云南地区HIV/AIDS人群新型冠状病毒疫苗接种情况及接种意愿的调查

目的调查分析云南地区HIV/AIDS人群新型冠状病毒疫苗接种情况、接种意愿及影响该人群接种意愿的影响因素。方法2021年10月至2022年6月期间采用自制问卷形式对云南省昆明市、曲靖市、玉溪市、昭通市、普洱市、保山市、临沧市、红河州、文山州、西双版纳州、大理州、德宏州、怒江州13个州市医院随访的2180名HIV/AIDS患者进行现场调查。问卷考评通过,内容包括年龄、性别、学历、民族、文化程度、疫苗接种情况、接种后7 d内不良反应,对新冠疫苗安全、效用认知程度,接种意愿等方面的内容。结果调查对象中2109名完成了3针新冠疫苗接种,占比96.74%,有71名未接种,占比3.26%。接种7 d内局部出现不良反应116名,占比5.50%,全身出现不良反应56名,占比2.66%。不同性别、年龄段及汉族中注射点疼痛、疲劳和肌肉疼痛是占比最高的不良症状,少数民族不良反应占比很低,不同性别及年龄不良反应占比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。HIV/AIDS人群不愿意接种疫苗的主要原因是(医师建议)HIV/AIDS患者不能接种疫苗(67.61%)和接种后可能有严重不良反应(19.72%),应用Logistic回归分析影响疫苗接种的因素发现是否担心感染新冠病毒(OR=0.121,95%CI=0.083~0.640,P<0.001)、对新冠疫苗了解程度(OR=28.932,95%CI=15.469~54.115,P<0.001)、接种疫苗是否安全(OR=13.953,95%CI=4.819~40.404,P<0.001)及是否相信疫苗的预防作用(OR=14.017,95%CI=4.752~41.348,P<0.001)是影响疫苗接种的显著因素,13个州市中德宏州(20人)、昭通市(21人)、临沧市(14人)未接种人数最多。结论HIV/AIDS人群大规模接种疫苗后不良反应比率低,症状轻,医师正确、科学的建议和指导以及充分了解疾病的危害性,疫苗的安全性、预防性、有效性是该影响疫苗犹豫率的关键,医务人员应主动宣传新冠疫苗的接种注意事项、不良反应和有效性。

来宾市HIV/AIDS患者配偶HIV感染状况及其影响因素分析

目的 了解来宾市HIV/AIDS患者配偶HIV感染现状及其影响因素,为今后当地艾滋病随访管理中促进与完善配偶检测相关工作、控制配偶间HIV传播提供依据。方法 选取2019-2020年报告的、现住址为来宾市、能随访到的、已婚有配偶的HIV/AIDS患者配偶纳入监测对象,调查其HIV抗体检测情况,应用单因素和多因素logistic回归模型分析HIV/AIDS患者配偶感染HIV的影响因素。结果 共调查411例HIV/AIDS患者配偶,HIV抗体阳性率为52.31%。性别以女性为主(63.99%),年龄以60岁及以上为主(46.47%),教育程度以小学为主(46.96%),民族以壮族为主(74.70%)。单因素分析显示,HIV/AIDS患者配偶感染HIV与性别、年龄、知道获得免费咨询与检测情况、知道需要定期检测HIV以及知道早治疗能提高生活质量等因素均存在统计学关联(P值均<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,HIV/AIDS患者配偶感染HIV的风险:女性是男性的0.362倍(95%CI:0.226-0.580),20~39岁、40~59岁分别是60岁及以上的0.293倍(95%CI:0.122-0.701)、0.275倍(95%CI:0.169-0.450),不知道获得免费咨询与检测者是知道者的11.372倍(95%CI:3.484-37.118),不知道早治疗能提高生活质量者是知道者的28.380倍(95%CI:8.098-99.455)。结论 来宾市配偶间传播是造成艾滋病经异性传播的重要途径之一,应针对重点人群扩大筛查,对配偶进行咨询检测,早发现、早干预、早治疗,减少配偶间HIV的传播。

