Study on the Knowledge of Mothers or Guardians of Girls Aged 9 - 14 from the Langue de Barbarie in Saint-Louis, Senegal about Cervical Cancer and Its Relationship to HPV Vaccination in 2024

Introduction: The relationship between knowledge of HPV and vaccination has been established. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge of mothers or guardians of girls aged 9 - 14 about cervical cancer and their attitudes to HPV vaccination. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional survey. The sample size was calculated using the Schwartz formula and distributed proportionally to the size of the neighbourhood population. Data was collected between 2nd to 19th January 2024 using anonymous questionnaires configured on tablets with Survey 123 software and analysed using R software. Results: A total of 799 people were interviewed. The average age of the respondents was 35.67 years, with a standard deviation of 7.08 and a range of 17 and 49 years. The information channels for cervical cancer were the media (82.8%), health facilities (47.7%) and community intermediaries (23.3%). Only 53.7% had information about the vaccine and 25.5% about the vaccination strategy. The main reason for accepting the vaccine was awareness of the seriousness of cervical cancer (55.1%). Conclusion: It is essential to take stock of knowledge about cervical cancer and attitudes to vaccination to assess the impact of interventions and redirect strategies to improve vaccination coverage. .

Review of Research on the Prevention of HPV Infection and Cervical Cancer

Worldwide,cervical cancer remains as one of the most common malignancies that threaten women's health.An epidemiological survey has shown that high-risk chronic HPV infection is the leading cause of cervical cancer.Thus,the prevention of HPV infection is the main approach to the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer.Sexual behavior,individual immunity,and age are important cofactors in the promotion of HPV infection.Preventive measures that have been gradually implemented worldwide have significantly decreased the incidence of cervical cancer in recent years.These measures include preventive vaccination against common high-risk HPV and cervical cancer screening,which includes HPV testing.HPV testing in cervical cancer screening has received increased att ention and provides the basis for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer.Given that HPV infection rates significantly vary from region to region,procedures for cervical cancer screening should be improved based on regional differences.

The Expression of CD8+ and MHC-I in Cervical Cancer with HPV Infection

Introduction: The immunity against cervical cancers is many unknown. Major histocompatability complex class I (MHC-I) with the alpha domain has binding site for Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) to target cells. The objective of this experiment is to know the expression of CD8+ and MHC-I in cervical cancer with HPV infection. Method: DNA was isolated from seventeen sample cervical cancer tissues frozen section. Diagnose related with HPV was made by PCR. Paraffin block of the tissues was cut in thoroughly cleaned cryotome and place in glass plate that covered with poly-elysine. The immuno-histochemistry is done with monoclonal antibody again MHC-I and CD8+ with TSA-indirect method. The power of expression was counted the number of positive cells to express the MHC-I and CD8+ every 100 cells per one view look. Result: The Result of this experiment shows that expression of MHC-I and CD8+ in cervical cancer with HPV infection is in mild category (30% - 70%). Conclusion: Immunity against uterine cancer played by MHC-I and CD8+ is in milt category. The experiment that related with uterine cancer immunology is suggested.

Presence of Risk Factors and Co-Factors for Acquiring HPV Infection or Cervical Cancer in Women Living in a Rural Area and an Urban

Objective: Identify the presence of some risk factors and co-factors for acquiring HPV (human papilloma virus) or cervical cancer in women from a rural area and an urban area. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in 2008 in the State of San Luis Potosí, México. Sampling of non-probabilistic convenience was applied. 99 women participated (73 from urban area and 26 rural). Two surveys were used to identify risk factors and socio-demographic data. All women underwent HPV testing;the samples were self-collected and processed by the Hybrid Capture II method?. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. Results: The predominant age range was 37 to 42 years. 38.5% is in a rural community and an urban 37.3%. 72.6% began their sexual life at 19 years or more in urban areas and 57.6% before 18 in rural areas. In relation to the number of sexual partners reported having had only one, 73.1% and 67.1% in rural and urban area respectively. Risk factors that were associated with HPV infection were the beginning of sexual activity at age 18 and under (p = 0.041) and the number of sexual partners (p = 0.001). Conclusions: There are more risk factors in women in urban areas but in rural areas it had the highest percentage of positive cases for infection by high-risk HPV.

