Objective: To elucidate general characteristics of HIV/AIDS patients seeking care at Ditan Hospital in an attempt to guide early diagnosis in routine medical care. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of 18...Objective: To elucidate general characteristics of HIV/AIDS patients seeking care at Ditan Hospital in an attempt to guide early diagnosis in routine medical care. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of 185 HIV/AIDS cases from January 1990 to June 2002 was completed using SPSS statistical analysis. Results: Male to female ratio was 1.8 :1. Subjects ranged in age from 1 year old to 64 years old. 16 cases were younger than 20 years old with the median age among the younger subset at 7.7 years. 169 cases were older than 20 years old with a median age of 36 years old. 29% of the subjects were peasants. The remaining 71%, were of other unspecified occupations. 90.8% of individuals were of Han descent while 3.7% of individuals were of a minority heritage. 50.3% of subjects were married; 23.8% have never married; 8.1% were divorced; and the remaining 17.8% were of unknown marital status. Of those represented in this study, 36.8% came from the Henan province; 17.8% were from Beijing; 8.6% were from Shanxi; 31.4% from the other 20 provinces of China; and 5.4% from outside of China. Mode of transmission: 40.0% (74/185) contracted HIV through unprotected sexual contact; 29.2% (54/185) through receiving blood or plasma transfusions; 21.1%(39/185) through donating plasma; 7 cases were intravenous drug users; 7 cases were vertically transmitted. Mode of transmission was unknown in 4 cases. Clinical categories: An included 45 cases; B included 85 cases: C consisted of 76 cases. 12 cases were deceased. Initial presentation: 39 cases presented with fever ,cough and diarrhea. 37 cases had fever and cough only. 38 cases presented with chronic diarrhea. 16 cases were discovered incidentally at time of operation. 8 cases presented with fungal infection of the oral cavity or in esophagus. The common HIV associated symptoms and opportunistic infections were: weight loss and diarrhea, respiratory diseases, der-matologic diseases, anemia , neutropenia. Diseases of other organ systems were less common. Common misdiagnoses included pneumonia, the common cold, and enteritis. Conclusion: The majority of cases were of middle age (between 30-40 years old) and had contracted HIV/ AIDS sexually.Receiving contaminated blood or plasma via a transfusion accounted for the second most common mode of transmission. Donating plasma was the third most likely mode of transmission. Initial presenting symptoms were various and complicated. Even though the majority of HIV/AIDS cases present to the general hospital, many doctors working at the general hospital are still unable to recognize the symptoms of HIV/AIDS. Thus, it is imperative to identify general characteristics of the HIV/AIDS population in order to diagnose the disease at an earlier stage and halt further transmission.展开更多
Objective： To understand the prevalence and behavioral risk factors of HIV infection among injection drug users in the Pearl River Delta Region （PRDR） of Guangdong province, and to provide evidence for establishing...Objective： To understand the prevalence and behavioral risk factors of HIV infection among injection drug users in the Pearl River Delta Region （PRDR） of Guangdong province, and to provide evidence for establishing effective intervention strategies. Methods： Face to face interviews were conducted and serum samples from injection drug users from detoxification centers and the community were collected for HIV screening. Results： 655 drug users were recruited and interviewed. The HIV seropositive rate was 29.0%. 99.5 % of subjects were injection drug users （IDUs）, of whom,75.4% reported sharing injection equipment. Conclusion： HIV prevalence among injection drug users is high in the PRDR of Guangdong. Injection drug use is the principal behavioral risk factor for HIV transmission. Pragmatic harm reduction programs should be implemented to prevent the spread of HIV infection.展开更多
The P24 antigen test, HIV RNA PCR test, HIV isolation/culture and fourth-generation HIV uniform Ag/Ab assay are being utilized in diagnosing acute HIV infection in different labs. Many factors limit the use of screeni...The P24 antigen test, HIV RNA PCR test, HIV isolation/culture and fourth-generation HIV uniform Ag/Ab assay are being utilized in diagnosing acute HIV infection in different labs. Many factors limit the use of screening for acute HIV in high-risk populations, in blood donors and during voluntary HIV testing, including, cost, technique, sensitivity and specificity. In this review we explore a new NAAT method which involves HIV RNA RT-PCR on pooled samples. This technique is able to screen for acute infections in a large testing volume and may be used as a screening method in high-risk populations and blood donors.展开更多