影响HIV感染者/AIDS患者心理健康状况的相关因素及护理干预措施研究

目的:分析影响人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)患者心理健康状况的相关因素,探讨用于HIV感染者/AIDS患者的护理干预方案。方法:依据入院时间将本院收治的120例HIV感染者/AIDS患者分成对照组和观察组各60例,对照组采用常规护理干预,观察组应用心理护理干预;收集患者基线资料并进行心理健康状况影响因素分析;运用抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、简化Berger艾滋病耻辱量表(BHSS)和社会支持评定量表(SSS)对患者进行心理健康状况评估并比较两组护理干预效果。结果:年龄大于50岁、家庭年收入小于5万元、已婚和病程在10年以上是影响HIV感染者/AIDS患者的高危因素(P<0.05);护理干预后,观察组患者的SAS、SDS、BHSS分数更低,SSS更高(P<0.05)。结论:影响HIV感染者/AIDS患者心理健康的因素较为多样化,及时干预避免抑郁情绪有利于提高患者的生活质量,促使其恢复正常生活。

427例HIV/AIDS患者合并HCV感染的临床分析

目的探讨广西住院HIV/AIDS患者合并HCV感染现状及临床特点。方法回顾性分析2018—2022年在我院首次住院治疗的13142例HIV/AIDS患者合并HCV的感染率。收集HIV/AIDS合并HCV感染患者(HIV/HCV组)的一般及临床资料,探讨感染途径和直接抗病毒药物(direct-acting antivirals,DAAs)治疗情况;纳入354例同期收治单纯HCV感染者作为对照;分析2组患者重症肝病的发生率和重症肝病致死率。结果13142例HIV/AIDS患者中,427例合并HCV感染,感染率达3.25%。HIV/HCV组感染途径85.71%为异性性传播。与单纯HCV组相比,HIV/HCV组肝衰竭的发生率和重症肝病致死率更高(P均<0.05)。对51例HIV/AIDS合并HCV感染患者进行HCV基因分型:la型占19.61%、lb型占13.73%、2a型占3.92%、3a型占11.76%、3b型占17.65%、6a型占29.41%,6d型占1.96%、6e型占1.96%。427例患者中入院前接受DAAs治疗者仅占1.41%(6/427)。对106例未行DAAs治疗患者分析显示,农民占53.77%,城镇无固定职业者占34.91%;首次在我院检查发现抗-HCV阳性者占64.15%(68/106),院外已确证丙型肝炎多年的37例患者中,不愿意治疗者占83.78%(31/37)。结论广西HIV/AIDS患者合并HCV感染比例高,性传播是合并HCV感染的主要途径,HCV基因型以1、3、6型为主,HIV合并HCV感染易导致肝病重症化,可增加病死率,入院前接受DAAs治疗率很低。因此,对合并HCV感染的HIV/AIDS患者,应加强宣教,提高其依从性,应尽早进行DDAs治疗,改善其预后。

Investigation and Analysis on Pathogen Distribution of HIV/AIDS Patients with Opportunistic Infection

Objective: This study aims to understand the distribution of pathogenic bacteria in the region of HIV/AIDS patients with opportunistic infection. Methods: To count the number of the bacterial culture of HIV/AIDS patients in our hospital from October 2011 to December 2014, and observe the distribution of all kinds of pathogenic bacteria. Results: From the 4269 cases of HIV/AIDS patients’ bacteria, 5045 cases were cultured whose main flora distribution wasCandida albicans, 1759 cases. The second one was penicillium, 982 cases. The third one was mycobacteria, 557 cases. And then there are 213 cases ofCryptococcus neoformans, 212 cases of?Klebsiella pneumonia, 209 cases of?E. coli, 157 cases of coagulase-negative staphylococci, 112 cases of?Candida tropicalis, 90 cases of glabrata, 81 cases of?Staphylococcus aureus, 75 cases of?Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 60 cases of Salmonella, 48 cases of Acinetobacter and the distribution of the rest of cultured bacterial was less than 40 cases. Conclusion: There are many kinds of types of Pathogenic bacteria in HIV/AIDS patients with the opportunity to infectious. And the majorities are?Candida albicans,?Penicillium marneffei,?Penicillium,?Mycobacterium,?Cryptococcus neoformans?and so on. The infection sites are widely distributed;respiratory and circulatory are the main infected system. Improving the detection rate and reducing the contamination rate can truly reflect the distribution of pathogenic bacteria, and the distribution can guide the infection work in hospital. At the same time, it’s good to predict and prevent opportunistic infection. Thus, the patients can get immediate treatment.

