Enhancing Hydrophilicity of Thick Electrodes for High Energy Density Aqueous Batteries

Thick electrodes can substantially enhance the overall energy density of batteries.However,insufficient wettability of aqueous electrolytes toward electrodes with conventional hydrophobic binders severely limits utilization of active materials with increasing the thickness of electrodes for aqueous batteries,resulting in battery performance deterioration with a reduced capacity.Here,we demonstrate that controlling the hydrophilicity of the thicker electrodes is critical to enhancing the overall energy density of batteries.Hydrophilic binders are synthesized via a simple sulfonation process of conventional polyvinylidene fluoride binders,considering physicochemical properties such as mechanical properties and adhesion.The introduction of abundant sulfonate groups of binders(i)allows fast and sufficient electrolyte wetting,and(ii)improves ionic conduction in thick electrodes,enabling a significant increase in reversible capacities under various current densities.Further,the sulfonated binder effectively inhibits the dissolution of cathode materials in reactive aqueous electrolytes.Overall,our findings significantly enhance the energy density and contribute to the development of practical zinc-ion batteries.

HYDROPHOBICITY－HYDROPHILICITY BALANCE RELATIONSHIPSFORCOLLECTORLESSFLOTATIONOFSULPHIDEMINERALS

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Surface Modification of Polyglycolic Acid Fibers by Hydrogen Peroxide for Enhancing Hydrophilicity and Cytocompatibility

Hydrogen peroxide( H_2O_2) is applied for surface modification of polyglycolic acid( PGA) fibers in order to enhance the hydrophilicity and cytocompatibility of PGA fibers effectively,and maintain the breaking strength as the same time. PGA fibers are dipped in H_2O_2 solution a certain time for modification. Scanning electron microscopy( SEM) was used to observe the surface morphology of PGA fibers before and after modification. The varying of PGA macromolecule was examined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy( FTIR) analyses. X-ray diffraction( XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry( DSC) analysis showed that crystallinity slightly decreases. Mechanical performance test showed tensile force of modified PGA fiber was increased. The water contact angle test indicated the improving of hydrophilic. A cell proliferation assay showed that fibroblast cells attach and proliferate well on the fibers, which meant the modified fibers possess good cytocompatibility. These results suggest that H_2O_2 surface modification is easy to operate and a advantageous modification method for PGA fibers.

Force-Induced Enhancement of Hydrophilicity of Individual Polymethyl Methacrylate Chain

Comprehensive Summary,Polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)has been widely applied in diverse fields such as medicine and engineering materials due to its good hydrophilicity and biocompatibility.However,another term for PMMA,Plexiglas,means that it is water insoluble.These features of PMMA are valuable but seem paradoxical.To explore the underlying mechanism of the paradoxical properties,the interactions between PMMA and water have been investigated by atomic force microscopy(AFM)-based single-molecule force spectroscopy(SMFS).The single-chain elasticity of PMMA obtained in aqueous solutions is significantly different from that obtained in non-aqueous environments,implying that PMMA can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

Multifunctional AlPO_(4)reconstructed LiMn_(2)O_(4)surface for electrochemical lithium extraction from brine

LiMn_(2)O_(4)(LMO)electrochemical lithium-ion pump has gained widespread attention due to its green,high efficiency,and low energy consumption in selectively extracting lithium from brine.However,collapse of crystal structure and loss of lithium extraction capacity caused by Mn dissolution loss limits its industrialized application.Hence,a multifunctional coating was developed by depositing amorphous AlPO_(4)on the surface of LMO using sol-gel method.The characterization and electrochemical performance test provided insights into the mechanism of Li^(+)embedment and de-embedment and revealed that multifunctional AlPO_(4)can reconstruct the physical and chemical state of LMO surface to improve the interface hydrophilicity,promote the transport of Li^(+),strengthen cycle stability.Remarkably,after 20 cycles,the capacity retention rate of 0.5AP-LMO reached 93.6%with only 0.147%Mn dissolution loss.The average Li^(+)release capacity of 0.5AP-LMO//Ag system in simulated brine is 28.77 mg/(g h),which is 90.4%higher than LMO.Encouragingly,even in the more complex Zabuye real brine,0.5AP-LMO//Ag can still maintain excellent lithium extraction performance.These results indicate that the 0.5AP-LMO//Ag lithium-ion pump shows promising potential as a Li^(+)selective extraction system.

