Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-1 infection creates a persistent latent reservoir even after antiretroviral therapy,which is the main barrier to HIV cure.One of the most explored strategies is the use of latent reve...Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-1 infection creates a persistent latent reservoir even after antiretroviral therapy,which is the main barrier to HIV cure.One of the most explored strategies is the use of latent reversal agents(LRAs)to activate HIV latent reservoirs,followed by immunotherapy to remove infected cells.Immunomodulatory LRAs have the dual advantage of activating viral latency and promoting immune cell elimination of HIV-infected cells.The emergence of novel immunotherapies has also enhanced the possibility ofHIV clearance.Here we review the activity and potential mechanisms of immunomodulatory agonists and immunotherapies.The possible combinational strategies to achieve HIV functional cure and the problems encountered using this approach are discussed.展开更多
With our continuous endeavors in seeking potent anti-HIV-1 agents,we reported here the discovery,biological characterization,and druggability evaluation of a class of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.To ...With our continuous endeavors in seeking potent anti-HIV-1 agents,we reported here the discovery,biological characterization,and druggability evaluation of a class of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.To fully explore the chemical space of the NNRTI-binding pocket,novel series of dihydrothiopyrano[3,2-d]pyrimidines were developed by employing the structure-based design strategy.Most of the derivatives were endowed with prominent antiviral activities against HIV-1 wild-type and resistant strains at nanomolar levels.Among them,compound 23h featuring the aminopiperidine moiety was identified as the most potent inhibitor,with EC50values ranging from 3.43 to 21.4 nmol/L.Especially,for the challenging double-mutants F227L+V106A and K103N+Y181C,23h exhibited 2.3-to 14.5-fold more potent activity than the first-line drugs efavirenz and etravirine.Besides,the resistance profiles of 23h achieved remarkable improvement compared to efavirenz and etravirine.The binding target of 23h was further confirmed to be HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.Molecular modeling studies were also performed to elucidate the biological evaluation results and give guidance for the optimization campaign.Furthermore,no apparent inhibition of the major CYP450 enzymes and hERG channel was observed for 23h.Most importantly,23h was characterized by good pharmacokinetic properties and excellent safety in vivo.Collectively,23h holds great promise as a potential candidate for its effective antiviral efficacy and favorable drug-like profiles.展开更多
基金funded by the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(No.D17110700050000).
文摘Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-1 infection creates a persistent latent reservoir even after antiretroviral therapy,which is the main barrier to HIV cure.One of the most explored strategies is the use of latent reversal agents(LRAs)to activate HIV latent reservoirs,followed by immunotherapy to remove infected cells.Immunomodulatory LRAs have the dual advantage of activating viral latency and promoting immune cell elimination of HIV-infected cells.The emergence of novel immunotherapies has also enhanced the possibility ofHIV clearance.Here we review the activity and potential mechanisms of immunomodulatory agonists and immunotherapies.The possible combinational strategies to achieve HIV functional cure and the problems encountered using this approach are discussed.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC nos.81973181 and 81903453)Science Foundation for Outstanding Young Scholars of Shandong Province(ZR2020JQ31,China)+6 种基金Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars of Shandong Province(ZR2020YQ61,China)Foreign Cultural and Educational Experts Project(GXL20200015001,China)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M721948)Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation for Youths(ZR2023QH217,China)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20230252,China)Qilu Young Scholars Program of Shandong UniversityTaishan Scholar Program at Shandong Province。
文摘With our continuous endeavors in seeking potent anti-HIV-1 agents,we reported here the discovery,biological characterization,and druggability evaluation of a class of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.To fully explore the chemical space of the NNRTI-binding pocket,novel series of dihydrothiopyrano[3,2-d]pyrimidines were developed by employing the structure-based design strategy.Most of the derivatives were endowed with prominent antiviral activities against HIV-1 wild-type and resistant strains at nanomolar levels.Among them,compound 23h featuring the aminopiperidine moiety was identified as the most potent inhibitor,with EC50values ranging from 3.43 to 21.4 nmol/L.Especially,for the challenging double-mutants F227L+V106A and K103N+Y181C,23h exhibited 2.3-to 14.5-fold more potent activity than the first-line drugs efavirenz and etravirine.Besides,the resistance profiles of 23h achieved remarkable improvement compared to efavirenz and etravirine.The binding target of 23h was further confirmed to be HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.Molecular modeling studies were also performed to elucidate the biological evaluation results and give guidance for the optimization campaign.Furthermore,no apparent inhibition of the major CYP450 enzymes and hERG channel was observed for 23h.Most importantly,23h was characterized by good pharmacokinetic properties and excellent safety in vivo.Collectively,23h holds great promise as a potential candidate for its effective antiviral efficacy and favorable drug-like profiles.
