HPV Infection among Uygur Women in a Rural Area of Hetian Prefecture,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China

It is not clear how HPV infection is prevalent among Uygur women in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China and whether the distribution of HPV infection is related with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia （CIN） incidence among them. A study including 883 Uygur women were conducted from 2006 to 2007 in Hetian Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.

Study on Prevention and Treatment of Autophagy and Cervical HPV Infection by Traditional Chinese Medicine Based on Pathogenesis of "Syndrome of Dampness-heat Diffusing Downward"

Autophagy is a self-protection mechanism of the body,and also an important physiological process for cells to maintain internal environment stability.Studies have shown that the degree of autophagy damage is positively correlated with the expression of oncogenes,and the expression of oncogenes is closely related to cervical HPV infection,so the control of autophagy ability can interfere with cervical HPV virus infection.Traditional Chinese medicine believes that dampness-heat evil down,can damage and Chong Ren cell.The author believes that autophagy damage and the theory of dampness-heat injection in cervical HPV infection have similar pathogenic mechanism,and explores the prevention and treatment of autophagy and cervical HPV infection based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine dampness-heat injection,in attempt to provide a new treatment for clinical prevention and treatment.

HPV Related Retroperitoneal Squamous Cell Cancer: A Rare Presentation

Objective: To describe the primary carcinoma of the retroperitoneum that was positive for human papillomavirus (HPV), a surrogate molecular marker for high-risk HPV (p16) and p53. Methods: This is a case report. Results: We report a case of 50-year-old woman with a large retroperitoneal mass (squamous cell carcinoma on histology) that was treated in September of 2014 with radical concurrent chemotherapy with weekly cisplatin and pelvic radiation (4500 cGY) and additional right pelvic boost of 900 cGY. It was assumed she had FIGO stage IIIB local advanced cervical cancer. She initially presented with the right leg swelling, severe pain and difficulty in walking and was treated with antibiotics for presumed cellulitis. Several months later right leg extensive deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was diagnosed and was started on anticoagulation. CT scan and MRI reported a large right-sided retroperitoneal mass occluding the illiac vessels and ureter. The mass had invaded into the adjacent pelvic sidewall, with destruction of the iliacus muscle and underlying iliac wing. MRI showed that the cervix and uterus were both normal. On examination cervix appeared grossly normal and cervical punch biopsy revealed HSIL only. CT-guided biopsy of the mass revealed a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma positive for p16 and p53. Conclusion: Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the retroperitoneum is a real entity that is unknown. It is unclear if primary neoplasia in the cervix was small from which a cell clone arose and migrated to the retroperitoneal space.

Clinical Outcome of Topical Interferon Alpha-2b Cream in Phase II Trial for LSIL/CIN 1 Patients

Objectives: Interferon alpha-2b possesses variable activity against human papillomavirus (HPV) associated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). No topical therapy is currently available for treatment of early stage CIN. We evaluated a new patented drug delivery technology in order to achieve topical efficacy. Methods: Two separate studies were conducted in parallel. IFN002 (treatment group) was an open label study. Twenty patients with Pap IIW, III and IIID (CIN1) were treated with intravaginal application of Interferon alpha-2b cream (5 g, 2 MIU/g) three times a week (alternate days) for 6 weeks with 6 weeks of follow up to determine its effect on cytologic and colposcopic assessment. HPV001 (control group) was a 12 week observational study. Both studies had similar inclusion/exclusion criteria and patient population. Results: In IFN002, 8 of 20 patients (40%) in the ITT population showed resolution of abnormal Pap smear during the 12 weeks following start of treatment (responders). In HPV001, 7 of 21 patients (33.3%) were regressors (p = 0.45, one-sided FET). In the PP population, 7 of 12 (58.3%) patients in IFN002 were regressors com-pared to 7 regressors of 19 patients (36.8%) in HPV001 patients (p = 0.21, one-sided FET). Among patients with Pap IIID, 8 of 14 patients in IFN002 showed resolution of abnormal Pap smear, while 4 of 14 patients resolved in HPV001 (one-sided FET, p = 0.13). Conclusions: Interferon alpha-2b cream (5 g, 2 MIU/g) may be an effective treatment for CIN 1 patients, and future investigation is warranted.

TLR9 Expression and Its Role in Chemosensitivity to DDP in Human Cervical Cancer Cells in vitro

Inflammation and infection play an important role in the pathogenesis of many cancers.Toll-like receptors（TLRs） are a class of pattern recognition receptors that recognize conserved components of microbes and trigger the immune response against invading microorganisms.Toll-like receptor 9（TLR9） recognizes non-methylated cytosine-phosphateguanosine（CpG） DNA sequences which are the surrogate for viral DNA.TLR9 may react to tumor development and progression during chronic inflammation that involves the tumor microenvironment.In order to study the role of TLR9 in cervical cancer,we analyzed the TLR9 expression in different types of HPV infection cervical cancer cells.Then we detected if CpG sequences influenced the TLR9 expression and the sensitivity to cisplatin（DDP） of these cervical cancer cells in vitro.The expression of TLR9 mRNA and protein in SiHa,Hela and C33A cells was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting.Real-time PCR was used to examine the TLR9 expression changes induced by CpG.Chemosensitivity of the cervical cancer cells to cisplatin（DDP） was measured by MTT.It was observed that the expression of TLR9 mRNA and protein was increased gradually in SiHa（HPV16＋）,Hela（HPV18＋） and C33A（HPV-） cells.Low doses of CpG increased the TLR9 expression only in C33A（HPV-） cells,but not in SiHa（HPV16＋） and Hela（HPV18＋） cells.Furthermore,low dose of CpG significantly increased the sensitivity of C33A（HPV-） cells,but not that of SiHa（HPV16＋） and Hela（HPV18＋） cells.These results indicated that TLR9 may serve as a protective agent in HPV negative cervical cancer cells.It was concluded that TLR9 could improve the sensitivity to DDP in HPV negative cervical cancer cells and might represent a potential therapeutic option in clinical practice.

The Economic Burden of Head and Neck Cancers in Denmark

Introduction: The incidence of head and neck cancers has increased markedly over the last decade. A Danish study of the costs of head and neck cancers has not been undertaken. Such studies have again become relevant due to the development of the HPV vaccines, as some cases are attributable to high-risk HPV 16 or 18. The objective of study was to estimate the incidence of head and neck cancers and their health care costs. Methods: Data on incidence and health care use related to head and neck cancer were obtained from Danish health care registers. New cancer patients were identified in the Danish National Cancer Register. Resource use per year in the hospital sector was estimated using data from the National Patient Register applying charges as cost estimates. Health care consumption by cancer patients was compared with that by an age- and sex-matched cohort without cancer. Results: We found that nearly 1000 new cases of oral cavity, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal and laryngeal cancer are diagnosed annually. In total the cost of these cancers to the Danish hospital sector constituted 31.6 million Euros per year, with the majority of costs (74%) occurring in men. The total costs associated with HPV16/18-related head and neck cancers were estimated to be 6.1 million Euros per year. Conclusion: This study provides the first Danish estimates of the costs associated with non-cervical and non-genital HPV-related cancers based on very reliable, individual-based data. It is expected that the current HPV vaccination programme will reduce this burden.