Humanism:人文主义还是人道主义

人文主义、人道主义等概念是目前中国学术界较为火热的概念。人文主义的基本内涵偏重于人文理性与人文教化。人道主义的内涵则突出体现于人的生存。人们常常用其中的一个指代西方的Humanism。在西方近代思想史上,Humanism最初的内涵与人文修养相关。但是后来逐渐演化为尊重人、突出人的地位与作用的思潮。它具体体现在三个阶段,即尊重人的情欲的文艺复兴时期、尊重人的理智或理性的早期启蒙运动时期,以及尊重人的意志的晚期启蒙运动时期及其之后的若干种思潮。重人而轻神是西方Humanism的基本视域,它与汉语的人道主义较为接近。

Humanism—the Awakening of Female

Before the Renaissance, women were always in the role of being oppressed and exploited, as a result, religion and litera-ture often focused on human weakness. On the contrary, the humanist movement focused more on human morality and wisdom. In The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare placed an ideal of new humanist woman—Portia, who became a towering character in Shake-speare's works. From her, the spirit of pursuing love and human right can be revealed completely, influencing the development of humanism profoundly.

The Conflict Between Humanism&Feudalism in A Midsummer Night's Dream

Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream is a play of love that reflects the sharp conflict between humanism and feudalism in the sixteenth century English society, which finds expression in the dispute between Hermia and her father Egeus on her marriage and Hermia's bold rebellion against the feudalistic parental tyranny. The final success of the lovers in their struggle for the freedom to decide their marriage not only embodies Shakespeare's humanist ideal but also reflects his firm belief that humanism would inevitably triumph over feudalism.

Humanism汉译名探析

面对Humanism一词的三个汉译名被广泛误用的现实 ,本文从探究该词的多重词义下手 ,着力分析了各个汉译名的使用 ,指出人文主义主要适用于文艺复兴时期的文化思潮 ,人道主义主要适用于伦理学领域 。

Study on New Socialist Countryside Construction from the Perspective of Humanism

On the basis of research data of many scholars,we analyzed implication of new countryside and the construction of new socialist countryside.The new socialist countryside construction is a systematic project,involving rural political,economic,cultural,scientific and technological,sanitation,social security,ecological environment,and people's livelihood.We discussed successful experience of new socialist countryside construction,and presented relevant construction models,namely different models of eastern developed regions and central and western less developed regions.Finally,we put forward countermeasures for new socialist countryside construction,including ensuring implementation of planning for new socialist countryside construction and improving livelihood of rural people and supply of public goods.

Hawthorne’s Humanism in The Scarlet Letter

The Scarlet Letter is a novel written by the American romantic writer Nathaniel Hawthorne in the 19th century.It is not only the American romantic fiction masterpiece,but also known as the American psychological analysis novel set article.And this paper aims at deploring Hawthorne’s humanism by analyzing the paradox of good and evil among the three main characters,Hester,Dimmesdale,and Chillingworth,which reveals in his praise for human dignity,his sympathy for the pressed,and his yearning for a more understanding society.

Alienation and Existential Predicaments of Clones:Interpreting Never Let Me Go in the Context of Posthumanism

The literary background of Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel Never Let Me Go sets in a highly developed scientific and technological world where clones are created by human and“educated”in the Hailsham School for the sake of“donating”their vital organs to human three or four times before death.By depicting miserable fate of clones,the novel conveys deep concerns on the consequences of abusing technology in modern society.Ever since the burgeoning development of life science and artificial intelligence in the 1990s,the trend of posthumanism/transhumanism has emerged.Posthumanism promotes approaches to enhancing human body condition and organism,and extending human lifespan to augment human capacity and well-being by the advancement of technology.In literary field,contemplation on the relationship between human beings and technology has become a major concern of posthumanism.Putting Never Let Me Go in the context of posthumanism,this essay probes into the significant themes of the novel from three aspects:(1)clones’torments in the existential predicaments imposed by human;(2)human’s violation to the principles of bioethics causing the existential predicaments of alienated clones;(3)appealing to human to ruminate on the relationship between scientific technology and ethics.

