DEBRA: On the Unsupervised Learning of Concept Hierarchies from (Literary) Text

With this work, we introduce a novel method for the unsupervised learning of conceptual hierarchies, or concept maps as they are sometimes called, which is aimed specifically for use with literary texts, as such distinguishing itself from the majority of research literature on the topic which is primarily focused on building ontologies from a vast array of different types of data sources, both structured and unstructured, to support various forms of AI, in particular, the Semantic Web as envisioned by Tim Berners-Lee. We first elaborate on mutually informing disciplines of philosophy and computer science, or more specifically the relationship between metaphysics, epistemology, ontology, computing and AI, followed by a technically in-depth discussion of DEBRA, our dependency tree based concept hierarchy constructor, which as its name alludes to, constructs a conceptual map in the form of a directed graph which illustrates the concepts, their respective relations, and the implied ontological structure of the concepts as encoded in the text, decoded with standard Python NLP libraries such as spaCy and NLTK. With this work we hope to both augment the Knowledge Representation literature with opportunities for intellectual advancement in AI with more intuitive, less analytical, and well-known forms of knowledge representation from the cognitive science community, as well as open up new areas of research between Computer Science and the Humanities with respect to the application of the latest in NLP tools and techniques upon literature of cultural significance, shedding light on existing methods of computation with respect to documents in semantic space that effectively allows for, at the very least, the comparison and evolution of texts through time, using vector space math.

Factors influencing the establishment of dominance hierarchies of the grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus

Unlike other balistids, grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus occur in social groups in subtropical reef assemblages and have been noted to cooperate in capturing large crustacean prey. The objective of this study were to determine the structure of dominance hierarchies of these social groups and the factors that influence hierarchies of wild-caught grey triggerfish in a natu- ralistic setting. From observations of four groups of triggerfish （n = 19 fish） in both dyad and group （4 - 5 fish） settings, we provide a description of triggerfish behaviors and coloration patterns and an explanation of the social context in which suites of behaviors are used by dominant, middle-ranking, and subordinate fish. Sixteen behaviors and nine coloration patterns were noted for grey triggerfish. Grey triggerfish groups form linear hierarchies in both dyads and groups as measured by Landau＇s lndex of Linearity （h = 1.0 for Groups 1, 3, and 4 and h = 0.95 for Group 2 in dyads; h = 1.0 for all groups in group settings）. Dyadic hierarchies, however, were not necessarily good predictors of the hierarchies found in larger group settings, as they only predicted two of the four group hierarchies. Sex played no role in influencing status or behavior. Size had the greatest influence on domi- nance status, with larger fish being more dominant than smaller fish. An individual＇s dominance ranking influenced both body coloration and posture. These results suggest that color patterns and body postures may also be used by observers as an indicator of an individual＇s social status in groups [Current Zoology 56 （1）： 18-35, 2010].

Two new integrable couplings of the soliton hierarchies with self-consistent sources

A kind of integrable coupling of soliton equations hierarchy with self-consistent sources associated with s/（4） has been presented （Yu F J and Li L 2009 Appl. Math. Comput. 207 171; Yu F J 2008 Phys. Lett. A 372 6613）. Based on this method, we construct two integrable couplings of the soliton hierarchy with self-consistent sources by using the loop algebra sl（4）. In this paper, we also point out that there are some errors in these references and we have corrected these errors and set up new formula. The method can be generalized to other soliton hierarchy with self-consistent sources.

Nonlocal symmetries and negative hierarchies related to bilinear Bcklund transformation

In this paper, nonlocal symmetries defined by bilinear Baacklund transformation for bilinear potential Kd V（p Kd V）equation are obtained. By introducing an auxiliary variable which just satisfies the Schwartzian form of Kd V（SKd V）equation, the nonlocal symmetry is localized and the Levi transformation is presented. Besides, based on three different types of nonlocal symmetries for potential Kd V equation, three sets of negative p Kd V hierarchies along with their bilinear forms are constructed. An impressive result is that the coefficients of the third type of（bilinear） negative p Kd V hierarchy（N 〉 0） are variable, which are obtained via introducing an arbitrary parameter by considering the translation invariance of the p Kd V equation.