Detection of Human Papillomavirus DNA and E6/E7 mRNA from HPV Genotypes 16, 18, 31 and 33 in Histologically Confirmed Cases of Cervical Cancer and Precancerous Lesions in Burkina Faso

Introduction: Cervical cancer, caused by persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, remains a global public health problem. The cellular transformation and maintenance of the malignant phenotype of these HPVs are attributed to the viral oncoproteins E6 and E7. Objective: This study aims to detect the presence of human papillomavirus DNA and E6/E7 oncoprotein mRNA of HPV genotypes 16, 18, 31 and 33 in cases of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions, histologically confirmed in Burkina Faso. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study focused on cases of cervical cancer and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and was conducted from June to December 2022. One hundred (100) samples of fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues were collected from the pathological anatomy and cytology laboratories of hospitals in the capital of Burkina Faso. High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) DNA was detected using multiplex real-time PCR, while the presence of E6 and E7 mRNA in cervical cancer and high-grade CIN samples was determined using real-time Reverse Transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) with TaqMan probes. Results: The mean age of women diagnosed with cervical cancer and high-grade CIN was 50.81 ± 13.65 years, ranging from 22 to 82 years. Cervical cancer and high-grade CIN were positive for at least one high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) in 80% of cases. The most prevalent genotypes observed were HPV16, 18, 31, and 33, collectively accounting for 70.08% of cases. Of the 89 samples that tested positive for HR-HPV genotypes 16, 18, 31, and 33, 88 (98.88%;95% CI: [94.58 - 99.94]) were also positive for the presence of mRNA encoding the E6 and E7 oncoproteins of HPV16, 18, 31, and 33. Conclusion: In the presence of HPV DNA, testing for E6 and E7 oncoprotein mRNA could serve as a promising biomarker and valuable tool for improved assessment of the progression to cervical cancer.

Cervical Cancer Prevention Challenges and Barriers to Cervical Cancer Screening and HPV Vaccinations in Ukraine and Eastern Europe

Objectives: To identify the obstacles and issues that hinder effective cancer prevention efforts in Ukraine. The study aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the barriers to cancer prevention, including both infrastructure and behavioral factors, and identify potential solutions to address these challenges. Study Design: Comprehensive literature review. Methods: The following databases were searched: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and PubMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health). The keywords used in the search included “Cervical Cancer”, “Human Papillomavirus Vaccination (HPV)”, “Ukraine”, “Eastern Europe”, “Healthcare Infrastructure in Disasters”, “Cervical Cancer Prevention”, “Pap Smear”, and “HPV Testing”. Results: A total of 3500 articles were screened. A total of 65 articles met the inclusion criteria. Limited public awareness and limited access to vaccination and screening, combined with inadequate treatment facilities lead to higher rates of cervical cancer. The COVID pandemic, war with Russia, and the Chernobyl disaster are significant factors for the low level of vaccination in Ukraine. Conclusion: The prevention and treatment of cervical cancer in Ukraine face significant challenges due to the inadequate HPV vaccination rates and screening by cytology. Efforts to improve funding and increase education of both the population and health care providers are necessary to increase interventions such as HPV vaccination, cervical cytology, and HPV testing to reduce cervical cancer rates in Ukraine.

Application Analysis of High Risk HPV Detection Combined with Cervical Cytology, Colposcopy and Pathology in Cervical Lesions of Women in Tiandeng County

Purpose: To understand the application of high-risk HPV detection combined with cervical cytology, colposcopy and pathology in cervical lesions of women in Tiandeng County. Method: Women in the outpatient and inpatient departments of our hospital from January 2021 to October 2022 were collected for high-risk HPV testing, TCT, colposcopy and pathological examination according to their personal wishes, to understand the application of relevant examinations in cervical lesions. Result: In 2021, the number of patients was 5801, among whom 1743 patients had received cervical cancer examination in the past, accounting for 30.05% of the total number of patients, and 5795 who had volunteered for TCT examination this time, accounting for 99.90% of the total;A total of 289 cases of atypical squamous cells with unclear significance (ASC-US) were detected, excluding 11 cases of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (ASC-H), 122 cases of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), 16 cases of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), 2 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and 4 cases of atypical adenocyte (AGC);Atypical cervical adenocytosis and cervical carcinoma in situ were not detected. The number of people who volunteered for high-risk HPV testing was 4237, and the number of positive cases was 740, accounting for 17.47% of the screening population;Among 740 HPV-positive patients, 488 high-risk HPV-positive patients were selected for TCT examination, and 87 patients were found to be TCT positive;From 401 high-risk HPV-positive and TCT negative patients, 287 patients with possible lesions were screened out for colposcopy;The results showed that 60 patients may have certain cervical lesions and need further pathological examination and the results showed that 28 patients had CTN1 and 18 patients had CIN2 - 3. In 2022, 8840 patients received medical treatment, among which 3188 patients had received cervical cancer examination in the past, accounting for 36.06% of the total number of patients, and 8314 patients voluntarily underwent TCT examination, accounting for 94.05% of the total number of patients. 434 cases of atypical squamous cells with ambiguous meaning (ASC-US) were detected, excluding 13 cases of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (ASC-H), 217 cases of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), 35 cases of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), 1 case of squamous cell carcinoma, and 4 cases of atypical adenocarcinoma (AGC);Atypical cervical adenocytosis and cervical carcinoma in situ were not detected. The number of volunteers for high-risk HPV testing was 3871 cases, and the number of positive cases was 654 cases, accounting for 16.89% of the screening number. 527 high-risk HPV-positive patients were selected from 654 HPV-positive patients for TCT examination, and the number of TCT-positive patients was found to be 49. From 478 high-risk HPV-positive patients with TCT negative, 276 patients with possible lesions were screened out for colposcopy;The results showed that 66 patients may have certain cervical lesions and need further pathological examination;and then the results showed that 31 cases of CTN1 and 6 cases of CIN2 - 3. Conclusion: Gynecological high-risk HPV examination can provide better etiological sources for cervical cancer screening;Cervical cytology examination has high sensitivity;Colposcopy examination has high specificity;Pathological examination can be used as an effective supplement for cervical cytology examination and colposcopy;So high-risk HPV combined with cytology examination, colposcopy examination and pathological examination has high clinical application value;It is worth popularizing and applying.

