Real-Time Detection and Instance Segmentation of Strawberry in Unstructured Environment

The real-time detection and instance segmentation of strawberries constitute fundamental components in the development of strawberry harvesting robots.Real-time identification of strawberries in an unstructured envi-ronment is a challenging task.Current instance segmentation algorithms for strawberries suffer from issues such as poor real-time performance and low accuracy.To this end,the present study proposes an Efficient YOLACT(E-YOLACT)algorithm for strawberry detection and segmentation based on the YOLACT framework.The key enhancements of the E-YOLACT encompass the development of a lightweight attention mechanism,pyramid squeeze shuffle attention(PSSA),for efficient feature extraction.Additionally,an attention-guided context-feature pyramid network(AC-FPN)is employed instead of FPN to optimize the architecture’s performance.Furthermore,a feature-enhanced model(FEM)is introduced to enhance the prediction head’s capabilities,while efficient fast non-maximum suppression(EF-NMS)is devised to improve non-maximum suppression.The experimental results demonstrate that the E-YOLACT achieves a Box-mAP and Mask-mAP of 77.9 and 76.6,respectively,on the custom dataset.Moreover,it exhibits an impressive category accuracy of 93.5%.Notably,the E-YOLACT also demonstrates a remarkable real-time detection capability with a speed of 34.8 FPS.The method proposed in this article presents an efficient approach for the vision system of a strawberry-picking robot.

Ellagic Acid Enhances Antioxidant System Activity and Maintains the Quality of Strawberry Fruit during Storage

Ellagic acid(EA)is a natural antioxidant,widely present in a lot of forms’soft fruits,nuts,and other plant tissues,and helpful for promoting human health;however,its protective effect on postharvest fruit and improving the quality index of postharvest fruit have rarely been studied.In this experiment,the strawberries were soaked in 0,100,200,300,400,and 500 mg L^(−1) EA,respectively,and the influential EA on fruit quality and the antioxidant system of strawberries were studied.Compared with the control,EA treatment can reduce the browning degree and rotting rate of strawberry fruit during storage and augment the soluble solid content(SSC).EA treatment can also increase the content of related stuff and enzyme activity in antioxidant systems;the gene expression level of polyphenol oxidase(PPO)in strawberries treated with EA was always down-regulated,correspondingly,the expression of other antioxidant enzyme genes was enhanced.Among the strawberry fruits treated with EA of different concentrations,300 mg L^(−1) EA had the best effect in the process of strawberry preservation.The results suggested that the proper concentration of exogenous EA at 300 mg L−1 could maintain strawberries’quality and enhance the antioxidant system by improving the activities of antioxidative enzymes and the ascorbateglutathione(AsA-GSH)cycle during storage.

FaSnRK1a mediates salicylic acid pathways to enhance strawberry resistance to Botrytis cinerea

Strawberry is a major fruit crop worldwide because its nutritional and health benefits to human health,but its productivity is limited by Botrytis cinerea.Sucrose nonfermentation 1-related protein kinase 1(SnRK1)has a defense function against pathogens,but the function of SnRK1 in the defense response to B.cinerea in plants is still unclear.In this study,FaSnRK1a-OE and RNAi fruits were constructed and then inoculated with B.cinerea.The result reveals a positive role of Fa SnRK1a in the regulation of resistance to gray mold.FaSnRK1a affects SA content by regulating FaPAL1 and FaPAL2 expressions.The genes related to the SA signaling pathway(FaTGA1 and FaTGA2.1)were significantly increased/decreased in FaSnRK1a-OE or FaSnRK1a-RNAi fruit,respectively.FaSnRK1a interacted with the FaWRKY33.2 protein and negatively regulated FaWRKY33.2 expression,and FaWRKY33.2 acts as a repressor of disease resistance to B.cinerea.Finally,FaSnRK1a regulates the expression of six PR genes and the activities of antioxidant enzymes to boost defense response after B.cinerea inoculation.Our findings showed that FaSnRK1a increases the resistance of strawberry fruit to B.cinerea via SA signaling pathway and interaction with the FaWRKY33.2 transcription factor.