Issues in the Care and Treatment of HCV/HIV Co-Infection for Key Populations in Resource-Constrained Settings

Globally, the epidemic of hepatitis virus infection is increasing in the context of common viral transmission routes with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Thus, co-infection with both hepatitis virus and HIV is becoming a common occurrence, particularly for key populations. Studies of key populations, people who inject drugs, sex workers, transgendered individuals and men having sex with men, report high levels of illicit drug and/or alcohol use along with limited access to health care and medical treatment. Without the medical management of co-occurring substance use disorders and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a significant proportion of this population with HCV/HIV co-infection will progress to chronic liver disease then subsequently end-stage liver disease. Thus, access to comprehensive care and treatment, including HCV testing with subsequent care and treatment of acute/chronic HCV infection is essential to address the global burden of disease. Increased efforts are needed globally to address the barriers to comprehensive care and treatment for key populations with HCV/HIV co-infection.

Characterization of Candida Species Isolated from Cases of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection among HIV/AIDS Patients in Calabar, Nigeria

This study was designed to identify and characterize the Candida species isolated from lower respiratory tract infections among HIV positive patients and to determine the prevalence rates of Candida infections among these subjects. Two early morning expectorate sputum samples were collected from 272 HIV positive subjects visiting the ART clinics and DOTS centre with cases of lower respiratory tract infection, over a period of 14 months from May 2009 to July 2010 in Calabar. Subjects were recruited for this study upon approval by the Ethical Research Committee of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital and obtaining written informed consent from the patients. Samples were processed by standard methods for isolation of Candida. Speciation was done by a germ tube test, chlamydospore production on corn meal agar and sugar fermentation and assimilation tests using the Microexpress Candida identification kit (Tulip, India). Out of the 544 sputum samples collected from 272 subjects, Candida species were isolated from 40 (14.7%) and identified after confirming the growth in the second sample. The majority of Candida species among the Candida isolates were Candida albicans (80%) followed by Candida tropicalis 5 (12.5%), Candida dubliniensis 2 (5.0%) and Candida guilliermondii 1 (2.5%). The isolation rate of Candida species from sputum samples was found to be highest among subjects aged 25 - 34 years, followed by those aged 15 - 24 years. Twenty (7.3%) HIV seropositive subjects had bacterial infections, while 4 (1.5%) subjects had mixed fungal and bacterial infections. This study is the first of its kind to be carried out in Calabar and the South-South geopolitical region of Nigeria, and has shown that pulmonary candidiasis is a health problem among HIV positive patients in Calabar.

Robust Model-Free Software Sensors for the HIV/AIDS Infection Process

This paper considers the problem of the HIV/AIDS Infection Process filtering characterized by three compounds, namely, the number of healthy T-cells, the number of infected T-cells and free virus particles. Only the first and third of them can be measurable during the medical treatment process. Moreover, the exact parameter values are admitted to be also unknown. So, here we deal with an uncertain dynamic model that excludes the application of classical filtering theory and requires the application of robust filters successfully working in the absence of a complete mathematical model of the considered process. The problem is to estimate the number of infected T-cells based on the available information. Here we admit the presence of stochastic “white noise” in current observations. To do that we apply the Luenberger-like filter (software sensor) with a matrix gain, which should be adjusted at the beginning of the process in such a way that the filtering error would be as less as possible using the Attractive Ellipsoid Method (AEM). It is shown that the corresponding trajectories of the filtering error converge to an ellipsoidal set of a prespecified form in mean-square sense. To generate the experimental data sequences in the test-simulation example, we have used the well-known simplified HIV/ AIDS model. The obtained results confirm the effectiveness of the suggested approach.