Development of hydrophilicity gradient ultracentrifuga- tion method for photoluminescence investigation of separated non-sedimental carbon dots

Carbon nanodots （CDs） formed by hydrothermal dehydration occur as mixtures of differently sized nanoparticles with different degrees of carbonization. Common ultracentrifugation has failed in sorting them, owing to their extremely high colloidal stability. Here, we introduce an ultracentrifugation method using a hydrophilicity gradient to sort such non-sedimental CDs. CDs, synthesized from citric acid and ethylenediamine, were pre-treated by acetone to form clusters. Such clusters ＂de-clustered＂ as media comprising gradients of ethanol they were forced to sediment through and water with varied volume ratios. Primary CDs with varied sizes and degrees of carbonization detached from the clusters to become well dispersed in the corresponding gradient layers. Their settling level was highly dependent on the varied hydrophilicity and solubility of the environmental media. Thus, the proposed hydrophilicity-triggered sorting strategy could be used for other nanoparticles with extremely high colloidal stability, which further widens the range of sortable nanoparticles. Furthermore, according to careful analysis of the changes in size, composition, quantum yield, and transient fluorescence of typical CDs in the post-separation fractions, it was concluded that the photoluminescence of the as-prepared hydrothermal carbonized CDs mainly arose from the particles＇ surface molecular state rather than their sizes.

Interfacial modification using the cross-linkable tannic acid for highly-efficient perovskite solar cells with excellent stability

Although the performance of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has been dramatically increased in recent years,stability is still the main obstacle preventing the PSCs from being commercial.PSC device instability can be caused by a variety of reasons,including ions diffusion,surface and grain boundary defects,etc.In this work,the cross-linkable tannic acid(TA)is introduced to modify perovskite film through post-treatment method.The numerous organic functional groups(–OH and C=O)in TA can interact with the uncoordinated Pb^(2+)and I^(-)ions in perovskite,thus passivating defects and inhibiting ions diffusion.In addition,the formed TA network can absorb a small amount of the residual moisture inside the device to protect the perovskite layer.Furthermore,TA modification regulates the energy level of perovskite,and reduces interfacial charge recombination.Ultimately,following TA treatment,the device efficiency is increased significantly from 21.31%to 23.11%,with a decreased hysteresis effect.Notably,the treated device shows excellent air,thermal,and operational stability.In light of this,the readily available,inexpensive TA has the potential to operate as a multipurpose interfacial modifier to increase device efficiency while also enhancing device stability.

Amino-functionalized UiO-66-doped mixed matrix membranes with high permeation performance and fouling resistance

For the reduction of bovine serum proteins from wastewater,a novel mixed matrix membrane was prepared by functionalizing the substrate material polyaryletherketone(PAEK),followed by carboxyl groups(C-SPAEKS),and then adding amino-functionalized UiO-66-NH_(2)(Am-UiO-66-NH_(2)).Aminofunctionalization of UiO-66 was accomplished by melamine,followed by an amidation reaction to immobilize Am-UiO-66-NH_(2),which was immobilized on the surface of the membrane as well as in the pore channels,which enhanced the hydrophilicity of the membrane surface while increasing the negative potential of the membrane surface.This nanoparticle-loaded ultrafiltration membrane has good permeation performance,with a pure water flux of up to 482.3 L·m^(-2)·h^(-1) for C-SPAEKS/AmUiO-66-NH_(2) and a retention rate of up to 98.7%for bovine serum albumin(BSA)-contaminated solutions.Meanwhile,after several hydrophilic modifications,the flux recovery of BSA contaminants by this series of membranes increased from 56.2%to 80.55%of pure membranes.The results of ultra-filtration flux time tests performed at room temperature showed that the series of ultrafiltration membranes remained relatively stable over a test time of 300 min.Thus,the newly developed mixed matrix membrane showed potential for high efficiency and stability in wastewater treatment containing bovine serum proteins.