HIV infection and AIDS has emerged as a major public health problem all over the world. In the1980s,the infection was first found to be transmitted through homosexual activity and blood product transfusion. Now it is ...HIV infection and AIDS has emerged as a major public health problem all over the world. In the1980s,the infection was first found to be transmitted through homosexual activity and blood product transfusion. Now it is spreading among heterosexuals and injection drug users, and can be transmitted from mothers to infants.展开更多
Objective: To analyze the genotypes of CCR5 △ 32,CCR2b-64I and SDF 1-3 A and mutation frequencies of allelicgenes in Chinese populations infected with HIV-1. Methods: Genome DNA from peripheral blood mononuclearcells...Objective: To analyze the genotypes of CCR5 △ 32,CCR2b-64I and SDF 1-3 A and mutation frequencies of allelicgenes in Chinese populations infected with HIV-1. Methods: Genome DNA from peripheral blood mononuclearcells (PBMCs) of 78 HIV-1 infectors was amplified bypolymerase chain reaction (PCR). CCR5, CCR2b and SDF1gene fragments were obtained from restrictive fragmentlength polymorphism (RFLP) and/or CCR△32, CCR5m303,CCR2b-64I and SDF1-3' A allelic genes' mutationalfrequencies were sequenced directly from PCR products. Results: None of CCR5△32, CCR5m303 gene mutationwere found in 78 subjects with HIV-1 infection. The allelicgene mutation frequencies of CCR2b-64I and SDF1-3'Acorresponding to 14.9-34.0% and 17.6-38.2% of 95% CI, were22.79% and 26.92% respectively. Their colony distributionconformed to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Conclusion: The HIV-1 infections found at present are allsusceptible population of CCR5△32 and CCR5m303. Thepolymorphism and frequencies of CCR5△32, CCR5m303,CCR2b-64I and SDF1-3'A alleles from Chinese HIV-1infected population were disclosed in this study for the firsttime, which is of significance for studying the geneticresistance to susceptibility to HIV-1 infection as well as AIDSdisease progression.展开更多
Perinatal transmission of Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV),also called mother-to-child transmission(MTCT),accounts for 90% of infections in infants worldwide and occurs in 30%-45% of children born to untreated HIV-1 ...Perinatal transmission of Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV),also called mother-to-child transmission(MTCT),accounts for 90% of infections in infants worldwide and occurs in 30%-45% of children born to untreated HIV-1 infected mothers.Among HIV-1 infected mothers,some viruses are transmitted from mothers to their infants while others are not.The relationship between virologic properties and the pathogenesis caused by HIV-1 remains unclear.Previous studies have demonstrated that one obvious source of selective pressure in the perinatal transmission of HIV-1 is maternal neutralizing antibodies.Recent studies have shown that viruses which are successfully transmitted to the child have growth advantages over those not transmitted,when those two viruses are grown together.Furthermore,the higher fitness is determined by the gp120 protein of the virus envelope.This suggests that the selective transmission of viruses with higher fitness occurred exclusively,regardless of transmission routes.There are many factors contributing to the selective transmission and HIV replicative fitness is an important one that should not be neglected.This review summarizes current knowledge of the role of HIV replicative fitness in HIV MTCT transmission and the determinants of viral fitness upon MTCT.展开更多
A transmission bottleneck occurs during each human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) transmission event, which allows only a few viruses to establish new infection. However, the genetic characteristics of the transmitted vi...A transmission bottleneck occurs during each human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) transmission event, which allows only a few viruses to establish new infection. However, the genetic characteristics of the transmitted viruses that are preferentially selected have not been fully elucidated. Here, we analyzed amino acids changes in the envelope protein during simian immunodeficiency virus(SIV)/HIV deep transmission history and current HIV evolution within the last 15–20 years. Our results confirmed that the V1V2 region of gp120 protein, particularly V1, was preferentially selected. A shorter V1 region was preferred during transmission history, while during epidemic, HIV may evolve to an expanded V1 region gradually and thus escape immune recognition. We then constructed different HIV-1 V1 mutants using different HIV-1 subtypes to elucidate the role of the V1 region in envelope function. We found that the V1 region, although highly variable, was indispensable for virus entry and infection, probably because V1 deletion mutants exhibited impaired processing of gp160 into mature gp120 and gp41. Additionally, the V1 region affected Env incorporation. These results indicated that the V1 region played a critical role in HIV transmission and infection.展开更多