Cross-Sectional Study of Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS Co-Infections among Patients Attending Directly Observed Treatment Centers in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Introduction: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) infects about one quarter of the global population and is transmitted via aerosols by coughing, sneezing, etc. Some socio-behavioral factors may predispose an individual to the disease. Methodology: The study used a cross-sectional design with random stratified sampling technique. Sputum samples from suspected TB patients totaling 600 were obtained from patients attending directly observed treatment (DOTs) centers from different local government areas in Bayelsa. The sputum samples were examined for tuberculosis using the Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique and Gene Xpert molecular method while HIV/AIDS tests were carried out with EDTA blood using the Alere HIV12 test kit and others. Results: The Prevalence of TB by Gene Xpert was 294 (49.0%) and by AFB 217 (36.1%), while TB/HIV co-infection was 94 (32.0%), RRMTB was 34 (11.9%) and HIV 249 (41.5%). Prevalence by age group showed the 20 - 39 years had the highest prevalence of TB 98 (47.0%), TB/HIV 35 (47.0%), RRMTB 17 (48.0%) and HIV 90 (57.0%). By gender the male had slightly higher prevalence of TB 109 (52.0%), TB/HIV 51 (54.0%), RRMTB 20 (56.0%) and HIV 126 (51.0%) than the female. Prevalence among smokers and alcoholics and subjects who engaged in both habits had high prevalence TB 109 (37.0%), TB/HIV 14 (40.0%), RRMTB 14 (40.0%) and HIV 72 (29.0%). For educational status those with tertiary and secondary education had similar high prevalence and for occupation, the self-employed and civil servants had similar elevated prevalence. The prevalence by local government area showed that Yenegoa had the highest with TB 235 (80.0%), TB/HIV 72 (76.6%), RRMTB 24 (68.5%) and HIV 202 (81.2%). Conclusion: An increase in the development of resistance by M. tuberculosis also contributes to the persistence of the disease as well as some socio-economic factors.

Estimation and Projection of the HIV Epidemic Trend among the Migrant Population in China

Objective The migrant population is a vulnerable group for HIV infection in China.Understanding potential epidemic trends among migrants is critical for developing HIV preventative measures in this population.Methods The Estimation and Projection Package （EPP） model was used to process prefecture and county-level surveillance data to generate HIV prevalence and epidemic trends for migrant populations in China.Results The prevalence of HIV among migrants in 2009 was estimated at 0.075% （95% CI：0.042%,0.108%） in China.The HIV epidemic among migrants is likely to increase over the next 5 years,with the prevalence expected to reach 0.110% （95% CI：0.070%,0.150%） by 2015.Conclusion Although the 2009 estimates for the HIV/AIDS epidemic in China indicate a slower rate of increase compared with the national HIV/AIDS epidemic,it is estimated to persistently increase among migrants over the next 5 years.Migrants will have a strong impact on the overall future of the HIV epidemic trend in China and evidence-based prevention and monitoring efforts should be expanded for this vulnerable population.

CXCL12/CXCR4轴在HIV感染及艾滋病中医证候中的研究现状

机体CXCL12/CXCR4的结构及生物学作用是生理病理功能的基础。HIV-1包膜蛋白与CXCR4结合会促进病毒进入宿主细胞,CXCL12能通过快速内吞作用减少CXCR4的数量抑制HIV的复制及传播。CXCL12/CXCR4轴与炎症、自噬的相互作用在HIV感染中发挥重要作用。研究发现艾滋病不同中医证候的基因表达谱不同,CXCR4在艾滋病肺脾气虚证、气阴两虚证和湿热内蕴证中的表达具有差异,涉及趋化因子信号通路;在艾滋病肺脾气虚证患者外周血中差异基因CXCR4与自噬过程相关,对该证型患者进行中药益艾康胶囊干预,CXCR4表达升高,提示中药益艾康胶囊可以调控自噬相关基因的表达。研究CXCL12/CXCR4在艾滋病中医证候中的作用,有利于更好地发挥中医药的治疗优势,为基因的靶向治疗提供新的方向。