Schroedinger Flows to Symmetric Spaces and the Second Matrix-AKNS Hierarchies

This article gives a unified geometric interpretation of the second Matrix-AKNS hierarchies via Schroedinger flows to symmetric spaces of Kaehler and paraKaehler types.

RIEMANN-HILBERT PROBLEMS AND SOLITON SOLUTIONS OF NONLOCAL REVERSE-TIME NLS HIERARCHIES

The paper aims at establishing Riemann-Hilbert problems and presenting soliton solutions for nonlocal reverse-time nonlinear Schrodinger(NLS) hierarchies associated with higher-order matrix spectral problems.The Sokhotski-Plemelj formula is used to transform the Riemann-Hilbert problems into Gelfand-Levitan-Marchenko type integral equations.A new formulation of solutions to special Riemann-Hilbert problems with the identity jump matrix,corresponding to the reflectionless inverse scattering transforms,is proposed and applied to construction of soliton solutions to each system in the considered nonlocal reversetime NLS hierarchies.

Two New Multi-component BKP Hierarchies

We firstly propose two kinds of new multi-component BKP （mcBKP） hierarchy based on the eigenfunction symmetry reduction and nonstandard reduction, respectively. The first one contains two types of BKP equation with self-consistent sources whose Lax representations are presented. The two mcBKP hierarchies both admit reductions to the k-constrained BKP hierarchy and to integrable （1＋1）-dimensional hierarchy with self-consistent sources, which include two types of SK equation with self-consistent sources and of hi-directional SK equations with self-consistent

A New Lie Algebra and Its Related Liouville Integrable Hierarchies

A new Lie algebra G and its two types of loop algebras G1 and G2 are constructed. Basing on G1 and G2, two different isospectral problems are designed, furthermore, two Liouville integrable soliton hierarchies are obtained respectively under the framework of zero curvature equation, which is derived from the compatibility of the isospectral problems expressed by Hirota operators. At the same time, we obtain the Hamiltonian structure of the first hierarchy and the bi-Hamiltonian structure of the second one with the help of the quadratic-form identity.

Isospectral and Nonisospectral Lattice Hierarchies Associated with a Discrete Spectral Problem and Their Infinitely Many Conservation Laws

In this paper, based on the discrete zero curvature representation, isospectrai and nonisospectrai lattice hierarchies are proposed. By means of solving corresponding discrete spectral equations, we demonstrate the existence of infinitely many conservation laws for this two hierarchies and obtain the formulae of the corresponding conserved densities and associated fluxes.

A Note on Standard Goal Programming with Fuzzy Hierarchies: A Sequential Approach

In the paper [Standard goal programming with fuzzy hierarchies: a sequential approach, Soft Computing, First online: 22 March 2015], it has been assumed that the normalized deviations should lie between zero and one. In some cases, this assumption may not be valid. Therefore, additional constraints must be incorporated into the model to ensure that the normalized deviations should not exceed one. This modification is illustrated by the given numerical example.

Derivation of Expanded Isospectral-Nonisospectral Integrable Hierarchies via the Column-vector Loop Algebra

A scheme for generating nonisospectral integrable hierarchies is introduced.Based on the method,we deduce a nonisospectral hierarchy of soliton equations by considering a linear spectral problem.It follows that the corresponding expanded isospectral and nonisospectral integrable hierarchies are deduced based on a 6 dimensional complex linear space ■.By reducing these integrable hierarchies,we obtain the expanded isospectral and nonisospectral derivative nonlinear Schr?dinger equation.By using the trace identity,the biHamiltonian structure of these two hierarchies are also obtained.Moreover,some symmetries and conserved quantities of the resulting hierarchy are discussed.

