Measurement analyses and evaluations of sea-level heights using the HY-2A satellite’s radar altimeter

The HY-2A satellite is China’s first independent oceanic dynamic environmental satellite,and has been operating continuously for more than six years.The satellite’s radar altimeter,which is one of the main loads on the satellite,has the ability to realize all-weather and all-day observations of global sea-surface heights,as well as significant wave heights and sea-surface wind speeds.These observed data have been widely used in marine disaster prevention and reduction,along with resource development,maritime security and other fields.In order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the multi-year overall observational performances of the HY-2A satellite’s radar altimeter,all of the observational data of the IGDR product from October 26,2012 to August 27,2017 were selected in this study for a comprehensive evaluation.The height measurement capability of the HY-2A satellite’s radar altimeter was evaluated using self-crossover and Jason-2 crossover methods.The height discrepancies at the self-crossover point of the HY-2A satellite’s ascending and descending orbits were also calculated.It was found that for the HY-2A satellite’s radar altimeter in global waters under the restriction conditions of ascending and descending orbits,the height anomaly differences were within a range of less than 30 cm.The absolute mean error was determined to be 5.81 cm,and the height anomaly standard deviation was 7.76 cm.Under the conditions of the observational areas being limited within a scope of 60°from the Equator,it was determined that the sea-level height anomaly differences were less than 10 cm at the junction of the ascending and descending orbits,the absolute mean error was 3.95 cm.In addition,the sea-level height anomaly standard deviation was observed to be 4.76cm.Using a mutual cross method with the Jason-2 satellite,it was found that under the conditions of the observational area being within the scope of 66°from the equator,the height anomaly differences at the junction were less than 30cm,and the absolute mean error of HY-2A and Jason-2 sea level height anomaly was 5.86 cm,with a standard deviation of 7.52 cm.It was observed that,if within the sea area the sea level height anomaly difference was limited to within 10cm,then the absolute mean error and standard deviation could reach 4.19cm and 4.98cm,respectively.It was confirmed that the HY-2A satellite’s radar altimeter had successfully reached the height measurement level of similar international altimeters.Therefore,it had the ability to meet the needs of marine scientific research and ocean circulation inversions.

Calibration of HY-2A satellite significant wave heights with in situ observation

Significant wave height（SWH） can be computed from the returning waveform of radar altimeter, this parameter is only raw estimates if it does not calibrate. But accurate calibration is important for all applications, especially for climate studies. HY-2a altimeter has been operational since April 2012 and its products are available to the scientific community. In this work, SWH data from HY-2A altimeters are calibrated against in situ buoy data from the National Data Buoy Center（NDBC）, Distinguished from previous calibration studies which generally regarded buoy data as ＂truth＂, the work of calibration for HY-2A altimeter wave data against in situ buoys was applied a more sophisticated statistical technique-the total least squares（TLS） method which can take into account errors in both variables. We present calibration results for HY-2A radar altimeter measurement of wave height against NDBC buoys. In addition, cross-calibration for HY-2A and Jason-2 wave data are talked over and the result is given.

Retrieval of Antarctic sea ice freeboard and thickness from HY-2B satellite altimeter data

Antarctic sea ice is an important part of the Earth’s atmospheric system,and satellite remote sensing is an important technology for observing Antarctic sea ice.Whether Chinese Haiyang-2B(HY-2B)satellite altimeter data could be used to estimate sea ice freeboard and provide alternative Antarctic sea ice thickness information with a high precision and long time series,as other radar altimetry satellites can,needs further investigation.This paper proposed an algorithm to discriminate leads and then retrieve sea ice freeboard and thickness from HY-2B radar altimeter data.We first collected the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ice surface temperature(IST)product from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to extract leads from the Antarctic waters and verified their accuracy through Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar images.Second,a surface classification decision tree was generated for HY-2B satellite altimeter measurements of the Antarctic waters to extract leads and calculate local sea surface heights.We then estimated the Antarctic sea ice freeboard and thickness based on local sea surface heights and the static equilibrium equation.Finally,the retrieved HY-2B Antarctic sea ice thickness was compared with the CryoSat-2 sea ice thickness and the Antarctic Sea Ice Processes and Climate(ASPeCt)ship-based observed sea ice thickness.The results indicate that our classification decision tree constructed for HY-2B satellite altimeter measurements was reasonable,and the root mean square error of the obtained sea ice thickness compared to the ship measurements was 0.62 m.The proposed sea ice thickness algorithm for the HY-2B radar satellite fills a gap in this application domain for the HY-series satellites and can be a complement to existing Antarctic sea ice thickness products;this algorithm could provide long-time-series and large-scale sea ice thickness data that contribute to research on global climate change.