English Education Should Focus on the Integration of Humanism

People in educational circles believe that humanism has an incomparable role and status in education and its ideology has a certain positive effect both in past education and in contemporary education. Moreover, the core of people-oriented thinking in humanism can be integrated with the quality education thought advocated by contemporary China. Therefore, in this context, the paper analyzes English education should focus on the integration of humanism. Firstly, the paper gives a brief overview of the meaning of humanism, and then summarizes the role of humanism in the full integration of English education. Finally, it analyzes in detail how to effectively integrate humanism into English education. The purpose of this study is mainly to improve the current level of English education, and to train comprehensive quality talents for the country.

Humanism in War——Analysis on Pearl S. Buck's War Outlook in Dragon Seed

Pearl S. Buck is a controversial American writer. Dragon Seed is one of her war novels and arouses some readers' misunderstanding because of the vivid description of human loss. This research will focus on the analysis of the characters' personality change before and during the enemies' invasion. And then explore Pearl S. Buck's real attitude towards Chinese Anti-Japanese War and her buried war outlook.

A Study on Renaissance Humanism’s Positive Ifluences on European Politics

"Renaissance Humanism"is a very important philosophical and cultural movement in the history of the Middle Ages in Europe.This thesis tries to discuss the positive influences of Renaissance human- ism on European politics.

Humanism in William Shakespeare’s Works

As an extraordinarily brilliant poet and playwright during the Renaissance,William Shakespeare’s works are greatly influenced by the humanism.Humanism is people-oriented,showing huge respect and care for human beings,starting to recognize human’s creativity,affirming human beings’value,opposing asceticism but pursuing happiness.All of these are shown perfectly in Shakespeare’s works.His creativity and imagination not only shows the basic meaning of humanism vividly but also makes it more charming and popular.This essay will analyze humanism in Shakespeare’s representative poems and plays.

On Humanism in Philip Sidney's An Apology for Poetry

Philip Sidney's An Apology for Poetry was written in the Renaissance,which is a transitional period in the poetics theory.It is an article that carries the ancient Greek and Rome literature and art theory,and carves the new way for the Romanticism.Therefore,Philip Sidney's An Apology for Poetry has significant meanings in the history of western literary theory and criticism.Humanism is a powerful weapon to fight against religious theology,to liberate people's thoughts and to promote the development of literature during the Renaissance period.The spirit embodies in the literature works of scholars and"writers.This thesis mainly analyzes the humanism spirit from three perspectives;the essence of poetry,the social function of poetry and the English poetry rhyme in Philip Sidney's An Apology for Poetry.

Human Intelligence,Human Nature and Humanism:Approaches &Strategic Implications of Engels' Three Major Human Thoughts

Based on the study of Engels' thought of Marxist humanism and combined with the current academic discussions on Marx's"all-round person","whole person"and"free person"and other related discussions,this paper, from the perspectives of human educational knowledge,human fraternity and human realization,aims to establish Engels' path of"trinity"in the humanistic construction of"human intelligence,human nature and humanism."

The Rise of Posthumanism:Challenge to and Prospect for Mankind

Posthumanism has in the past few years been one of the most cutting-edge theoretical topics increasingly attracting the critical attention of scholars of both humanities and social sciences.The author holds that the rise of"posthumanism”in the West during the past decades indicates that in the present era,man,like those living animals and plants on the earth,is nothing but one of the species in nature,whose existence and development to a large extent depend on natural law.It is true that posthumanism came after the crisis of humanism,but it has continuity with and transcends over the latter.It informs us that over-evaluating the role of man is by no means adequate,for man has entered into a"posthuman"stage,in which man is no longer viewed as the only species that has rational thought,nor is he the head of all the species on the earth.But man can create various wonders,some of which are even beyond man's control.Although the rise of posthumanism has raised a severe challenge and even threat to traditional humanism and human existence,the author still hopefully finds some prospects for mankind,especially in current China where a sort of ecocivilization should be built up and digital humanities may well bridge up the gap between science and humanities.