Effect of K Fertilizer on Absorption of Mineral Elements in Greenhouse-grown Strawberry Fruits

[Objectives]The paper was to explore the effect of K fertilizer on the absorption of mineral elements in greenhouse-grown strawberry fruits.[Methods]A systematic investigation was conducted on the effects of K fertilizer dosage levels on the absorption of mineral elements in Fengxiang strawberries,an excellent variety suitable for cultivation in Anhui Province.The investigation was carried out under medium N and P conditions in a greenhouse.[Results]The N content of strawberry fruits increased as the K_(2)O dosage increased within the range of 0-250 kg/hm^(2).Similarly,the P content of strawberry fruits increased gradually with the increase of K_(2)O dosage within the range of 0-125 kg/hm^(2).[Conclusions]This study presents a basis for enhancing the absorption of mineral elements in strawberry fruit by applying K appropriately.

Nutritional, Textural, Sensory Properties and Storage Stability Evaluation of Newly Formulated Strawberry Bar

An analytical study was conducted to develop a strawberry bar and analysis of the nutritional quality and storage stability of a newly formulated strawberry bar. In proximate analysis moisture, ash, pH, acidity, vitamin C, total phenolic content, and antioxidant of strawberry pulp were found 82%, 0.5%, 2.57, 1.38%, 49 mg/100g, 0.33%, 75.17% whereas, in the strawberry bar, it was found 18%, 0.71%, 2.10, 1.10%, 22 mg/100g, 0.14%, 56.13% respectively. For textural properties analysis, the textural profile of the strawberry bar such as hardness, factorability, viscosity, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, springiness, gumminess, chewiness, probe diameter, threshold, filtering range of strawberry bar was found 5.538 × 104 N/m, 0.000 N/m2, 1.687 × 104 N/m2, 0.6636, 2.908 × 103 J/m3, 0.8664, 3.675 × 104 N/m2, 3.184 × 104 N/m2, 20.000 mm, 5 N, 0.4 N respectively whereas the maximum level was 17.4 N at 29.628 seconds and the minimum level was -5.3 N at 30.166 seconds. The sensory evaluation of the strawberry bar was conducted based on nine-point hedonic scales. The sensory evaluation results indicated that the appearance of the strawberry bar was liked very much and the taste, texture, color, aroma, and overall acceptability of the strawberry bar were liked moderately by panelists. In microbiological analysis, the Total Viable Count (TVC) and Total Coliform Count (TCC) of the strawberry bar were found safe levels for up to third days. But on the sixth day, the TCC of the strawberry bar was not found and the TVC of the strawberry bar was found 17 × 104 cfu/g respectively which is higher than the permitted value (Gulf Standard: 105 cfu/g). From the microbial point of view, the newly formulated strawberry bar was safe to consume for up to 3 days but not for 6 days.

In Vitro Propagation of Three Strawberry Cultivars through Runner Tips Culture

At the Genetics and Plant Breeding Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy and Agricultural Extension, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh, strawberry in vitro propagation was done. Five Benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentrations were utilized for shoot induction—0.0 mg/L (Control), 0.5 mg/L, 1.0 mg/L, 1.5 mg/L, and 2.0 mg/L and five Indole Buteric Acid (IBA) concentrations—0.0 mg/L(Control), 0.5 mg/L, 1.0 mg/L, 1.5 mg/L, and 2.0 mg/l—were used for the induction of the root. The highest mean amount of shoots (eight) and length of the shoot (3.40 cm) were observed at a concentration of BAP of 0.5 mg/L. Festival also had the highest mean amount of leaves (6) when we used the identical concentration, while RABI-3 and Camarosa did the least well. The IBA of 0.5 mg/L concentration of rooting performed the best across all metrics tested among the five concentrations. The longest (3.3 cm) roots and most roots (7) were likewise obtained from this concentration in Festival. However, RABI-3 and Camarosa performed worse than Festival in the same concentration. Half-strength MS media without IBA concentration showed no response regarding root induction for each of the three cultivars.

Metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals the molecular mechanism by which blue light promotes lutein synthesis in strawberry

Carotenoids are an important component of the human diet, and fruit is a primary source of carotenoids. The synthesis and regulation of carotenoids in fruit are important contributors to the formation of fruit quality. In China, strawberry is one of the main seasonal fruits grown in the winter. Previous studies have shown that light has a significant effect on the metabolism of anthocyanins, sugars, and polyphenols in strawberry. However, the understanding of the role of light in regulating the metabolism of carotenoids in strawberry remains limited. This study investigated the effects of blue, red, yellow-green, and white light on carotenoid metabolism in strawberry.Blue light treatment promoted the synthesis of multiple carotenoids, including lutein, compared with the other three treatment groups. The RNA sequencing data revealed that blue light treatment promoted the expression of lycopene ε-cyclase(LCYE), and the transient overexpression of LCYE in strawberry fruit promoted lutein accumulation in strawberry. Overall, the results suggest that blue light can promote the synthesis of lutein in strawberry by inducing the expression of LCYE.

In Vitro Propagation of Three Strawberry Varieties and Field Evaluation

A study was done to produce a rapid in vitro propagation of three strawberry genotypes and tested in the field under Bangladeshi circumstances. Festival, RABI-3, and Neho strawberry genotypes’ runner tips were cultivated in vitro to induce root induction and multiple shoot proliferation. MS (Murashige and Skoog) media that were basally containing three different concentrations at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 of BA (6-benzyl adenine), KIN (6-furfuryl amino purine), or GA3 (gibberellic acid) at 0.5 mg/L increasing tips of the runner was attained. The culture grew on the medium provided with 1.5 mg/L 6-benzyl adenine and 0.5 mg/L 6-furfuryl amino acid to increase shoot at the best level. Micro-cuttings were rooted on MS media at half strength combined with 0.5 mg/L - 1.5 mg/L IBA (indole butyric acid) or IAA (indole acetic acid). IBA attained 4 - 9 roots and 91% - 96% rooting at 1.0 mg/L. The resulting plantlets grew into hardy plants and took root in the earth. The genotype festival had the highest response rate, followed by RABI-3 and Neho.

Rapid Screening of Pesticide Residues in Strawberry Based on HPLC-QTOF/MS SWATH Acquisition Mode

[Objectives]The paper was to establish a rapid screening method of pesticide residues in strawberry based on HPLC-QTOF/MS SWATH acquisition mode.[Methods]The strawberry sample was extracted with acetonitrile,purified with anhydrous magnesium sulfate,sodium chloride and primary secondary amine(PSA)powder,and then loaded on the machine.The full information spectrum was collected by positive ion mode and screened by comparing with the spectrum library,and 20 kinds of pesticide residues were quantitatively analyzed.[Results]The detection limits of 20 pesticide residues were 0.0002-0.0100 mg/kg,and they showed good linearity in the range of 0.0005-0.1000μg/mL(R 2≥0.995).The recoveries ranged from 62.8%to 106.3%.[Conclusions]This method is rapid,simple,sensitive and non-targeted,and can be used for rapid screening of multiple pesticide residues in strawberry.

Facility Cultivation Techniques of ‘Kaorino’ Strawberry

Strawberry‘Kaorino’is one of the perfect early-maturing strawberry varieties with high quality and high yield due to its anthracnose resistance,early maturity and good quality.The variety has become more and more popular with the promotion over the last few years,but there are great differences from other varieties in cultivation.Based on its varietal characteristics and cultivation performance in production over the last few years,we summarized the seedling cultivation techniques,planting management techniques,main disease control techniques and harvesting and storage techniques,aiming to provide reference for better promotion and application of‘Kaorino’.

Application Effect of Functional Microbial Products in the Cultivation of Green Ecological Strawberry

In order to promote the transformation and high-quality development of strawberry industry and speed up the application of functional microbial products in strawberry,the application technology of functional microbial products in strawberry planting is studied and summarized.It mainly includes:the periods and methods of continuous cropping strawberry soil reduction and disinfection at high temperature,before and after strawberry planting,before plastic film mulching and whole process of plant spraying.Through multi-point test and demonstration,the purpose of advancing the season of strawberries,improving the quality,increasing production and increasing efficiency is achieved,and there is no risk of agricultural residue pollution,which meets the needs of people's consumption upgrading.Therefore,the application of functional microbial products in green ecological planting is very necessary,and it is worth further speeding up the demonstration and promotion.