Effective Antarctic krill oil extraction using switchable hydrophilicity solvents

Antarctic krill has been widely studied because of its abundant biomass,rich nutritional value,and great production potential.Notably,krill oil(KO)is rich in phospholipids(PLs),polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs),and astaxanthin.A method based on a green switchable hydrophilicity solvent N,7V-dimethyIcyclohexylamine(DMCHA),which can reversibly change from oil soluble to water soluble in the presence of CO2 was used to extract KO from frozen Antarctic krill as it consumes less energy than traditional methods.We showed that DMCHA destroyed the surface structure of Antarctic krill and accelerated the dissolution of KO.In addition,this method enabled the PL extraction to reach up to 80.2%of total PLs,among which PC accounted for the highest proportion,up to 90.91%in PL.In fact,the astaxanthin extraction reached up to 81.44%of total astaxanthin while the fatty acid(FA)extraction up to 84.35%.The KO extracted through DMCHA was rich in PUFA,up to 47.74%,and the content of EPA+DHA reached 42.16%of total FA content.Furthermore,the amount of residual solvent in the lipid phase was just 0.23%of the DMCHA used for the extraction and the recovery rate of solvent was up to 93.2%.Our results demonstrated the high efficiency of oil extraction and the environmental friendliness of this method.

Reason for the loss of hydrophilicity of TiO_2 film and its photocatalytic regeneration

TiO2 film was prepared on soda-lime glass by sol-gel method. The water contact angle (θw) of the fresh TiO2 film is 0o. During storage in air, the surface of TiO2 film is gradually converted to the hydrophobic state. XPS and ITD results reveal that it is due to the adsorption of organic contaminants on TiO2 surface in air ambience. The lost hydrophilicity of TiO2 film can be regenerated by UV illumination.

Self-supporting hierarchically micro/nano-porous Ni_(3)P-Co_(2)P-based film with high hydrophilicity for efficient hydrogen production

Designing efficient and stable non-precious metal HER(hydrogen evolution reaction)electrocatalysts with high large current density adaptability is significant for industrial application of hydrogen production by water electrolysis.Herein,a facile strategy was developed to construct a multi-phase Ni3 P-Co_(2)P-(Ni-Co)film with self-supporting hierarchically micro/nano-porous structure by using bubble template method electrodeposition of self-supporting micro-porous Ni Co P film,oxygen-free annealing for phase separation producing Ni_(3)P-Ni-Co_(2)P-Co structure,and acid etching for constructing surface nano-porous structure.The effective active sites for HER was significantly increased due to the hierarchically micro/nano-porous structure,which not only enlarged the surface roughness,but enhanced the bubble detachment by improving the hydrophilicity.Meanwhile,the HER electrolysis durability was improved benefiting from the Ni_(3)P-Co_(2)P phases with high corrosion resistance(especially in acid solution)and the self-supporting film structure without binder.Consequently,the Ni Co P-OA-AE film exhibited high HER catalytic performance,which delivered a current density of 10 m A cm^(-2)at a low overpotential of 42.9 and 39.7 m V in 1 M KOH and 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4),respectively.It also possessed high long-term electrolysis durability,and the cell voltage of water electrolysis using self-supporting porous Ni Co P-OA-AE||Ir O_(2)-Ta_(2)O_(5) electrolyzer at 500 m A cm^(-2)for 250 h in 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4 )is only 2.9 V.

Hydrophilicity Evaluation of Collagen Based Scaffold Optimized by Chitin Fibres for Bone Tissue Engineering

Chitin is a kind of seemly material to match PLLA for a scaffold, which may create an appropriate environment for the regeneration of tissues. In this study, we evaluated hydrophilicity of a new nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen/PLLA (nHACP) scaffold optimized by chitin fibres for bone tissue engineering. The results show that with the CF content increase, hydrophilicity of nHACP/CF increases, which reflects from the side that the addition of the chitin fibres can improve the cytocompatibility of the nHACP. Moreover, crosslink does not take significant influences on the material hydrophilicity. The results suggest that nHACP/CF with the crosslink should be a kind of potential appropriate scaffold for tissue engineering.