The Changes in the Awareness of Cervical Cancer Prevention and the Acceptability of HPV Vaccines among Women after Their Introduction in China

Cervical cancer is a form of malignant tumor that seriously threatens women’s health. In China,according to the cancer statistics, 98,900 new cervical cancer cases and 30,500 deaths due to cervical cancer were estimated to have occurred in2015, and the incidence and mortality rates still exhibited an upward trend[1].

Correlation of HPV infection with TLRs pathway activation and downstream gene expression in cervical precancerous lesions

Objective: To study the correlation of HPV infection with TLRs pathway activation and downstream gene expression in cervical precancerous lesions. Methods: Cervical precancerous lesion tissues from surgical resection or cone biopsy in Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University between June 2014 and May 2017 were collected and divided into HR-HPV positive group and HR-HPV negative group according to the condition of high-risk HPV infection;normal cervical tissues surgically removed due to fibroid in Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University during the same period were collected as the control group. The contents of TLRs pathway molecules as well as the expression of apoptosis-related genes and invasion-related genes in the cervical precancerous lesion tissues and normal cervical tissues were determined. Results:TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR9 and NF-κB contents as well as CyclinD1, PCNA, iNOS, Gal-9, N-cadherin, HIF-1α and VEGF mRNA expression in HR-HPV positive group and HR-HPV negative group were significantly higher than those in control group whereas p53, Beclin1, LC3-II and SFRP2 mRNA expression were significantly lower than those in control group, and TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR9 and NF-κB contents as well as CyclinD1, PCNA, iNOS, Gal-9, N-cadherin, HIF-1α and VEGF mRNA expression in HR-HPV positive group were significantly higher than those in HR-HPV negative group whereas p53, Beclin1, LC3-II and SFRP2 mRNA expression were significantly lower than those in HR-HPV negative group. Conclusion: HPV infection in cervical precancerous lesions can regulate downstream apoptosis and invasion gene expression by activating multiple TLRs pathways.

Evaluation of HPV Molecular Tests in Primary Screening for Cervical Cancer in Brazil

Background: Incorporation of HPV tests into cervical cancer screening programs may be advantageous over conventional cytology, especially in developing nations, where the largest burden of cervical cancer is observed. Objectives: To conduct an evaluation of commercially available molecular HPV tests in Brazilian women. Study design: Two groups were recruited: group A was composed of 511 women referred to the clinics because of a previous abnormal Pap test while group B consisted of 2464 subjects under routine screening. Cervical samples were collected using SurePath liquid cytology (LBC) device, and split into aliquots which were submitted to molecular testing by Hybrid Capture and cobas HPV. Colposcopy and biopsies were made according to the standard guidelines, directed by cytological diagnosis. Results: Prevalence of HSIL was 5.97% and 0.7% in Group A and B respectively. High-Risk HPV DNA was found in about 9% of group B women, while in group A this frequency was 24%. Having CIN3+ as the study end-point, the negative predictive values for molecular methods were above 99.8%. All “in-situ” and invasive cervical carcinomas were detected by both HPV nucleic acid assays. Conclusion: Use of HPV DNA testing was feasible and highly sensitive in cancer screening settings of Brazil.