Assimilation of Ocean Surface Wind Data by the HY-2B Satellite in GRAPES: Impacts on Analyses and Forecasts

The ocean surface wind(OSW)data retrieved from microwave scatterometers have high spatial accuracy and represent the only wind data assimilated by global numerical models on the ocean surface,thus playing an important role in improving the forecast skills of global medium-range weather prediction models.To improve the forecast skills of the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System Global Forecast System(GRAPES_GFS),the HY-2B OSW data is assimilated into the GRAPES_GFS four-dimensional variational assimilation(4DVAR)system.Then,the impacts of the HY-2B OSW data assimilation on the analyses and forecasts of GRAPES_GFS are analyzed based on one-month assimilation cycle experiments.The results show that after assimilating the HY-2B OSW data,the analysis errors of the wind fields in the lower-middle troposphere(1000-600 hPa)of the tropics and the southern hemisphere(SH)are significantly reduced by an average rate of about 5%.The impacts of the HY-2B OSW data assimilation on the analysis fields of wind,geopotential height,and temperature are not solely limited to the boundary layer but also extend throughout the entire troposphere after about two days of cycling assimilation.Furthermore,assimilating the HY-2B OSW data can significantly improve the forecast skill of wind,geopotential height,and temperature in the troposphere of the tropics and SH.

HY-2C卫星散射计海面风场产品的检验评估

基于中国近海浮标的逐小时海面风矢量实测数据、ASCAT散射计风场数据以及欧洲中期天气预报中心的第五代全球再分析数据(ERA5)的逐小时风场数据,使用统计分析方法对HY-2C卫星散射计海面风场数据产品进行检验评估,检验使用的是2~24 m/s风速区间内的数据。结果表明:使用11个浮标共计3351个样本数据作为真值进行检验,风速和风向的均方根误差分别为1.01 m/s和20.7°;使用8304963个ASCAT样本数据进行检验,风速和风向的均方根误差分别为0.66 m/s和11.5°;使用ERA5风场数据进行全球区域检验,风速和风向的均方根误差分别为1.05 m/s和12.0°;使用ERA5风场数据进行西北太平洋区域检验,风速和风向的均方根误差分别为1.19 m/s和15.5°。由此可见,HY-2C卫星散射计海面风场产品质量的可信度较高,能够较好地满足业务化应用的精度要求。

Comparative investigation of microstructure and high-temperature oxidation resistance of high-velocity oxy-fuel sprayed CoNiCrAlY/nano-Al_(2)O_(3) composite coatings using satellited powders

Satellited CoNiCrAlY–Al_(2)O_(3)feedstocks with 2wt%, 4wt%, and 6wt% oxide nanoparticles and pure CoNiCrAlY powder were deposited by the high-velocity oxy fuel process on an Inconel738 superalloy substrate. The oxidation test was performed at 1050℃ for 5, 50, 100,150, 200, and 400 h. The microstructure and phase composition of powders and coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The bonding strength of the coatings was also evaluated. The results proved that with the increase in the percentage of nanoparticles(from 2wt% to 6wt%), the amount of porosity(from 1vol% to 4.7vol%), unmelted particles, and roughness of the coatings(from 4.8 to 8.8 μm) increased, and the bonding strength decreased from 71 to 48 MPa. The thicknesses of the thermally grown oxide layer of pure and composite coatings(2wt%, 4wt%, and 6wt%) after 400 h oxidation were measured as 6.5, 5.5, 7.6, and 8.1 μm, respectively.The CoNiCrAlY–2wt% Al_(2)O_(3)coating showed the highest oxidation resistance due to the diffusion barrier effect of well-dispersed nanoparticles. The CoNiCrAlY–6wt% Al_(2)O_(3)coating had the lowest oxidation resistance due to its rough surface morphology and porous microstructure.