On limit fractional Volterra hierarchies

For the limit fractional Volterra(LFV)hierarchy,we construct the n-fold Darboux transformation and the soliton solutions.Furthermore,we extend the LFV hierarchy to the noncommutative LFV(NCLFV)hierarchy,and construct the Darboux transformation expressed by quasi determinant of the noncommutative version.Meanwhile,we establish the relationship between new and old solutions of the NCLFV hierarchy.Finally,the quasi determinant solutions of the NCLFV hierarchy are obtained.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Flower Border Application Value of New and Superior Plants in Hefei Area

An analytic hierarchy process(AHP)was employed to assess the applicability of 18 new and superior varieties of flowers in Hefei City flower border applications.A total of 12 indicators were selected from three distinct aspects of adaptability,ornamental characteristics and use traits,in order to establish a comprehensive evaluation model.The results demonstrate that grade I(J≥2.685)exhibits excellent application value,encompassing six species of plants,such asHydrangeamacrophylla‘Endless Summer’;grade II(2.684≤J≤2.420)is also of notable application value,encompassing five species of plants,such asCallistemonrigidus;grade III(2.419≤J≤2.615)is of average application value,including five species of plants,such asCrocosmiacrocosmiflora;grade IV(J≤2.16)is of relatively poor application value.The evaluation results may be utilized as a theoretical reference for the promotion of new and superior varieties in the flower border of Hefei.

Squared Eigenfunction Symmetries for the BTL and CTL Hierarchies

In this paper, the squared eigenfunction symmetries for the BTL and CTL hierarchies are expficitly constructed with the suitable modification of the ones for the TL hierarchy, by considering the BTL and GTL constraints. Also the connections with the corresponding additional symmetries are investigated： the squared eigenfunction symmetry generated by the wave function can be viewed as the generating function for the additional symmetries.

Integrating Levels of Hierarchical Organization in Porous Organic Molecular Materials

Porous organic molecular materials(POMMs)are an emergent class of molecular-based materials characterized by the formation of extended porous frameworks,mainly held by non-covalent interactions.POMMs represent a variety of chemical families,such as hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks,porous organic salts,porous organic cages,C-H···πmicroporous crystals,supramolecular organic frameworks,π-organic frameworks,halogen-bonded organic framework,and intrinsically porous molecular materials.In some porous materials such as zeolites and metal organic frameworks,the integration of multiscale has been adopted to build materials with multifunctionality and optimized properties.Therefore,considering the significant role of hierarchy in porous materials and the growing importance of POMMs in the realm of synthetic porous materials,we consider it appropriate to dedicate for the first time a critical review covering both topics.Herein,we will provide a summary of literature examples showcasing hierarchical POMMs,with a focus on their main synthetic approaches,applications,and the advantages brought forth by introducing hierarchy.

The suitability assessment on site selection for bottom seeding scallop culture based on analytic hierarchy process

Scallop culture is an important way of bottom-seeding marine ranching,which is of great significance to improve the current situation of fishery resources.However,there are some problems in site-selection evaluation of marine ranching,such as imperfect criteria system,complex structure,untargeted criteria quantification,etc.In addition,no site-selection evaluation method of bottom-seeding culture areas for scallops is available.Therefore,we established a hierarchy structure model according to the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)theory,in which social,physical,chemical,and biological environments are used as main criteria,and marine functional zonation,water depth,current,water temperature,salinity,substrate type,water quality,sediment quality,red tide,phytoplankton,and zooplankton are used as sub-criteria,on which a multi-parameter evaluation system is set up.Meanwhile,the dualism method,assignment method,and membership function method were used to quantify sub-criteria,and a quantitative evaluation for the entire criteria was added,including the evaluation and analysis of two types of unsuitable environmental situations.By overall consideration in scallop yield,quality,and marine ranching construction objectives,the weight of the main criteria could be determined.Five grades in the suitability corresponding to the evaluation result were divided,and the Python language was used to create an evaluation system for efficient calculation and intuitive presentation of the evaluation outcome.Eight marine cases were simulated based on existing survey data,and the results prove that the method is feasible for evaluating and analyzing the site selection of bottom-seeding culture areas for scallops under various environmental situations.The proposed evaluation method can be promoted for the site selection of bottom-seeding marine ranching.This study provided theoretical and methodological references for the site selection evaluation of other types of marine ranching.