Study on a Bowl-based Mechanism for Transplanting Potted Strawberry Seedlings

To improve the efficiency of fetching and transplanting seedlings for the mechanization of strawberry planting,an integrated transplanting mechanism was designed with protruding,fetching and planting performance to achieve rapid fetching and pushing bowl movements.According to the working principle of the slewing mechanism,a kinematics model and the optimization goal were established,respectively.Based on visual auxiliary analysis software,optimal parameters were obtained.A three-dimensional model was established to obtain a simulation trajectory by means of a virtual simulation design analysis.Three-dimensional printing technology was used to manufacture the test prototype,and the actual working trajectories of the test prototype were extracted using high-speed photography technology,which verified the consistency of the actual trajectory with the theoretical and simulated trajectories.A prototype transplanting experiment was performed with the success rate of seedling extraction of 91.2%and excellent planting rate of 82.8%,which met the requirements for integrated strawberry harvesting,planting and transplanting.The experimental results verified the correctness and feasibility of the design of integrated transplanting mechanism.

“粉玉1号”草莓茎尖组织培养体系及其脱毒效果研究

“粉玉1号”是通过杂交育种方式选育的早熟抗病粉果草莓新品种。从大棚栽培的“粉玉1号”草莓植株上取匍匐茎芽为试料,通过外植体消毒、茎尖剥取、不定芽诱导和生根培养建立了“粉玉1号”茎尖组织培养脱毒技术体系,对茎尖培养苗和大棚栽培植株进行了草莓皱缩病毒(SCV)、草莓斑驳病毒(SMoV)、草莓轻型黄边病毒(SMYEV)和草莓镶脉病毒(SVBV)PCR检测。结果表明,“粉玉1号”草莓外植体灭菌方法为75%乙醇处理30 s,再用0.1%升汞溶液处理10 min;匍匐茎芽一般需剥去1片嫩叶和7片幼叶才能剥出茎尖;茎尖初代培养基宜采用MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA,继代培养基宜采用MS+0.1 mg/L 6-BA,生根培养基宜采用不加植物生长调节剂的1/2 MS。大棚栽培植株样品存在SVBV感染,通过茎尖组培脱除了该病毒,SCV、SMoV和SMYEV在所有样品中均未检出。建立的茎尖脱毒技术体系可为“粉玉1号”草莓工厂化育苗提供参考。

不同处理对“粉玉”系草莓种子萌发的影响

以“粉玉1号”和“粉玉2号”草莓种子为试材,研究了以纯净水为对照(CK),物理、化学和生物酶处理对草莓种子萌发的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,用98%浓硫酸浸种处理2~10 min种子萌发力显著提高,其中以浸种10 min效果最理想,处理后“粉玉1号”和“粉玉2号”发芽势分别提高8.26倍和23.36倍,发芽率提高19.5%和14.2%,平均发芽时间缩短50.4%和55.6%。乙酸、氢氧化钠和过氧化氢溶液处理对种子萌发有显著的抑制作用,处理后“粉玉1号”和“粉玉2号”比对照发芽势降低45.5%以上,发芽率降低9.7%以上。此外,砂纸打磨和浓硫酸浸种对陈种子萌发有促进作用,贮存1年的“粉玉1号”和“粉玉2号”种子经砂纸打磨处理后发芽势比对照分别提高3.00倍和7.73倍,发芽率分别提高60.2%和81.2%;98%浓硫酸浸种10 min处理后,发芽势比对照分别提高23.16倍和24.09倍,发芽率分别提高72.9%和122.6%。