Validation of Chinese HY-2 satellite radar altimeter significant wave height

Chinese Haiyang-2（HY-2） satellite is the first Chinese marine dynamic environment satellite. The dual-frequency （Ku and C band） radar altimeter onboard HY-2 has been working effective to provide operational significant wave height （SWH） for more than three years （October 1, 2011 to present）.We validated along-track Ku-band SWH data of HY-2 satellite against National Data Buoy Center （NDBC） in-situ measurements over a time period of three years from October 1, 2011 to September 30, 2014, the root mean square error （RMSE） and mean bias of HY-2 SWH is 0.38 m and （-0.13±0.35） m, respectively. We also did cross validation against Jason-2 altimeter SWH data, the RMSE and the mean bias is 0.36m and （-0.22±0.28） m, respectively. In order to compare the statistical results between HY-2 and Jason-2 satellite SWH data, we validated the Jason-2 satellite radar altimeter along-track Ku-band SWH data against NDBC measurements using the same method. The results demonstrate the validation method in this study is scientific and the RMSE and mean bias of Jason-2 SWH data is 0.26 m and （0.00±0.26） m, respectively. We also validated both HY-2 and Jason-2 SWH data every month, the mean bias of Jason-2 SWH data almost equaled to zero all the time, while the mean bias of HY-2 SWH data was no less than -0.31m before April 2013 and dropped to zero after that time. These results indicate that the statistical results for HY-2 altimeter SWH are reliable and HY-2 altimeter along-track SWH data were steady and of high quality in the last three years. The results also indicate that HY-2 SWH data have greatly been improved and have the same accuracy with Jason-2 SWH data after April, 2013. SWH data provided by HY-2 satellite radar altimeter are useful and acceptable for ocean operational applications.

Assessment of the initial sea surface temperature product of the scanning microwave radiometer aboard on HY-2 satellite

HY-2 satellite is the first satellite for dynamic environmental parameters measurement of China,which was launched on 16th August 2011.A scanning microwave radiometer（RM） is carried for sea surface temperature（SST）,sea surface wind speed,columnar water vapor and columnar cloud liquid water detection.In this paper,the initial SST product of RM was validated with in-situ data of National Data of Buoy Center（NDBC） mooring and Argo buoy.The validation results indicate the accuracy of RM SST is better than 1.7 C.The comparison of RM SST and WindSat SST shows the former is warmer than the latter at high sea surface wind speed and the difference between these SSTs is depend on the sea surface wind speed.Then,the relationship between the errors of RM SST and sea surface wind speed was analyzed using NDBC mooring measurements.Based on the results of assessment and errors analysis,the suggestions of taking account of the affection of sea surface wind speed and using sea surface wind speed and direction derived from the microwave scatteromter aboard on HY-2 for SST product calibration were given for retrieval algorithm improvement.

An assessment of arctic sea ice concentration retrieval based on “HY-2” scanning radiometer data using field observations during CHINARE-2012 and other satellite instruments

A retrieval algorithm of arctic sea ice concentration （SIC） based on the brightness temperature data of “HY-2” scanning microwave radiometer has been constructed. The tie points of the brightness temperature were selected based on the statistical analysis of a polarization gradient ratio and a spectral gradient ratio over open water （OW）, first-year ice （FYI）, and multiyear ice （MYI） in arctic. The thresholds from two weather filters were used to reduce atmospheric effects over the open ocean. SIC retrievals from the “HY-2” radiom-eter data for idealized OW, FYI, and MYI agreed well with theoretical values. The 2012 annual SIC was calcu-lated and compared with two reference operational products from the National Snow and Ice Data Center （NSIDC） and the University of Bremen. The total ice-covered area yielded by the “HY-2” SIC was consistent with the results from the reference products. The assessment of SIC with the aerial photography from the fifth Chinese national arctic research expedition （CHINARE） and six synthetic aperture radar （SAR） images from the National Ice Service was carried out. The “HY-2” SIC product was 16% higher than the values de-rived from the aerial photography in the central arctic. The root-mean-square （RMS） values of SIC between “HY-2” and SAR were comparable with those between the reference products and SAR, varying from 8.57% to 12.34%. The “HY-2” SIC is a promising product that can be used for operational services.

China Launches HY-2B Satellite Atop a LM-4B

China launched the HY-2B marine satellite into its preset orbit atop a LM-4B carrier rocket from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center at 06:57 Beijing time on October 25, 2018.The HY-2B satellite was developed by the China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), and it will replace the HY-1A which has exceeded its service life.

The Characteristics and Application of HY-2 Satellite

The HY-2 satellite is the first satellite to detect ocean dynamic environment by China, and its development began in 2007. The satellite was launched successfully on 16th of August, 2011, and in March 2012, the HY-2 satellite was formally delivered to the user. The development and in-orbit application of the HY-2 satellite are introduced in the paper.