HIV/AIDS与口腔白色念珠菌病

目的 :研究白色念珠菌病 (白念病 )在艾滋病 (AIDS)中的发病机制和临床表现 ,提高临床医师对该病的警惕性。方法 :对 2 0例HIV AIDS患者进行系统体检 ,重点观察口腔病损情况 ,并行刮片检查和真菌培养。结果 :全身症状主要为间断咳嗽、长期腹泻、低热、肝脾肿大、进行性体重减轻。 18例发生严重的口腔白念病 ,1例伴消化道白念菌感染。结论 :HIV感染导致免疫功能低下 ,易引起真菌、细菌、病毒等机会性感染 ,口腔白念病常被认为是HIV感染的先兆症状 ,也易合并或继发于其它病损 (如毛状白斑、卡波济肉瘤及口腔溃疡 ) ,对其早期诊治 ,可防止感染向口咽、食道。

河南、山西2164例经血传播HIV/AIDS患者的皮肤表现分析

目的:观察和统计经血感染HIV/AIDS患者各种皮肤病的发生率。方法:通过回顾性分析,对河南、山西两地2164例经单采血浆或输血传播的HIV/AIDS住院和门诊患者皮肤病的发病情况进行总结,用流式细胞仪测定CD4+T细胞计数,并将CD4+T细胞计数和皮炎湿疹类疾病及念珠菌感染等进行相关性分析。结果:这一人群中皮肤病的发病率高达90%以上,最常见为皮炎湿疹类皮肤病,其次为口腔念珠菌感染和浅部真菌病。结论:HIV感染/AIDS患者皮肤病高发,河南、山西两地经血传播HIV人群中以皮炎湿疹类皮肤病及真菌感染最为多见。

HIV/AIDS慢性腹泻患者149例隐孢子虫感染分析

目的分析HIV/AIDS慢性腹泻患者中隐孢子虫感染情况、感染因素及流行特点,为防治隐孢子虫在AIDS患者中的感染提供依据。方法从河南省上蔡县收集AIDS慢性腹泻患者粪便标本149份,采用甲醛-乙酸乙酰沉淀法对患者粪便标本进行集卵,用改良抗酸染色法进行染色检测隐孢子虫卵囊。同时检测患者血液中CD4+T细胞计数。结果 149例HIV/AIDS慢性腹泻患者的粪便标本中24例为隐孢子虫阳性,感染率为16.11%。男性与女性患者及各年龄组感染率比较差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05);HIV/AIDS患者处于HIV无症状期、有症状期和HIV/AIDS期的隐孢子虫感染率分别为0(0/7),25.81%(16/62)和9.88%(8/81),其差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);患者CD4+T细胞水平在<200cells/μL,201～499cells/μL和>500cells/μL的隐孢子虫感染率分别为22.00%(11/50),13.68%(13/95)和0(0/21),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 HIV/AIDS慢性腹泻患者中存在着隐孢子虫感染,中晚期患者随着病情的进展,特别是随着CD4+T淋巴细胞水平的降低,感染的危险性明显增高。

广东地区HIV/AIDS患者机会性感染特点与CD_4^+之间的关系

目的分析广东地区HIV/AIDS患者机会性感染发生的特点与CD4细胞之间的关系。方法2004+年1月至2006年2月在我院住院的326例HIV/AIDS患者,对其中312例进行CD4分析。结果机会性感染率+为94.17%,以肺部感染、口腔念珠菌感染、各种感染性腹泻、皮肤感染和败血症为主。312例患者中,CD4>350+个/μ18例(5.77%),CD4在200～350个/μl之间34例(10.89%);CD4<200个/μl260例(83.33%),其中CD4在+++100～199个/μl和50～99个/μl之间时均为47例(各15.06%),CD4<50个/μl166例(53.2%)。312例患者中共+发生669例机会性感染,CD4>350个/μl时,发生机会性感染13例(4.17%)。200～350个/μl共发生机会性感染+30例(9.61%)。CD4<200个/μl时,共发生机会性感染251例(80.44%),CD4在100～199个/μl和50～99个/μl++之间时均发生机会性感染44例(各14.1%),CD4<50个/μl发生机会性感染163例(52.24%)。机会性感染率在+CD4大于350与小于50个/μl时比较,有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论机会性感染:随着CD4水平的降低,机会++性感染的发生率增加,多部位感染增多,病情亦愈加凶险。各种细菌、真菌、原虫、病毒感染可同时出现,并累及多器官、多部位。