土壤改良剂对连作草莓生长及品质的影响

为明确土壤改良剂的作用效果,选择连作13年草莓田土壤,以宁玉为试材,研究了莓园土∶自主研发改良剂=2∶1(ZYF-1)、莓园土∶自主研发改良剂=3∶1(ZYF-2)、莓园土∶营养土=1∶1(YYT-1)、莓园土∶营养土=1∶2(YYT-2)及莓园土(CK)5种不同处理对草莓生长及果实品质的影响。结果表明,不同处理均可提前草莓生长物候期。定植28 d,处理ZYF-2草莓株高、茎粗最大,显著高于CK。定植40 d,处理YYT-2、ZYF-2草莓根系活力、叶绿素含量显著大于CK,且草莓成熟期单株产量分别增加了15.76%、17.05%。不同处理对草莓果实品质影响较小,处理ZYF-2草莓可溶性固形物含量最大、糖酸比最高,分别较CK高3.01%、9.10%。处理YYT-2草莓维生素C含量最大,较CK高6.11%。

棉隆熏蒸后添加微生物菌剂对草莓连作土壤中真菌多样性的影响

为研究土壤消毒后添加不同微生物菌剂对草莓连作土壤中真菌多样性的影响,设置棉隆熏蒸后分别施用T1(哈茨木霉+枯草芽孢杆菌+放线菌)、T2(哈茨木霉+枯草芽孢杆菌)、T3(哈茨木霉+放线菌)、T4(CK)、T5(枯草芽孢杆菌)、T6(放线菌)、T7(哈茨木霉)7个处理,采用高通量测序平台(Illumina HiSeq 2500),对土壤真菌群落及组成进行分析。结果表明:施用微生物菌剂可以增加真菌丰度、多样性和种群数量。与CK相比,单独施加菌剂T5、T6、T7均能提高真菌群落物种丰度;而施用混合菌剂T1、T3增加了物种丰度,T2会降低物种丰度。棉隆熏蒸后施用不同微生物菌剂均可增加土壤真菌多样性;与CK相比,除T2处理中真菌种群数量减少,其他微生物菌剂土壤真菌种群数量增加了5.62%~57.54%,各处理从高到低依次为T6、T7、T3、T1、T5、T2;棉隆熏蒸后施用含有枯草芽孢杆菌、放线菌、哈茨木霉微生物菌剂处理,土壤真菌种群数量和恢复速度显著增加,尤其是蜡蚧菌属、枝鼻菌属、酵母属、曲霉属有益菌属种群恢复速度加快。综上,草莓连作土壤经棉隆熏蒸消毒后添加微生物菌剂,对于重建耕作土壤微生物区系平衡和缓解连作障碍是一种科学有效的方法。

不同栽培模式对草莓果实挥发性香气物质的影响

为探明不同栽培模式对草莓果实挥发性香气物质的影响,以红颜(HY)、天使8号(TS8H)为试验材料,设置常规土壤栽培和高架基质栽培2种模式进行栽培试验。果实成熟后,采用搅拌棒吸附萃取(SBSE)结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对草莓果实的香气成分进行测定与分析。结果表明:2个草莓品种中共检测出83种、12大类挥发性香气物质。其中,脂肪酯29种、内酯3种、芳香族酯6种、脂肪醇4种、萜烯醇5种、呋喃酮2种、脂肪酮3种、萜烯酮2种、脂肪酸6种、脂肪醛8种、萜烯6种、其他9种。香气组分中,内酯、萜烯醇、脂肪酯相对含量较高。常规土壤栽培处理红颜果实内酯、萜烯醇、脂肪酯相对含量分别为46.77%、21.46%、16.18%,天使8号分别为44.20%、25.71%、19.77%;高架基质栽培处理红颜果实内酯、萜烯醇、脂肪酯相对含量分别为51.17%、24.21%、13.10%,天使8号分别为43.59%、18.11%、16.54%。不同栽培模式下,同一品种中90%以上挥发性香气物质种类一致,主要挥发性香气物质均为γ-癸内酯、γ-十二内酯、反式橙花叔醇;高架基质栽培方式下红颜果实γ-癸内酯和天使8号果实4-甲氧基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃酮(DMMF)的相对含量明显高于常规土壤栽培。综上,高架基质栽培在维持草莓果实主要挥发性香气物质稳定的同时,还可以提升果实的果香、甜香味。