HY-2 Satellite Delivered with Sound Performance

The HY-2 marine satellite was delivered to the State Oceanic Administration by CASC,the manufacturer of the satellite,on March 2,2012 and has been put into operational service formally.The HY-2 satellite is the first China-made marine satellite capable of

Preliminary results of the global ocean tide derived from HY-2A radar altimeter data

The HY-2A satellite,which is equipped with a radar altimeter and was launched on August 16,2011,is the first Chinese marine dynamic environmental monitoring satellite.Extracting ocean tides is one of the important applications of the radar altimeter data.The radar altimeter data of the HY-2A satellite from November 1,2011 to August 16,2014 are used herein to extract global ocean tides.The constants representing the tidal constituents are extracted by HY-2A RA data with harmonic analysis based on the least squares method.Considering tide aliasing issues,the analysis of the alias periods and alias synodic periods of different tidal constituents shows that only the tidal constituents M_(2),N_(2),and K_(2)are retrieved precisely by the HY-2A RA data.The derived tidal constants of the tidal constituents M_(2),N_(2)and K_(2)are compared to those of tidal gauge data and the TPXO tide model results.The comparison between the derived results and the tidal gauge data shows that the RMSEs of the tidal amplitude and phase lag are 9.6 cm and 13.34°,2.4 cm and 10.47°,and 8.1 cm and 14.19°for tidal constituents M_(2),N_(2),and K_(2),respectively.The comparisons of the semidiurnal tides with the TPXO model results show that tidal constituents have good consistency with the TPXO model results.These findings confirm the good performance of HY-2A RA for retrieving semidiurnal tides in the global ocean.

基于ICESat-2多波束激光测高数据的全球海洋重力异常反演分析

卫星测高技术是获取精细海洋重力数据的重要技术手段之一。常规卫星测高反演海洋重力异常主要是利用沿轨测高数据,而跨轨数据因较长的时间间隔或者稀疏的地面轨间距往往不能用于海洋重力异常反演,进而影响了海洋重力异常模型精度的进一步改善。新型激光测高ICESat-2能够同时获得3对光束观测数据,相邻激光束的地面间距约为3 km,为结合跨轨数据改善海洋重力异常模型提供了可能。本文首先给出了集成沿轨和跨轨数据反演海洋重力异常的处理策略;然后,分别利用沿轨数据和集成的数据构建了ICESat-2全球海洋重力异常模型(IS2Gra_alo和IS2Gra_alo_acr),结果表明通过补充跨轨数据能够有效提高沿轨数据反演海洋重力异常的精度,并验证了ICESat-2测高数据反演全球海洋重力异常的可靠性。此外,本文还探讨了ICESat-2不同跨轨数据组合对海洋重力异常模型反演精度的影响,在沿轨数据的基础上集成适当距离的跨轨观测数据能够有利于改善海洋重力异常模型的精度。本文研究为后续SWOT宽刈幅测高数据和我国双星跟飞模式测高数据反演海洋重力异常模型提供了参考意义。

HY-2B卫星和模式风速数据随机误差及相关性分析

当利用三配准(Triple Collocation,TC)方法进行误差分析时,系统间随机误差(简称误差)不相关是一个重要前提假设,而在实际应用中不同系统误差常存在相关性,基于最小二乘法扩展配准(Extended Collocation,EC)方法能够在误差相关性存在情况进行误差分析,但对于误差弱相关性情况不能够准确估计误差的标准差。为此本文提出利用3个误差独立系统对第四个系统进行误差估计的方法,同时考虑误差相关性和表征误差,在误差弱相关情况下能更精确估计系统误差的标准差。本文根据HY-2B卫星3个载荷风速观测数据集随机误差相互独立特点,利用扩展三配准(Extended Triple Collocation,ETC)方法计算得到散射计、辐射计和高度计3个载荷风速产品误差的标准差分别为0.600 m/s、0.742 m/s和0.533 m/s;再对ECMWF再分析数据集ERA5的风速产品误差及相关性进行估计,计算出ERA5再分析风速产品随机误差的标准差为0.810 m/s,HY-2B卫星散射计风速产品和ERA5再分析风速产品误差相关性为0.231,HY-2B卫星辐射计风速产品和ERA5再分析风速产品误差相关性为0.105。本文提出利用已知3个误差独立数据集对第四个数据集误差及相关性进行估计的方法,实现了在误差弱相关情况下对系统误差的标准差更为准确的估计,有助于在同化和融合中更好地使用这些数据。