Wetting of MXenes and Beyond

MXenes are a class of 2D nanomaterials with exceptional tailormade properties such as mechano-ceramic nature,rich chemistry,and hydrophilicity,to name a few.However,one of the most challenging issues in any composite/hybrid system is the interfacial wetting.Having a superior integrity of a given composite system is a direct consequence of the proper wettability.While wetting is a fundamental feature,dictating many physical and chemical attributes,most of the common nanomaterials possesses poor affinity due to hydrophobic nature,making them hard to be easily dispersed in a given composite.Thanks to low contact angle,MXenes can offer themselves as an ideal candidate for manufacturing different nano-hybrid structures.Herein this review,it is aimed to particularly study the wettability of MXenes.In terms of the layout of the present study,MXenes are first briefly introduced,and then,the wettability phenomenon is discussed in detail.Upon reviewing the sporadic research efforts conducted to date,a particular attention is paid on the current challenges and research pitfalls to light up the future perspectives.It is strongly believed that taking the advantage of MXene’s rich hydrophilic surface may have a revolutionizing role in the fabrication of advanced materials with exceptional features.

Different roles of surfaces’ interaction on lattice mismatched/matched surfaces in facilitating ice nucleation

The freezing of water is one of the most common processes in nature and affects many aspects of human activity. Ice nucleation is a crucial part of the freezing process and usually occurs on material surfaces. There is still a lack of clear physical pictures about the central question how various features of material surfaces affect their capability in facilitating ice nucleation. Via molecular dynamics simulations, here we show that the detailed features of surfaces, such as atomic arrangements, lattice parameters, hydrophobicity, and function forms of surfaces’ interaction to water molecules, generally affect the ice nucleation through the average adsorption energy per unit-area surfaces to individual water molecules, when the lattice of surfaces mismatches that of ice. However, for the surfaces whose lattice matches ice, even the detailed function form of the surfaces’ interaction to water molecules can largely regulate the icing ability of these surfaces. This study provides new insights into understanding the diverse relationship between various microscopic features of different material surfaces and their nucleation efficacy.

可去除染料--N-聚糖多方法深入分析中的缺失环节

As the roles of glycans in health and disease continue to be unraveled,it is becoming apparent that glycans’immense complexity cannot be ignored.To fully delineate glycan structures,we developed an integrative approach combining a set of cost-effective,widespread,and easy-to-handle analytical methods.The key feature of our workflow is the exploitation of a removable fluorescent label—exemplified by 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate(Fmoc)—to bridge the gap between diverse glycoanalytical methods,especially multiplexed capillary gel electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection(xCGELIF)and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOFMS).Through the detailed structural analysis of selected,dauntingly complex N-glycans from chicken ovalbumin,horse serum,and bovine transferrin,we illustrate the capabilities of the presented strategy.Moreover,this approach“visualizes”N-glycans that have been difficult to identify thus far—such as the sulfated glycans on human immunoglobulin A—including minute changes in glycan structures,potentially providing useful new targets for biomarker discovery.

Efficient H_(2)O_(2)Electrosynthesis and Its Electro-Fenton Application for Refractory Organics Degradation

Hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))in situ electrosynthesis by O_(2)reduction reaction is a promising alternative to the conventional Fenton treatment of refractory wastewater.However,O_(2)mass transfer limitation,cathodic catalyst selectivity,and electron transfer in O_(2)reduction remain major engineering obstacles.Here,we have proposed a systematic solution for efficient H_(2)O_(2)generation and its electro-Fenton(EF)application for refractory organic degradation based on the fabrication of a novel ZrO_(2)/CMK-3/PTFE cathode,in which polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)acted as a hydrophobic modifier to strengthen the O_(2)mass transfer,ZrO_(2)was adopted as a hydrophilic modifier to enhance the electron transfer of O_(2)reduction,and mesoporous carbon CMK-3 was utilized as a catalyst substrate to provide catalytic active sites.Moreover,feasible mass transfer of O_(2)from the hydrophobic to the hydrophilic layer was designed to increase the contact between O_(2)and the reaction interface.The H_(2)O_(2)yield of the ZrO_(2)/CMK-3/PTFE cathode was significantly improved by approximately 7.56 times compared to that of the co nventional gas diffusion cathode under the same conditions.The H_(2)O_(2)generation rate and Faraday efficiency reached125.98 mg·cm^(-2)·h^(-1)(normalized to 5674.04 mmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)by catalyst loading)and 78.24%at-1.3 V versus standard hydrogen electrode(current density of-252 mA·cm^(-2)),respectively.The high H_(2)O_(2)yield ensured that sufficient OH was produced for excellent EF performance,resulting in a degradation efficiency of over 96%for refractory organics.This study offers a novel engineering solution for the efficient treatment of refractory wastewater using EF technology based on in situ high-yield H_(2)O_(2)electrosynthesis.

