Total infrared fluxes are estimated for 99 HII regions around massive stars. The following wavebands have been used for the analysis： 8 and 24 μm, based on data from the Spitzer Space Telescope （IRAC and MIPS, resp...Total infrared fluxes are estimated for 99 HII regions around massive stars. The following wavebands have been used for the analysis： 8 and 24 μm, based on data from the Spitzer Space Telescope （IRAC and MIPS, respectively）; 70, 160, 250, 350 and 500 μm, based on data from the Herschel Space Observatory （PACS and SPIRE）. The estimated fluxes are used to evaluate the polycyclic aromatic hy- drocarbon （PAH） mass fraction （qPAH） and the intensity of ultraviolet emission in the studied objects. It is shown that the PAH mass fraction, qPAH, is much lower in these objects than the average Galactic value, implying effective destruction of aromatic particles in HII regions. Estimated radiation field inten- sities （U） are close to those derived for extragalactic HII complexes. Color indices [F24/F8], [F70/F24], [F160/F24] and [F160/F70] are compared to criteria proposed to distinguish between regions of ionized hydrogen and planetary nebulae. Also, we relate our results to analogous color indices for extragalactic complexes of ionized hydrogen.展开更多
The 110-111 formaldehyde （H2CO） absorption line and H110α radio recombination line （H RRL） are observed towards the giant HII region in cloud complex W43. The observations are obtained using the Nanshan 25 m sing...The 110-111 formaldehyde （H2CO） absorption line and H110α radio recombination line （H RRL） are observed towards the giant HII region in cloud complex W43. The observations are obtained using the Nanshan 25 m single dish operated by Urumqi Observatory, National Astronomical Observatories of China. A region about 30 × 30 is observed, which covers the whole HII region in W43. Except for the central 10 region, all the other seven points are first observed with the H2CO 110-111 absorption. The column density of the H2CO is calculated, and the H2CO density contours show some differences with the infrared image. Multiple features appear in the H2CO and H RRL which indicate complex structure. The intensities of the H2CO and the velocities of the H110α seem to present a linear correlation, which illustrates that the sphere of influence of the central WR/OB cluster may be much more extended than presently known, since the size is nearly 50 pc.展开更多
We report results of the H2CO and H110α survey toward 281 UCHII regions using the Urumqi 25m radio telescope.We obtained 37 new H2CO detections,and H110α was simultaneously detected in eight of them.Only H110α was ...We report results of the H2CO and H110α survey toward 281 UCHII regions using the Urumqi 25m radio telescope.We obtained 37 new H2CO detections,and H110α was simultaneously detected in eight of them.Only H110α was detected in another UCHII region.We calculated kinematic distances of nine UCHII regions with the detected H110α and resolved the kinematic distance ambiguity for six of them.The detection rate of H2CO of our observation was 13.2%,which is low compared with one of the other authors.The possible reason is that the sensitivity of our telescope is relatively low.展开更多
Ultra compact HII （UCHII） G25.4NW is a bright IR source in the region of the inner Galaxy. New HI images from the Very Large Array Galactic Plane Survey show clear absorption features associated with the UCHII regio...Ultra compact HII （UCHII） G25.4NW is a bright IR source in the region of the inner Galaxy. New HI images from the Very Large Array Galactic Plane Survey show clear absorption features associated with the UCHII region up to 95 km s^-1, and there are no other absorptions up to the tangential velocity. This reveals that G25.4NW has a near-side distance of 5.7 kpc, and it is located in the region of the inner Galactic molecular ring. Using the new distance, the bolometric luminosity of G25.4NW is estimated as 105.6 L⊙, which corresponds to an 06 star. It contains 460 M⊙ of ionized gas. A high-resolution ^13CO image from the Galactic Ring Survey reveals that G25.4NW is part of a more extended star-forming complex with about 104 M⊙ of molecular gas.展开更多
With the objective of studying the relationships between high-velocity gas and water maser emissions the results of a search from 95 IRAS sources for high-velocity gas associated with star forming molecular clouds are...With the objective of studying the relationships between high-velocity gas and water maser emissions the results of a search from 95 IRAS sources for high-velocity gas associated with star forming molecular clouds are reported. 21 sources have been identified as molecular outflow candidates.展开更多