文摘Objective: To elucidate general characteristics of HIV/AIDS patients seeking care at Ditan Hospital in an attempt to guide early diagnosis in routine medical care. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of 185 HIV/AIDS cases from January 1990 to June 2002 was completed using SPSS statistical analysis. Results: Male to female ratio was 1.8 :1. Subjects ranged in age from 1 year old to 64 years old. 16 cases were younger than 20 years old with the median age among the younger subset at 7.7 years. 169 cases were older than 20 years old with a median age of 36 years old. 29% of the subjects were peasants. The remaining 71%, were of other unspecified occupations. 90.8% of individuals were of Han descent while 3.7% of individuals were of a minority heritage. 50.3% of subjects were married; 23.8% have never married; 8.1% were divorced; and the remaining 17.8% were of unknown marital status. Of those represented in this study, 36.8% came from the Henan province; 17.8% were from Beijing; 8.6% were from Shanxi; 31.4% from the other 20 provinces of China; and 5.4% from outside of China. Mode of transmission: 40.0% (74/185) contracted HIV through unprotected sexual contact; 29.2% (54/185) through receiving blood or plasma transfusions; 21.1%(39/185) through donating plasma; 7 cases were intravenous drug users; 7 cases were vertically transmitted. Mode of transmission was unknown in 4 cases. Clinical categories: An included 45 cases; B included 85 cases: C consisted of 76 cases. 12 cases were deceased. Initial presentation: 39 cases presented with fever ,cough and diarrhea. 37 cases had fever and cough only. 38 cases presented with chronic diarrhea. 16 cases were discovered incidentally at time of operation. 8 cases presented with fungal infection of the oral cavity or in esophagus. The common HIV associated symptoms and opportunistic infections were: weight loss and diarrhea, respiratory diseases, der-matologic diseases, anemia , neutropenia. Diseases of other organ systems were less common. Common misdiagnoses included pneumonia, the common cold, and enteritis. Conclusion: The majority of cases were of middle age (between 30-40 years old) and had contracted HIV/ AIDS sexually.Receiving contaminated blood or plasma via a transfusion accounted for the second most common mode of transmission. Donating plasma was the third most likely mode of transmission. Initial presenting symptoms were various and complicated. Even though the majority of HIV/AIDS cases present to the general hospital, many doctors working at the general hospital are still unable to recognize the symptoms of HIV/AIDS. Thus, it is imperative to identify general characteristics of the HIV/AIDS population in order to diagnose the disease at an earlier stage and halt further transmission.
文摘Objective： To understand the prevalence and behavioral risk factors of HIV infection among injection drug users in the Pearl River Delta Region （PRDR） of Guangdong province, and to provide evidence for establishing effective intervention strategies. Methods： Face to face interviews were conducted and serum samples from injection drug users from detoxification centers and the community were collected for HIV screening. Results： 655 drug users were recruited and interviewed. The HIV seropositive rate was 29.0%. 99.5 % of subjects were injection drug users （IDUs）, of whom,75.4% reported sharing injection equipment. Conclusion： HIV prevalence among injection drug users is high in the PRDR of Guangdong. Injection drug use is the principal behavioral risk factor for HIV transmission. Pragmatic harm reduction programs should be implemented to prevent the spread of HIV infection.
文摘The P24 antigen test, HIV RNA PCR test, HIV isolation/culture and fourth-generation HIV uniform Ag/Ab assay are being utilized in diagnosing acute HIV infection in different labs. Many factors limit the use of screening for acute HIV in high-risk populations, in blood donors and during voluntary HIV testing, including, cost, technique, sensitivity and specificity. In this review we explore a new NAAT method which involves HIV RNA RT-PCR on pooled samples. This technique is able to screen for acute infections in a large testing volume and may be used as a screening method in high-risk populations and blood donors.