Combing and Discussion of Modern Urban Planning Ideas

Since the emergence of utopian socialism and other modern urban planning ideas,as well as the proposing of“garden cities”by Howard,modern urban planning theory has experienced a variety of planning ideas,and these ideas play a great role in guiding urban construction and planning.In this century,cities have ushered in many industrial revolutions,and urban life,economy,and ecology have changed greatly.Planning scholars in various countries are actively looking for“medicine”to save cities in the“sick”.In this paper,modern urban planning ideas were sorted out,and how to learn from the current territorial spatial planning that is being compiled around the country was thought about.

基于GRU-DRSN的双通道人体活动识别

人体活动识别(human activity recognizition, HAR)在医疗、军工、智能家居等领域有很大的应用空间。传统机器学习方法特征提取难度较大且精度不高。针对上述问题并结合传感器时序特性,提出了一种融合CBAM(convolutional block attention module)注意力机制的GRU-DRSN双通道并行模型,有效避免了传统串行模型因网络深度加深引起梯度爆炸和消失问题。同时并行结构使得两条支路具有相同的优先级,使用深度残差收缩网络(deep residual shrinkage network, DRSN)提取数据的深层空间特征,同时使用门控循环结构(gated recurrent unit, GRU)学习活动样本在时间序列上的特征,同时进行提取样本不同维度的特征,并通过CBAM模块进行特征的权重分配,最后通过Softmax层进行识别,实现了端对端的人体活动识别。使用公开数据集(wireless sensor data mining, WISDM)进行验证,模型平均精度达到了97.6%,与传统机器学习模型和前人所提神经网络模型相比,有更好的识别效果。

BMPRⅡ^(+)neural precursor cells isolated and characterized from organotypic neurospheres:an in vitro model of human fetal spinal cord development

Roof plate secretion of bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs)directs the cellular fate of sensory neurons during spinal cord development,including the formation of the ascending sensory columns,though their biology is not well understood.Type-ⅡBMP receptor(BMPRⅡ),the cognate receptor,is expressed by neural precursor cells during embryogenesis;however,an in vitro method of enriching BMPRⅡ^(+)human neural precursor cells(hNPCs)from the fetal spinal cord is absent.Immunofluorescence was undertaken on intact second-trimester human fetal spinal cord using antibodies to BMPRⅡand leukemia inhibitory factor(LIF).Regions of highest BMPRⅡ^(+)immunofluorescence localized to sensory columns.Parenchymal and meningeal-associated BMPRⅡ^(+)vascular cells were identified in both intact fetal spinal cord and cortex by co-positivity with vascular lineage markers,CD34/CD39.LIF immunostaining identified a population of somas concentrated in dorsal and ventral horn interneurons,mirroring the expression of LIF receptor/CD118.A combination of LIF supplementation and high-density culture maintained culture growth beyond 10 passages,while synergistically increasing the proportion of neurospheres with a stratified,cytoarchitecture.These neurospheres were characterized by BMPRⅡ^(+)/MAP2ab^(+/–)/βⅢ-tubulin^(+)/nestin^(–)/vimentin^(–)/GFAP^(–)/NeuN^(–)surface hNPCs surrounding a heterogeneous core ofβⅢ-tubulin^(+)/nestin^(+)/vimentin^(+)/GFAP^(+)/MAP2ab^(–)/NeuN^(–)multipotent precursors.Dissociated cultures from tripotential neurospheres contained neuronal(βⅢ-tubulin^(+)),astrocytic(GFAP+),and oligodendrocytic(O4+)lineage cells.Fluorescence-activated cell sorting-sorted BMPRⅡ^(+)hNPCs were MAP2ab^(+/–)/βⅢ-tubulin^(+)/GFAP^(–)/O4^(–)in culture.This is the first isolation of BMPRⅡ^(+)hNPCs identified and characterized in human fetal spinal cords.Our data show that LIF combines synergistically with high-density reaggregate cultures to support the organotypic reorganization of neurospheres,characterized by surface BMPRⅡ^(+)hNPCs.Our study has provided a new methodology for an in vitro model capable of amplifying human fetal spinal cord cell numbers for>10 passages.Investigations of the role BMPRⅡplays in spinal cord development have primarily relied upon mouse and rat models,with interpolations to human development being derived through inference.Because of significant species differences between murine biology and human,including anatomical dissimilarities in central nervous system(CNS)structure,the findings made in murine models cannot be presumed to apply to human spinal cord development.For these reasons,our human in vitro model offers a novel tool to better understand neurodevelopmental pathways,including BMP signaling,as well as spinal cord injury research and testing drug therapies.

