),肺组织Notch1、Hes1、Hey1蛋白及mRNA表达显著降低(P<0.05),差异均具有统计学意义。结论芪蛭皱肺颗粒通过抑制Notch信号通路调节Th1/Th2平衡,从而改善COPD大鼠肺功能及病理损伤,影响其免疫功能。

Changes of Atmospheric Water Balance over China under the IPCC SRES A1B Scenario Based on RegCM3 Simulations

Simulations of the Regional Climate Model Version 3 (RegCM3) under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario were employed to investigate possible decadal changes and long-term trends of annual mean atmospheric water balance components over China in the 21st century with reference to the period of 1981-2000. An evaluation showed that RegCM3 can reasonably reproduce annual evapotranspiration, precipitation, and water vapor transport over China, with a better performance for March-June. It was found that the water vapor exchange between the land surface and atmosphere would be significantly intensified in Northwest China by the mid-to late-21st century and that the region would possibly shift to a wetter or drought-mitigated state under global warming. Conversely, the water vapor exchange evidently weakened over the Tibetan Plateau and South-west China by the mid-to late-21st century. In addition, there appears to be a drier state for Northeast China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley by the mid-to late-21st century, with slight mitigation by the end compared with the mid-21st century. The westerly and southwesterly water vapor transport over China generally presents an increasing trend, with increasing diver-gence over the Tibetan Plateau and Northeast China, corresponding to a loss of atmospheric water vapor by water vapor transport.

温阳健脾方调节AMPK/mTOR/ULK1通路上调RSA小鼠孕期自噬水平改善其蜕膜化的机制研究

目的:探讨温阳健脾方通过影响AMPK/mTOR/ULK1信号轴调控RSA小鼠孕期自噬水平,从而对其蜕膜化影响的机制研究。方法:CBA/J雌鼠与BALB/c雄鼠合笼建立空白组10只,CBA/J雌鼠与DBA/2雄鼠合笼建立RSA小鼠模型,随机将其分为模型组、温阳健脾方中剂量组,10只/组;于妊娠第1天开始,温阳健脾方组予温阳健脾方13.96 g/(kg·d)灌胃,空白组及模型组予以等体积0.9%氯化钠溶液,连续干预14 d后眼球取血,取蜕膜组织,计算胚胎丢失率,ELISA测定各组小鼠血清中胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白1(IGFBP-1)和催乳素(PRL),HE染色观察小鼠子宫内膜形态,Western blot法测定小鼠蜕膜组织AMPK、p-AMPK、p-mTOR、p-ULK1、LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ、Beclin1、p62表达。结果:与空白组相比,RSA模型组胚胎吸收率显著降低(P<0.01);血清中IGFBP-1、PRL降低,LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ蛋白相对表达量显著下调(P<0.001),p-AMPK/AMPK、Beclin1蛋白相对表达量明显下降,mTOR、ULK1、p62蛋白表达水平显著上调(P<0.01);与模型组比较,温阳健脾方组胚胎吸收率明显降低(P<0.05);血清中IGFBP-1、PRL水平上升(P<0.05),LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ、p-AMPK/AMPK、Beclin1蛋白相对表达量均上调,mTOR、ULK1、p62蛋白相对表达量下调(P<0.05)。结论:温阳健脾方可通过AMPK/mTOR/ULK1通路促进RSA小鼠孕期自噬水平从而改善其蜕膜化,有效提高妊娠率。

用^(1)H定量核磁共振法同时确定成盐化合物的质量分数和各组分的比例

^(1)H定量核磁共振(^(1)H quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance,^(1)H qNMR)方法具有操作简便、实验快速等优点.本文通过该方法可准确测定富马酸丙酚替诺福韦在样品中的含量,并给出丙酚替诺福韦和富马酸的比例,结果与其他分析测试所得结果相符.该方法以氘代二甲基亚砜(DMSO-d^(6))为溶剂,采集待测样品的核磁共振氢谱,对比丙酚替诺福韦定量峰、富马酸定量峰与内标物响应峰面积,分别计算丙酚替诺福韦和富马酸的质量分数.富马酸丙酚替诺福韦和富马酸与内标物的质量比值在0.91~1.24范围内线性关系良好,^(1)H qNMR法测得二者质量分数分别为100.06%和10.90%,与质量平衡法测得的结果基本一致.本研究建立的核磁共振定量方法不仅可准确、快速地测定丙酚替诺福韦和富马酸这2种成分的质量分数和比例,还为多组分、成盐的化学原料药的比例确定、绝对含量测定提供参考.

原因不明复发性流产患者再次妊娠早孕期HMGB1、单核细胞上Tim-3、PD-1表达与免疫失衡的关系

目的探讨原因不明复发性流产(URSA)患者再次妊娠早孕期外周血高迁移率蛋白B1(HMGB1)、单核细胞上T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白结构域相关分子-3(Tim-3)、程序性细胞死亡因子-1(PD-1)表达与Th17/Treg平衡的关系。方法选取2018年1月至2019年2月在海口市妇幼保健院就诊的88例URSA早孕患者作为观察组,同时选取50例正常早孕女性作为对照组,检测并比较两组外周血HMGB1、单核细胞上Tim-3、PD-1表达水平及Th17、Treg细胞等。结果观察组外周血HMGB1水平为(103.29±34.40)ng/mL,明显高于对照组(P<0.05),而单核细胞上Tim-3、PD-1表达分别为(2.88±0.92)%和(2.65±0.90)%,明显低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组外周血Th17和Th17/Treg分别为(3.03±0.89)%和(0.94±0.32),明显高于对照组(P<0.05);而观察组Treg为(3.24±0.72)%,明显低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组和对照组外周血CD3+、CD4+和CD8+T比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);HMGB1与Th17、Th17/Treg呈正相关(r=0.344、0.302,P<0.05),而与Treg呈负相关(r=-0.336,P<0.05)。结论URSA早孕期患者外周血HMGB1水平升高,而单核细胞上Tim-3和PD-1表达下调,其中HMGB1与Th17/Treg平衡紊乱有关。