Study on Prevention and Treatment of Autophagy and Cervical HPV Infection by Traditional Chinese Medicine Based on Pathogenesis of "Syndrome of Dampness-heat Diffusing Downward"

Autophagy is a self-protection mechanism of the body,and also an important physiological process for cells to maintain internal environment stability.Studies have shown that the degree of autophagy damage is positively correlated with the expression of oncogenes,and the expression of oncogenes is closely related to cervical HPV infection,so the control of autophagy ability can interfere with cervical HPV virus infection.Traditional Chinese medicine believes that dampness-heat evil down,can damage and Chong Ren cell.The author believes that autophagy damage and the theory of dampness-heat injection in cervical HPV infection have similar pathogenic mechanism,and explores the prevention and treatment of autophagy and cervical HPV infection based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine dampness-heat injection,in attempt to provide a new treatment for clinical prevention and treatment.

Cervical Infection of Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus(HPV) Types in Beijing,China

Objective This study was designed to determine the prevalence of oncogenic human papillomavirus（HPV） in cervical infections in Beijing,China,and to investigate the odds ratio（OR） of HPV single and multiple infections in abnormal cytology.Methods A total of 19,018 specimens from outpatients in the department of obstetric and gynecology were collected.They were detected using high-risk HPV genotyping real-time polymerase chain reaction（PCR） kit and analyzed by ThinP rep cytology test for cervical pathological diagnosis.HPV prevalence,age-specific prevalence,and OR of each type of HPV in abnormal cytology were analyzed.Results Overall,19.1%（3,623/19,018） of the individuals were positive for HPV infection,14.9%（2,833/19,018） were positive for a single HPV type,and 4.2%（790/19,018） were positive for multiple types.Among the 3,623 HPV-positive individuals,the most predominant HPV types were HPV52（4.4%,834/19,018）,HPV16（3.7%,710/19,018）,and HPV58（3.4%,644/19,018）.The OR of multiple infections and single infection differed significantly among disease severities.The OR of dual infection was higher than that of each of the two single infection types,respectively.Conclusion HPV prevalence in the outpatients was 19.1%,and the most predominant HPV types in the study were HPV52,HPV16,and HPV58.Women with multiple infectionswere more likely to have abnormal cytology.

TLR4 May Accelerate Hypoxia Reaction to Promote the Occurrence and Progress of Cervical Lesions by Infected Pathogenic Microorganisms Other than HPV

Objective: To explore what role the inflammatory immune response is playing in the occurrence and development of HPV related cervical disease. Methods: To detect the expression of TLR4, HIF-1α and HPV16 E7 in the specimens of HPV related cervical lesions, for example normal cervix, cervicitis, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer by RT PCR methods. Results: The expression of TLR4 and HIF-1α ascent from normal cervix to cervicitis, then to CIN tissue, and then to cervical cancer (P 0.05). The expression of HPV16 E7 was higher in cervicitis than that in normal cervix (P 0.05) while there was no significant ascendance from cervicitis to CIN tissue, either from CIN tissue to cervical cancer although it seemed ascending (P > 0.05). Conclusion: TLR4 may promote the occurrence and progress of cervical lesions by accelerating the hypoxia reaction. And the natural immune reaction mediated by TLR4 may be correlated to other pathogenic microorganisms infecting the cervical tissue, rather than HPV.

Relationship between the high-risk HPV infection and the expression of oncogenes, anti-oncogenes in cervical dysplasia

Objective:To study the relationship between the infection of high-risk HPV in cervical precancerous lesion and the expression of oncogene, anti-oncogene.Methods:218 cases ofcervical intraepithelial neoplasia patients in our hospital during May 2014–May 2016 were chosed and divided into high-risk HPV group (n=107), low-risk HPV group (n=111) according to cervical tissue HPV test;another 100 cases of patients received cervical biopsy and confirmed as benign lesions were enrolled in the control group. RT-PCR method was used to detect the mRNA expression of proto-oncogene and anti-oncogene in three groups, Western-blot method was used to detect the protein expression of Sox-2 and Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway.Results: mRNA expression of oncogene DEK, Bmi-1, c-fos, K-ras, Prdx4 in high-risk HPV group were higher than low-risk HPV group and control group (P<0.05);mRNA expression of anti-oncogene P27, P16, DAPK, PTEN, eIF4E3 in high-risk HPV group were lower than low-risk HPV group and control group (P<0.05);expression of Sox-2 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway protein Sox-2,β-catenin, wnt-1, wnt-3a in high-risk HPV group were higher than low-risk HPV group and control group (P<0.05).Conclusions:High-risk HPV infection can increase the expression of oncogenes and reduce the expression of anti-oncogenes in cervical dysplasia tissues on Sox-2- and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway manners.