From Digital Human Modeling to Human Digital Twin: Framework and Perspectives in Human Factors

The human digital twin(HDT)emerges as a promising human-centric technology in Industry 5.0,but challenges remain in human modeling and simulation.Digital human modeling(DHM)provides solutions for modeling and simulating human physical and cognitive aspects to support ergonomic analysis.However,it has limitations in real-time data usage,personalized services,and timely interaction.The emerging HDT concept offers new possibilities by integrating multi-source data and artificial intelligence for continuous monitoring and assessment.Hence,this paper reviews the evolution from DHM to HDT and proposes a unified HDT framework from a human factors perspective.The framework comprises the physical twin,the virtual twin,and the linkage between these two.The virtual twin integrates human modeling and AI engines to enable model-data-hybrid-enabled simulation.HDT can potentially upgrade traditional ergonomic methods to intelligent services through real-time analysis,timely feedback,and bidirectional interactions.Finally,the future perspectives of HDT for industrial applications as well as technical and social challenges are discussed.In general,this study outlines a human factors perspective on HDT for the first time,which is useful for cross-disciplinary research and human factors innovation to enhance the development of HDT in industry.

Progress,implications,and challenges in using humanized immune system mice in CAR-T therapy-Application evaluation and improvement

In recent years,humanized immune system(HIS)mice have been gradually used as models for preclinical research in pharmacotherapies and cell therapies with major breakthroughs in tumor and other fields,better mimicking the human immune system and the tumor immune microenvironment,compared to traditional immunodeficient mice.To better promote the application of HIS mice in preclinical research,we se-lectively summarize the current prevalent and breakthrough research and evaluation of chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)-T cells in various antiviral and antitumor treat-ments.By exploring its application in preclinical research,we find that it can better reflect the actual clinical patient condition,with the advantages of providing high-efficiency detection indicators,even for progressive research and development.We believe that it has better clinical patient simulation and promotion for the updated design of CAR-T cell therapy than directly transplanted immunodeficient mice.The characteristics of the main models are proposed to improve the use defects of the existing models by reducing the limitation of antihost reaction,combining multiple models,and unifying sources and organoid substitution.Strategy study of relapse and toxicity after CAR-T treatment also provides more possibilities for application and development.

Integrins and their potential roles in mammalian pregnancy

Integrins are a highly complex family of receptors that, when expressed on the surface of cells, can mediate reciprocal cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix(ECM) interactions leading to assembly of integrin adhesion complexes(IACs) that initiate many signaling functions both at the membrane and deeper within the cytoplasm to coordinate processes including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, survival, differentiation, and metabolism. All metazoan organisms possess integrins, and it is generally agreed that integrins were associated with the evolution of multicellularity, being essential for the association of cells with their neighbors and surroundings, during embryonic development and many aspects of cellular and molecular biology. Integrins have important roles in many aspects of embryonic development, normal physiology, and disease processes with a multitude of functions discovered and elucidated for integrins that directly influence many areas of biology and medicine, including mammalian pregnancy, in particular implantation of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, subsequent placentation and conceptus(embryo/fetus and associated placental membranes) development. This review provides a succinct overview of integrin structure, ligand binding, and signaling followed with a concise overview of embryonic development, implantation, and early placentation in pigs, sheep, humans, and mice as an example for rodents. A brief timeline of the initial localization of integrin subunits to the uterine luminal epithelium(LE) and conceptus trophoblast is then presented, followed by sequential summaries of integrin expression and function during gestation in pigs, sheep, humans, and rodents. As appropriate for this journal, summaries of integrin expression and function during gestation in pigs and sheep are in depth, whereas summaries for humans and rodents are brief. Because similar models to those illustrated in Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are present throughout the scientific literature, the illustrations in this manuscript are drafted as Viking imagery for entertainment purposes.