The first mapping observations of the bipolar HII region S106 in HCN J = 3 - 2 line were made by KOSMA submillimeter telescope in April, 2004. The results show that there is a bipolar outflow centered on the high-mass...The first mapping observations of the bipolar HII region S106 in HCN J = 3 - 2 line were made by KOSMA submillimeter telescope in April, 2004. The results show that there is a bipolar outflow centered on the high-mass star S106 IRS4 and that the flat structure of molecular cloud core is perpendicular to the axis of the outflow. This image roughly corresponds to the optical image where a dark lane bisects the bipolar HII region. Together with the optical, infrared and radio data, we conclude that the central UC HII region and molecular outflow formed before the two lobes of the bipolar HII region, and that a neutral disk is responsible for the bipolar HII region and the outflow.展开更多
We discovered ten large HII regions in the Sino-German λ6 cm polarization survey of the Galactic plane. They have been identified according to their flat spectral indexes and the high ratio between the 60 μm infrare...We discovered ten large HII regions in the Sino-German λ6 cm polarization survey of the Galactic plane. They have been identified according to their flat spectral indexes and the high ratio between the 60 μm infrared emission and the λ6 cm emission. The integrated flux densities as well as the sizes of these sources are given at 4800 MHz. Cross-identifications are made with other major radio catalogs.展开更多
We present the results of a survey for high-velocity 12CO (1-0) emission associated H2O masers and ultracompact (UC) HII regions. The aim is to investigate the relationship between H2O masers, CO high-velocity gas (HV...We present the results of a survey for high-velocity 12CO (1-0) emission associated H2O masers and ultracompact (UC) HII regions. The aim is to investigate the relationship between H2O masers, CO high-velocity gas (HVG) and their associated infrared sources. Our sample satisfies Wood & Churchwell criterion. Almost 70 % of the sources have full widths (FWs) greater than 15 km@ s?1 at T*a = 100 mK and 15 % have FWs greater than 30 km@ s?1. In most of our objects there is excess high velocity emission in the beam. There is a clear correlation between CO line FWs and far-infrared luminosities: the FW increases with the FIR luminosity. The relation suggests that more luminous sources are likely to be more energetic and able to inject more energy into their surroundings. As a result, larger FW of the CO line could be produced. In most of our sources, the velocities of peak of the H2O emission are in agreement with those of the CO cloud, but a number of them have a large blueshift with respect to the CO peak. These masers might stem from the amplifications of a background source, which may amplify some unobservable weak masers to an observable level.展开更多
This paper presents the results of an extensive set of calculations about ionization equilibrium and NLTE effects on compact circumstellar HII regions embedded in clouds. In the mode! of a spherically symmetric and is...This paper presents the results of an extensive set of calculations about ionization equilibrium and NLTE effects on compact circumstellar HII regions embedded in clouds. In the mode! of a spherically symmetric and isothermal wind with a steady mass loss, pure hydrogen composition as well as Sobolev approximation, our research indicates that compact HII regions are far away from LTE state. The collisional ionization and photoionization from excited levels have great effects on the size of an HII region, the distribution of departure coefficients and the flux ratio of observed spectral lines. They can be used to explain the infrared line excess and the line deficit problems of YSOs. We conclude that it is unreasonable to infer the spectral type, mass loss rate and foreground extinction of the central star from optically thin line recombination theory.展开更多
Using the MSX mid-infrared observations,we reveal a 100pc-scale superbubble surrounding the giant HII region NGC3603.We suggest that the diffuse surrounding infrared emission in bands A,C,and D is dominated by that of...Using the MSX mid-infrared observations,we reveal a 100pc-scale superbubble surrounding the giant HII region NGC3603.We suggest that the diffuse surrounding infrared emission in bands A,C,and D is dominated by that of PAH and the emission in band E is dominated by that of dust grains.The fitted dust temperature is consistent with heating by the central cluster's UV photons.The derived gas-to-dust mass ratio for the bubble shell is of order 102.展开更多