HIV感染者/AIDS病人心理状况及生活质量调查

目的 了解 HIV感染者 /AIDS病人的心理状况、生活质量及其相关因素。方法 选择四川省 HIV感染率和 AIDS患病率较高的两个县 (资中县和凉山州昭觉县 )作为目标社区 ,在目标社区内共计调查了 71名 HIV感染者 /AIDS病人和 97名健康者 ,选用抑郁自评量表 (SDS)、焦虑自评量表 (SAS)、生活质量综合评定问卷(GQOL I- 74 )、社会支持评定量表 (SSS)及自制的一般情况记录表收集相关资料 ,对数据进行统计学分析。结果 HIV感染者 /AIDS病人的 SAS和 SDS评分高于正常对照 (分别为 t=5 .343,t=5 .2 72 ,P值均 <0 .0 0 1) ;HIV感染者 /AIDS病人 GQOL I- 74总分、各维度分均低于正常对照 (分别为 F=36 .5 12 ,F=2 .386 ,F=11.0 4 6 ,F=31.6 16 ,F=34.2 35 ,P值均 <0 .0 1) ;HIV感染者 /AIDS病人的 SAS和 SDS评分与疾病状况、物质滥用、社会支持及生活质量存在明显相关性 ;HIV感染者 /AIDS病人的生活质量总分与疾病状况、社会支持存在明显相关性。结论 焦虑和抑郁情绪在 HIV感染者 /AIDS病人中普遍存在 ,这些负性情绪主要与较多的疾病状况和物质滥用、较少的社会支持及较低的生活质量等因素有关 ;HIV感染者 /AIDS病人的生活质量普遍较低 ,这主要与较多的疾病状况。

江苏省2011—2012年新报告HIV／AIDS新发感染状况分析

目的了解江苏省新报告艾滋病病毒感染者(HIV)及艾滋病患者(AIDS)的新发感染状况,计算新发感染比例。方法对江苏省新报告的HIV/AIDS 2 145例,应用BED HIV-1 IgG捕获酶免疫(BED-CEIA)法检出其中的新发感染者,按不同的感染途径和样本来源计算各感染途径和样本来源的HIV/AIDS中新发感染的比例。结果新报告HIV/AIDS中同性传播的新发感染比例为26.97%(260/964),异性传播为16.77%(162/966),注射毒品为19.85%(27/136);新报告HIV/AIDS中来源于自愿咨询检测、专题调查及无偿献血人员检测的新发感染比例分别为30.98%(149/481)、28.57%(60/210)及36.63%(37/101),来源于术前检测、性病门诊、其他就诊者检测及其他羁押人员体检的新发感染比例分别为16.06%(44/274)、19.42%(27/139)、15.12%(75/496)及17.42%(23/132)。结论江苏省新报告HIV/AIDS中男男同性传播的新发感染比例最高,状况不容乐观;应加强主动发现的手段以尽早发现HIV/AIDS,减少二代传播。

Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about HIV/AIDS of Sudanese and Bantu Somali immigrant women living in Omaha, Nebraska

A needs assessment of the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and beliefs about HIV/AIDS prevention was conducted among 100 Sudanese and Bantu Somali women immigrants aged 19 years and older, recruited through a community organization between April and July 2006. Information was collected by interview using interpreters to administer a 60-item test and a 116-item questionnaire that had been translated into Nuer and Arabic. Women in this study had low levels of education, poor knowledge about HIV transmission and prevention and safer sex practices, and poor attitudes to HIV/AIDS. They believe that HIV/AIDS is a punishment from God, HIV-positive people should be separated from society, carrying a condom indicates having loose morals, women should not experience sexual pleasure, and men should decide when and how to have sexual intercourse. Education, gender, and cultural beliefs are critical in the spread of HIV. Efforts to educate immigrant and displaced populations, particularly women, are essential.