市售草莓脯的品质差异分析

为了解目前市售草莓脯的品质特点,本文对15个品牌草莓脯产品的色泽、质构及糖酸含量等理化指标分别采用色差计、质构仪和高效液相色谱进行了测定,并采用强度标度法对感官特性进行了评分。结果显示:草莓脯的水分含量为12.49%~23.86%,色度值L^(*)值分布于23.25~34.39,a^(*)值5.17~19.83,b^(*)值5.78~17.04;质构参数中硬度、咀嚼性和粘力差异显著(P<0.05)。草莓脯中可溶性糖主要为果糖、葡萄糖,二者分别为总糖的30.17%~52.43%和28.49%~55.15%,蔗糖和麦芽糖含量略低,不同样品间差别较大,分别为总糖的0.00%~33.00%和0.00%~14.08%。有机酸以柠檬酸和苹果酸为主,分别为7.98~13.05 mg/g和4.48~8.17 mg/g。感官评分结果显示色泽、粘度与整体接受度变幅较大。对草莓脯及品质指标进行双向聚类发现样品聚为2类而品质指标聚为3组。类别I中的草莓脯因具有较高的a^(*)、b^(*)、弹性值与感官色泽、粘度、整体接受度评分而与类别II中的样品区分,说明草莓脯品质差异主要体现为色泽与粘度差异。另外,由指标聚类结果可知,柠檬酸、葡萄糖和果糖含量与咀嚼性相关;麦芽糖、蔗糖、水分含量与粘力相关。研究结果为草莓脯产品的质量评价与品质调控提供方向。

红花草莓新品种红粉伊人的选育

红粉伊人是由沈阳农业大学优系18SF与52SF杂交育成的红花草莓新品种。果实红色,圆锥形或楔形,风味酸甜,有香气,一级序果平均单果质量7.06 g。可溶性固形物含量(w)为11.6%,果实硬度为1.06 kg·cm^(-2)。公主岭地区(东经124°、北纬43°)露地栽培,5月中旬开花,单花花期5~7 d,连续开花能力强,群体花期4个月以上。6月上中旬果实成熟。抗灰霉病和白粉病,高抗叶斑病,适宜露地栽培。红粉伊人花深粉红色,花冠茎3.1 cm,花瓣数5~8枚。适合在吉林省中部、东部及相似生态区露地栽培。

绿肥介导的土壤代谢物-微生物变化缓解草莓自毒并增产提质

为探讨禾本科绿肥对设施大棚草莓产量和品质的影响及机制,于2017—2021年选取玉米、高粱和高丹草绿肥进行还田试验,设置休闲农田-草莓、玉米-草莓、高粱-草莓和高丹草-草莓4个处理,测定草莓盛果期的植株生长及生理指标、果实产量及品质、土壤化学特征、细菌群落结构及代谢组。结果表明,不同绿肥处理均促进后茬草莓生长、产量形成及品质提高。其中,玉米绿肥的效果最为明显,该处理下草莓植株干重、根表面积、根长、根平均直径、根尖数、根系活力和叶片叶绿素含量分别较休闲对照显著增加53.4%、34.4%、40.0%、21.0%、94.7%、36.0%和7.8%。同时,玉米绿肥处理下果实单株产量、总糖含量、维生素C含量和可溶性固形物含量分别显著增加44.6%、13.9%、14.4%和12.8%。此外,玉米绿肥处理下土壤pH、阳离子交换量、有机质含量、碱解氮含量、有效磷含量、速效钾含量、蔗糖酶活性、磷酸酶活性和脲酶活性均显著增加。绿肥介导了草莓根际土壤细菌群落多样性及丰富度增加,有益细菌如黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、贪噬菌属(Variovorax)和鞘氨醇杆菌属(Pedobacter)显著富集。绿肥对有益细菌的招募可能与之介导的土壤中糖类代谢物(如山梨糖、甘露糖和果糖)相对丰度显著增加有关,而脂类代谢物(如棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸)相对丰度的显著降低缓解了草莓自毒作用。因此,禾本科绿肥引起土壤特定代谢物变化通过招募有益菌并缓解自毒作用提高草莓产量和品质,以玉米为主的禾本科绿肥适用于设施大棚草莓生产。