13CO (J = 1 - 0) emission of massive star forming region including 15 ultracompact and 4compact HII regions in Galactic plane was mapped with the 13.7 m millimeter wave telescope of Purple Mountain Observatory. The pr...13CO (J = 1 - 0) emission of massive star forming region including 15 ultracompact and 4compact HII regions in Galactic plane was mapped with the 13.7 m millimeter wave telescope of Purple Mountain Observatory. The present observations provide the first complete structure of the clouds in 13CO with a higher spatial resolution and a wide-field coverage of 28′×45′. Combined with the images of far-infrared emission and dust color temperature obtained from ISSA, various possible dynamical connections between the compact HII regions and associated clouds were found. We presente some reasons to explain the formation of new dense cold core and molecular emission cavity in the massive star formation and early evolution. The luminosities of excitation stars for all HII regions and the main parameters of associated clouds are also derived. The results show that the newborn stars' luminosities are correlated with the 13CO column densities, masses (in 55'beam) and 13CO velocity widths obviously.展开更多
基金supported by Program 7 of the Presidium of the RAS,“Transitional and Explosive Processes in Astrophysics,”the RFBR(Grant 17-02-00521)
文摘Total infrared fluxes are estimated for 99 HII regions around massive stars. The following wavebands have been used for the analysis： 8 and 24 μm, based on data from the Spitzer Space Telescope （IRAC and MIPS, respectively）; 70, 160, 250, 350 and 500 μm, based on data from the Herschel Space Observatory （PACS and SPIRE）. The estimated fluxes are used to evaluate the polycyclic aromatic hy- drocarbon （PAH） mass fraction （qPAH） and the intensity of ultraviolet emission in the studied objects. It is shown that the PAH mass fraction, qPAH, is much lower in these objects than the average Galactic value, implying effective destruction of aromatic particles in HII regions. Estimated radiation field inten- sities （U） are close to those derived for extragalactic HII complexes. Color indices [F24/F8], [F70/F24], [F160/F24] and [F160/F70] are compared to criteria proposed to distinguish between regions of ionized hydrogen and planetary nebulae. Also, we relate our results to analogous color indices for extragalactic complexes of ionized hydrogen.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos. 10778703, 10873025)the Program of Light in China’s Western Region(LCWR,Nos. RCPY200605, RCPY200706)
文摘The 110-111 formaldehyde （H2CO） absorption line and H110α radio recombination line （H RRL） are observed towards the giant HII region in cloud complex W43. The observations are obtained using the Nanshan 25 m single dish operated by Urumqi Observatory, National Astronomical Observatories of China. A region about 30 × 30 is observed, which covers the whole HII region in W43. Except for the central 10 region, all the other seven points are first observed with the H2CO 110-111 absorption. The column density of the H2CO is calculated, and the H2CO density contours show some differences with the infrared image. Multiple features appear in the H2CO and H RRL which indicate complex structure. The intensities of the H2CO and the velocities of the H110α seem to present a linear correlation, which illustrates that the sphere of influence of the central WR/OB cluster may be much more extended than presently known, since the size is nearly 50 pc.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘We report results of the H2CO and H110α survey toward 281 UCHII regions using the Urumqi 25m radio telescope.We obtained 37 new H2CO detections,and H110α was simultaneously detected in eight of them.Only H110α was detected in another UCHII region.We calculated kinematic distances of nine UCHII regions with the detected H110α and resolved the kinematic distance ambiguity for six of them.The detection rate of H2CO of our observation was 13.2%,which is low compared with one of the other authors.The possible reason is that the sensitivity of our telescope is relatively low.
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11073028)the National Basic Research Program of China (973 program, 2012CB821800)+1 种基金the Young Researcher Grant of NAOC the "Hundred-talent program" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Ultra compact HII （UCHII） G25.4NW is a bright IR source in the region of the inner Galaxy. New HI images from the Very Large Array Galactic Plane Survey show clear absorption features associated with the UCHII region up to 95 km s^-1, and there are no other absorptions up to the tangential velocity. This reveals that G25.4NW has a near-side distance of 5.7 kpc, and it is located in the region of the inner Galactic molecular ring. Using the new distance, the bolometric luminosity of G25.4NW is estimated as 105.6 L⊙, which corresponds to an 06 star. It contains 460 M⊙ of ionized gas. A high-resolution ^13CO image from the Galactic Ring Survey reveals that G25.4NW is part of a more extended star-forming complex with about 104 M⊙ of molecular gas.
文摘With the objective of studying the relationships between high-velocity gas and water maser emissions the results of a search from 95 IRAS sources for high-velocity gas associated with star forming molecular clouds are reported. 21 sources have been identified as molecular outflow candidates.