Hydrodynamic Assessment of A New Nature-Based Armour Unit on Rubble Mound Breakwater for Coastal Protection

This research proposes a novel nature-based design of a new concrete armour unit for the cover layer of a rubblemoundbreakwater. Armour units are versatile with respect to shape, orientation, surface condition details, and porosity.Therefore, a detailed analysis is required to investigate the exact state of their hydraulic interactions and structuralresponses. In this regard, the performance results of several traditional armour units, including the Antifer cube,Tetrapod, X-block and natural stone, are considered for the first step of this study. Then, the related observed resultsare compared with those obtained for a newly designed (artificial coral) armour unit. The research methodology utilizesthe common wave flume test procedure. Furthermore, several verified numerical models in OpenFOAM code areused to gain the extra required data. The proposed armour is configured to provide an effective shore protection as anenvironmental-friendly coastal structure. Thus it is designed with a main trunk including deep grooves to imitate thetypical geometry of a coral type configuration, so as to attain desirable performance. The observed results and ananalytic hierarchy process (AHP) concept are used to compare the hydraulic performance of the studied traditionaland newly proposed (artificial coral) armour units. The results indicate that the artificial coral armour unit demonstratesacceptable performance. The widely used traditional armour units might be replaced by newer designs for betterwave energy dissipation, and more importantly, for fewer adverse effects on the marine environment.

Efficient cache replacement framework based on access hotness for spacecraft processors

A notable portion of cachelines in real-world workloads exhibits inner non-uniform access behaviors.However,modern cache management rarely considers this fine-grained feature,which impacts the effective cache capacity of contemporary high-performance spacecraft processors.To harness these non-uniform access behaviors,an efficient cache replacement framework featuring an auxiliary cache specifically designed to retain evicted hot data was proposed.This framework reconstructs the cache replacement policy,facilitating data migration between the main cache and the auxiliary cache.Unlike traditional cacheline-granularity policies,the approach excels at identifying and evicting infrequently used data,thereby optimizing cache utilization.The evaluation shows impressive performance improvement,especially on workloads with irregular access patterns.Benefiting from fine granularity,the proposal achieves superior storage efficiency compared with commonly used cache management schemes,providing a potential optimization opportunity for modern resource-constrained processors,such as spacecraft processors.Furthermore,the framework complements existing modern cache replacement policies and can be seamlessly integrated with minimal modifications,enhancing their overall efficacy.

FROM WAVE FUNCTIONS TO TAU-FUNCTIONS FOR THE VOLTERRA LATTICE HIERARCHY

For an arbitrary solution to the Volterra lattice hierarchy,the logarithmic derivatives of the tau-function of the solution can be computed by the matrix-resolvent method.In this paper,we define a pair of wave functions of the solution and use them to give an expression of the matrix resolvent;based on this we obtain a new formula for the k-point functions for the Volterra lattice hierarchy in terms of wave functions.As an application,we give an explicit formula of k-point functions for the even GUE(Gaussian Unitary Ensemble)correlators.

An Evidence-Based CoCoSo Framework with Double Hierarchy Linguistic Data for Viable Selection of Hydrogen Storage Methods

Hydrogen is the new age alternative energy source to combat energy demand and climate change.Storage of hydrogen is vital for a nation’s growth.Works of literature provide different methods for storing the produced hydrogen,and the rational selection of a viable method is crucial for promoting sustainability and green practices.Typically,hydrogen storage is associated with diverse sustainable and circular economy(SCE)criteria.As a result,the authors consider the situation a multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM)problem.Studies infer that previous models for hydrogen storage method(HSM)selection(i)do not consider preferences in the natural language form;(ii)weights of experts are not methodically determined;(iii)hesitation of experts during criteria weight assessment is not effectively explored;and(iv)three-stage solution of a suitable selection of HSM is unexplored.Driven by these gaps,in this paper,authors put forward a new integrated framework,which considers double hierarchy linguistic information for rating,criteria importance through inter-criteria correlation(CRITIC)for expert weight calculation,evidence-based Bayesian method for criteria weight estimation,and combined compromise solution(CoCoSo)for ranking HSMs.The applicability of the developed framework is testified by using a case example of HSM selection in India.Sensitivity and comparative analysis reveal the merits and limitations of the developed framework.