求解0-1背包问题的牵制平衡算法

为扩充对于经典NP-hard问题中的0-1背包问题的求解方法,模拟生态系统中各物种间相互依存、牵制,最终达到动态平衡的自然机制,提出一种新型仿生算法:牵制平衡算法。算法以种群规模描述设计变量,以牵制关系为优化驱动力,以系统达到稳态为优化目标,设计了自成长函数、牵制函数、成长函数用以描述设计变量的变化规律,促进解的寻优进程。将牵制平衡算法对于10个不同规模0-1背包问题的求解结果与近年来文献数据进行对比,结果显示算法在8个不同规模的问题中能获得当前已知最优解,验证了牵制平衡算法的收敛性与求解性能,表明算法对于0-1背包问题的求解具有有效性和竞争力。

Flux Balance Analysis Reveals Potential Anti-HIV-1 Metabolic Targets

Background:Human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1)remains a persistent global health challenge.Therefore,a continuous exploration of novel therapeutic strategies is essential.A comprehensive understanding of how HIV-1 utilizes the cellular metabolism machinery for replication can provide insights into new therapeutic approaches.Methods:In this study,we performed a flux balance analysis using a genome-scale metabolic model(GEM)integrated with an HIV-1 viral biomass objective function to identify potential targets for anti–HIV-1 interventions.We generated a GEM by integrating an HIV-1 production reaction into CD4+T cells and optimized for both host and virus optimal states as objective functions to depict metabolic profiles of cells in the status for optimal host biomass maintenance or for optimal HIV-1 virion production.Differential analysis was used to predict biochemical reactions altered optimal for HIV-1 production.In addition,we conducted in silico simulations involving gene and reaction knock-outs to identify potential anti–HIV-1 targets,which were subsequently validated by human phytohemagglutinin(PHA)blasts infected with HIV-1.Results:Differential analysis identified several altered biochemical reactions,including increased lysine uptake and oxidative phosphorylation(OXPHOS)activities in the virus optima compared with the host optima.In silico gene and reaction knock-out simulations revealed de novo pyrimidine synthesis,and OXPHOS could serve as potential anti–HIV-1 metabolic targets.In vitro assay confirmed that targeting OXPHOS using metformin could suppress the replication of HIV-1 by 56.6%(385.4±67.5 pg/mL in the metformintreated group vs.888.4±32.3 pg/mL in the control group,P<0.001).Conclusion:Our integrated host-virus genome-scale metabolic study provides insights on potential targets(OXPHOS)for anti-HIV therapies.

疏肝平喘方通过转化生长因子-β_(1)/Smad信号通路对哮喘小鼠免疫平衡的影响

目的:阐明疏肝平喘方对哮喘小鼠维甲酸相关核孤儿受体γt(RORγt)/叉头框蛋白P3(Foxp3)以及辅助性T细胞17(Th17)/调节性T细胞(Treg)平衡的干预作用,对转化生长因子-β_(1)(TGF-β_(1))/Smad信号通路的影响。方法:建立空白对照组、哮喘模型组、疏肝平喘组及地塞米松组实验动物模型。酶联免疫吸附试验检测肺组织匀浆中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、白细胞介素-17A(IL-17A)和TGF-β_(1)水平,流式细胞仪检测肺组织中Th17/Treg细胞量,蛋白质印迹法检测肺组织中RORγt、Foxp3的蛋白表达,以及逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测肺组织TGF-β_(1)、Smad2、Smad3、Smad7的mRNA表达水平。结果:疏肝平喘方能够降低哮喘小鼠肺组织IL-6、TGF-β_(1),与地塞米松比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),调节IL-10、IL-17A,与地塞米松组相当(均P>0.05);Th17/Treg细胞量,RORγt、Foxp3的蛋白表达量,与地塞米松相当(均P>0.05)。与哮喘模型组比较,疏肝平喘方组、地塞米松组的TGF-β_(1)、Smad2、Smad3的mRNA表达水平下降,而Smad7的mRNA表达水平升高,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论:疏肝平喘方在改善气道炎症方面,和地塞米松疗效相当,是通过TGF-β_(1)/Smad信号通路,从而调节哮喘小鼠的Th17/Treg免疫平衡。

Spatial and temporal transferability of Degree-Day Model and Simplified Energy Balance Model:a case study

Glacier mass balance, the difference between accumulation and ablation at the glacier surface, is the direct reflection of the local climate regime. Under global warming, the simulation of glacier mass balance at the regional scale has attracted increasing interests. This study selects Urumqi Glacier No. 1 as the testbed for examining the transferability in space and time of two commonly used glacier mass balance simulation models: i.e., the Degree-Day Model(DDM) and the simplified Energy Balance Model(s EBM). Four experiments were carried out for assessing both models’ temporal and spatial transferability. The results show that the spatial transferability of both the DDM and s EBM is strong, whereas the temporal transferability of the DDM is relatively weak. For all four experiments, the overall simulation effect of the s EBM is better than that of the DDM. At the zone around Equilibrium Line Altitude(ELA), the DDM performed better than the s EBM.Also, the accuracy of parameters, including the lapse rate of air temperature and vertical gradient of precipitation at the glacier surface, is of great significance for improving the spatial transferability of both models.