HY-2B卫星雷达高度计对流层路径延迟精度分析

干对流层路径延迟与湿对流层路径延迟是影响HY-2B测高精度的重要因素。本文采用星星交叉分析法和对流层独立模型检验法对HY-2B干对流层与湿对流层路径延迟产品进行对比分析。本文基于大气压强数据和辐射计测量的水汽数据,利用干对流层和湿对流层独立检验模型对HY-2B沿轨数据进行重处理,与HY-2B业务化运行产品差异的标准差分别为1.8和2.6 mm。此外,HY-2B与Jason-3交叉点处干对流层与湿对流层路径延迟差异的标准差分别为1.5和6.1 mm,两年内产品的漂移较少。实验结果表明:HY-2B干对流层与湿对流层路径延迟的精度均达到国际水平。该文对于验证国产海洋卫星HY-2B数据精度,扩展HY-2B卫星数据的应用范围具有重要意义。

基于万山定标场验潮数据的HY-2B/C雷达高度计定标检验

对雷达高度计测高数据进行持续的定标检验是高度计数据应用的前提。基于珠海万山定标场3个沿岸验潮仪(外伶仃岛验潮仪、担杆岛验潮仪、直湾岛验潮仪)现场验潮数据,利用本研究所提方法,对HY-2B卫星2019年9月至2022年4月过境轨道375和HY-2C卫星2021年5月至2022年4月过境轨道170,172,185,187星下点海面高数据进行定标检验。结果发现:HY-2B卫星相对于3个验潮仪现场验潮数据的海面高偏差与文献的定标结果符合较好,证明所提方法是可靠的。HY-2C卫星过境轨道170(172)星下点相对3个验潮站的海面高偏差均在5 cm以内;HY-2C卫星过境轨道185(187)星下点相对3个验潮站的海面高偏差均在4 cm以内。对相同卫星的相同轨道,不同验潮站的检验结果存在差异,这可能与验潮站水位数据处理和位置归算有关。结果表明,HY-2卫星绝对海面高观测精度较好,可以满足科学研究对海洋高度计数据的应用需要。

基于谱分析的HY-2沿轨大地水准面分辨能力研究

我国海洋二号系列卫星积累了海量数据,而测高资料沿轨大地水准面分辨能力的提升与海洋重力场模型的精化紧密关联.基于自谱分析、互谱分析和相干函数计算等实现了卫星测高资料的沿轨大地水准面分辨能力估算,并分别选定HY-2B与SARAL/AltiKa,HY-2C与Jason-2的空间相近轨迹序列开展实验.研究结果表明,HY-2C的平均分辨能力为19.15 km,略优于HY-2B与Jason-2,同时略低于脉冲重复频率更高的SARAL/AltiKa Ka波段测高资料.此外,重复周期的共线处理能通过有效抑噪以显著提升沿轨大地水准面分辨能力,在5,10和20个周期共线处理的情况下,HY-2B沿轨分辨能力分别提升了19.26%,38.56%和46.69%.因此,在HY-2A,CryoSat-2等测高任务提供了多周期重复观测的大地测量任务观测序列时,必要的共线处理将为海洋重力场模型精化带来更高效的数据融合.

The HY-1 satellite and ground system in China

INTRODUCTIONWith the coming of the 21st century, we are faced the problems of the environment, re-sources and population. The ocean is regarded as supplier of resources such as food, minerals,energy and space, and plays an important role in sustainable economic development. At thesame time the ocean has a very important effect on the worldwide environmental changes.

Ocean Observation from Haiyang Satellites: 2012–2014

During 2012 and 2014, China has two Haiyang(which means ocean in Chinese, referred to as HY) satellites operating normally in space which are HY-1B and HY-2A. HY-1B is an ocean color environment satellite which was launched in April 2007 to observe global ocean color and sea surface temperature, and HY-2A is an ocean dynamic environment satellite which was launched in August 2011 to obtain global marine dynamic environment parameters including sea surface height,significant wave height, ocean wind vectors, etc. Ocean observation data provided by HY-1B and HY-2A have been widely used by both domestic and international users in extensive areas such as ocean environment protection, ocean disaster prevention and reduction, marine environment forecast,ocean resource development and management, ocean investigations and scientific researches, etc.