文摘HIV infection and AIDS has emerged as a major public health problem all over the world. In the1980s,the infection was first found to be transmitted through homosexual activity and blood product transfusion. Now it is spreading among heterosexuals and injection drug users, and can be transmitted from mothers to infants.
文摘Objective: To analyze the genotypes of CCR5 △ 32,CCR2b-64I and SDF 1-3 A and mutation frequencies of allelicgenes in Chinese populations infected with HIV-1. Methods: Genome DNA from peripheral blood mononuclearcells (PBMCs) of 78 HIV-1 infectors was amplified bypolymerase chain reaction (PCR). CCR5, CCR2b and SDF1gene fragments were obtained from restrictive fragmentlength polymorphism (RFLP) and/or CCR△32, CCR5m303,CCR2b-64I and SDF1-3' A allelic genes' mutationalfrequencies were sequenced directly from PCR products. Results: None of CCR5△32, CCR5m303 gene mutationwere found in 78 subjects with HIV-1 infection. The allelicgene mutation frequencies of CCR2b-64I and SDF1-3'Acorresponding to 14.9-34.0% and 17.6-38.2% of 95% CI, were22.79% and 26.92% respectively. Their colony distributionconformed to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Conclusion: The HIV-1 infections found at present are allsusceptible population of CCR5△32 and CCR5m303. Thepolymorphism and frequencies of CCR5△32, CCR5m303,CCR2b-64I and SDF1-3'A alleles from Chinese HIV-1infected population were disclosed in this study for the firsttime, which is of significance for studying the geneticresistance to susceptibility to HIV-1 infection as well as AIDSdisease progression.
基金The grants of National Science Found-ation of China(30970162)Program of International Collaboration of Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Commission(08ZCGHHZ01800)
文摘Perinatal transmission of Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV),also called mother-to-child transmission(MTCT),accounts for 90% of infections in infants worldwide and occurs in 30%-45% of children born to untreated HIV-1 infected mothers.Among HIV-1 infected mothers,some viruses are transmitted from mothers to their infants while others are not.The relationship between virologic properties and the pathogenesis caused by HIV-1 remains unclear.Previous studies have demonstrated that one obvious source of selective pressure in the perinatal transmission of HIV-1 is maternal neutralizing antibodies.Recent studies have shown that viruses which are successfully transmitted to the child have growth advantages over those not transmitted,when those two viruses are grown together.Furthermore,the higher fitness is determined by the gp120 protein of the virus envelope.This suggests that the selective transmission of viruses with higher fitness occurred exclusively,regardless of transmission routes.There are many factors contributing to the selective transmission and HIV replicative fitness is an important one that should not be neglected.This review summarizes current knowledge of the role of HIV replicative fitness in HIV MTCT transmission and the determinants of viral fitness upon MTCT.
基金supported by the International Science & Technology Cooperation Program of China (2011DFA31030)Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Transregio TRR60),National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81461130019)
文摘A transmission bottleneck occurs during each human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) transmission event, which allows only a few viruses to establish new infection. However, the genetic characteristics of the transmitted viruses that are preferentially selected have not been fully elucidated. Here, we analyzed amino acids changes in the envelope protein during simian immunodeficiency virus(SIV)/HIV deep transmission history and current HIV evolution within the last 15–20 years. Our results confirmed that the V1V2 region of gp120 protein, particularly V1, was preferentially selected. A shorter V1 region was preferred during transmission history, while during epidemic, HIV may evolve to an expanded V1 region gradually and thus escape immune recognition. We then constructed different HIV-1 V1 mutants using different HIV-1 subtypes to elucidate the role of the V1 region in envelope function. We found that the V1 region, although highly variable, was indispensable for virus entry and infection, probably because V1 deletion mutants exhibited impaired processing of gp160 into mature gp120 and gp41. Additionally, the V1 region affected Env incorporation. These results indicated that the V1 region played a critical role in HIV transmission and infection.