豫北地区嗜水气单胞菌灭活疫苗的制备及免疫效果的研究

目的:选取毒力因子多、毒性强的嗜水气单胞菌株(Aeromonas hydrophil)制成灭活疫苗,研究疫苗的免疫保护效果。方法:采用甲醛灭活制备疫苗,对银鲫进行腹腔注射,设立免疫组和对照组,然后进行血清抗体效价检测、病理切片分析和攻毒保护试验。结果:银鲫在经注射免疫后,各免疫时间均有抗体产生,抗体效价在第6周检测时达到高峰,而对照组在整个试验过程中均没有检测到抗体;病理切片也表明,该疫苗能够对鲫鱼靶器官产生很好的保护作用;攻毒保护试验中,免疫组的免疫保护率达100%,且免疫保护期长达6个月以上。结论:嗜水气单胞菌灭活疫苗对银鲫有显著的免疫保护效应,可作为预防细菌性败血症感染的疫苗。

基于介质阻挡大气压空气均匀放电的聚丙稀薄等离子体表面处理(英文)

The homogeneous dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) in atmospheric air is most favorable for polymer surface modification due to the low cost of operation and the ability of ambient on-line continuous uniform processing.In this paper,polypropylene(PP) films are treated using a homogeneous DBD plasma in atmospheric air.The surface properties of PP films are studied using contact angle and surface energy measurement,scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),and the aging effect after treatment when the treated materials are exposed to open air is also studied,with the modification mechanism being discussed.It is demonstrated that non-thermal plasmas generated by homogeneous DBD in atmospheric air is an effective way to enhance the surface properties of PP films.After the plasma treatment,the surface of PP film is etched,and oxygen-containing polar groups are introduced into the surface.These two processes can induce a remarkable decrease in water contact angle and a remarkable increase in surface energy,and the surface properties of PP films are improved accordingly.

Influence of air addition on surface modification of polyethylene terephthalate treated by an atmospheric pressure argon plasma brush

An atmospheric pressure argon plasma brush with air addition is employed to treat polyethylene terephthalate(PET)surface in order to improve its hydrophilicity.Results indicate that the plasma plume generated by the plasma brush presents periodically pulsed current despite a direct current voltage is applied.Voltage-current curve reveals that there is a transition from a Townsend discharge regime to a glow one during one discharge period.Optical emission spectrum indicates that more oxygen atoms are produced in the plume with increasing air content,which leads to the better hydrophilicity of PET surface after plasma treatment.Besides,an aging behavior is also observed.The hydrophilicity improvement is attributed to the production of oxygen functional groups,which increase in number with increasing air content.Moreover,some grain-like structures are observed on the treated PET surface,and its mean roughness increases with increasing air content.These results are of great importance for the hydrophilicity improvement of PET surface with a large scale.

Studies on the Surface Properties of MCM-41

MCM 41 materials with a well ordered long range structure, a large pore size and a high surface area have been synthesized. Their surface properties including the number and the nature of the surface hydroxyl groups and surface hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity have been investigated by means of 29 Si MAS NMR and FT IR spectra and TPD of probe molecules. The results clearly show that the surface of MCM 41 has an abundance of acidic silanol groups, and that the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity can be modified by the introduction of Al and transition metals Ti, Cr, Ni and Fe into it.