文摘The first mapping observations of the bipolar HII region S106 in HCN J = 3 - 2 line were made by KOSMA submillimeter telescope in April, 2004. The results show that there is a bipolar outflow centered on the high-mass star S106 IRS4 and that the flat structure of molecular cloud core is perpendicular to the axis of the outflow. This image roughly corresponds to the optical image where a dark lane bisects the bipolar HII region. Together with the optical, infrared and radio data, we conclude that the central UC HII region and molecular outflow formed before the two lobes of the bipolar HII region, and that a neutral disk is responsible for the bipolar HII region and the outflow.
基金was supported by the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Shandong (Grant No. Y2008A08)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10978015 and10778701)
文摘We discovered ten large HII regions in the Sino-German λ6 cm polarization survey of the Galactic plane. They have been identified according to their flat spectral indexes and the high ratio between the 60 μm infrared emission and the λ6 cm emission. The integrated flux densities as well as the sizes of these sources are given at 4800 MHz. Cross-identifications are made with other major radio catalogs.
基金We want to thank all the staff at Qinghai Station, Purple Mountain Observatory for their assistance during the observation. We thank Y. Wu and J. Sun for helpful discussions.
文摘We present the results of a survey for high-velocity 12CO (1-0) emission associated H2O masers and ultracompact (UC) HII regions. The aim is to investigate the relationship between H2O masers, CO high-velocity gas (HVG) and their associated infrared sources. Our sample satisfies Wood & Churchwell criterion. Almost 70 % of the sources have full widths (FWs) greater than 15 km@ s?1 at T*a = 100 mK and 15 % have FWs greater than 30 km@ s?1. In most of our objects there is excess high velocity emission in the beam. There is a clear correlation between CO line FWs and far-infrared luminosities: the FW increases with the FIR luminosity. The relation suggests that more luminous sources are likely to be more energetic and able to inject more energy into their surroundings. As a result, larger FW of the CO line could be produced. In most of our sources, the velocities of peak of the H2O emission are in agreement with those of the CO cloud, but a number of them have a large blueshift with respect to the CO peak. These masers might stem from the amplifications of a background source, which may amplify some unobservable weak masers to an observable level.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Astrophysical Branch of Chinese Astronomical Committee.
文摘This paper presents the results of an extensive set of calculations about ionization equilibrium and NLTE effects on compact circumstellar HII regions embedded in clouds. In the mode! of a spherically symmetric and isothermal wind with a steady mass loss, pure hydrogen composition as well as Sobolev approximation, our research indicates that compact HII regions are far away from LTE state. The collisional ionization and photoionization from excited levels have great effects on the size of an HII region, the distribution of departure coefficients and the flux ratio of observed spectral lines. They can be used to explain the infrared line excess and the line deficit problems of YSOs. We conclude that it is unreasonable to infer the spectral type, mass loss rate and foreground extinction of the central star from optically thin line recombination theory.
基金support by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2009CB824800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10725312 and 10673003)
文摘Using the MSX mid-infrared observations,we reveal a 100pc-scale superbubble surrounding the giant HII region NGC3603.We suggest that the diffuse surrounding infrared emission in bands A,C,and D is dominated by that of PAH and the emission in band E is dominated by that of dust grains.The fitted dust temperature is consistent with heating by the central cluster's UV photons.The derived gas-to-dust mass ratio for the bubble shell is of order 102.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 19873003) United Laboratory of National Radio Astronomy.
文摘13CO (J = 1 - 0) emission of massive star forming region including 15 ultracompact and 4compact HII regions in Galactic plane was mapped with the 13.7 m millimeter wave telescope of Purple Mountain Observatory. The present observations provide the first complete structure of the clouds in 13CO with a higher spatial resolution and a wide-field coverage of 28′×45′. Combined with the images of far-infrared emission and dust color temperature obtained from ISSA, various possible dynamical connections between the compact HII regions and associated clouds were found. We presente some reasons to explain the formation of new dense cold core and molecular emission cavity in the massive star formation and early evolution. The luminosities of excitation stars for all HII regions and the main parameters of associated clouds are also derived. The results show that the newborn stars' luminosities are correlated with the 13CO column densities, masses (in 55'beam) and 13CO velocity widths obviously.