Efficacy evaluation of a test CINtec®p16INK4a in screening for cervical HPV infection

We submitted 437 patients with cytological alterations that suggest viral infections to HPV test. 154 patients (35.24%) resulted positive for HPV;among these, 128 (83.11%) with a low degree of infectivity, 19 (12.33%), with an average degree of infectivity and 7 (4.54%) with a high degree of infectivity).

DETECTION OF HPV 16 E_6G ENE IN CERVICAL CANCER TISSUE

In this study 82 bioely tissues of cervical cancer were examined for the Presence of HPV16 E6 gene by PCR.the Positive rate was 73.2%(60/82).The HPV 16 E6 DNA amplified by PCR waslabeled and used as probe to detect HPV E6 gene in the sam.specimens by dot-blot bybridization,thepositive rate was 54.9(45/82).Our rescults showed that the peltive rate of detectiod of HPV 16 E6gene was high in cervical cancer tissue of the Chinese women and cofirmed the close association ofHPV 16 E6 gene with development of cervical cancer.

HPV16 E6 gene mutation promotes the proliferation of cervical cancer cells by regulating the expression of BDNF/TrKB

Objective:Study on the mechanism of HPV16 E6 gene mutation promoting the proliferation of cervical cancer cells by influencing the expression of BDNF/TrkB.Methods:The expression levels of HPV16 E6 T350G,BDNF,TrkB and p53 mRNA in cervical cancer tissue samples and CINII cervical tissues were detected by Real-time PCR.HPV16 E6 T350G lentivirus(pLV5-HPV16 E6 T350G)and empty vector(pLV5-vector)were designed and constructed,and transfected with HCerEpiC cells,the expression levels of HPV16 E6 T350G,BDNF,TrKB and p53 mRNA were detected by Real-time PCR,and the expression levels of BDNF,TrKB,PI3K,pPI3K,AKT and pAKT protein were detected by western blot;cell proliferation was detected by MTT experiments.Results:Compared with cinii cervical tissue,HPV16 E6 T350G,BDNF and TrkB mRNA expression levels were all positive,while p53 mRNA expression was negative.After overexpression of HPV16 E6 T350G in HCerEpiC cells,it can up-regulate the expression levels of BDNF and TrKB protein and mRNA,and activate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway which is the downstream of BDNF/TrKB,and reduce p53 protein expression levels;HPV16 E6 T350G overexpression can enhance the proliferation capacity of HCerEpiC cells.Conclusion:Overexpression of HPV16 E6 T350G can promote the proliferation of cervical cancer cells,which may be related to the upregulation of BDNF/TrKB expression,the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway,and the decrease of p53 expression.

Research Progress of HPV L1 Capsid Protein in Prediction of Cervical Lesions

Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignant gynecological tumors and has the second highest incidence of all malignancies in females.Chronic and persistent infection with High Risk Human Papillomavirus(HR-HPV)is the main cause of cervical cancer.There is a distinct lack of methodology by which to determine whether cervical epithelial dysplasia is cancerous following HPV infection.HPV L1 capsid protein is a major structural protein of human papillomavirus(HPV),and it is the main target of the local cellular immune response aiming to combat human papillomavirus after HPV infection within cervical cells.Greater understanding of HPV L1 capsid protein and its association with cervical cytology,histopathology,patient age and human papillomavirus viral load has the potential to contribute toward improved the diagnosis and management of cervical cancer,providing useful information for gynecological clinicians in the hope of improving patient treatment and quality of life.This article reviews the predictive utility of HPV L1 capsid protein for cervical lesions.

Health promotion and education proposal among Chinese female college students:eliminating cervical cancer is no longer a dream

Cervical cancer is a serious threat to women’s health.Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus(HPV)infection is a necessary factor for cervical cancer development and has become a serious public health threat to women.At present,young women have become a high-risk group for potential HPV infection.HPV vaccination is an effective method to prevent HPV infection and related diseases and is a primary preventive measure for HPV infection-related diseases.This study explores the influencing factors of female college students’willingness to receive HPV vaccination,their ability to understand college students’HPV awareness,their motivation for HPV vaccination,their behavioral skills related to HPV vaccination,their willingness to receive HPV vaccination and their vaccination rate.The aim of this study was to increase the HPV vaccination rate of Chinese female college students through health education programs and thus reduce the incidence of cervical cancer.