Medical therapy for clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia:α1 Antagonists,5α reductase inhibitors and their combination

Medical therapy for clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)has advanced significantly in the last 2 decades.Many new a1 antagonists and 5a reductase inhibitors(5ARi)are now commercially available.The practicing urologist must decide on the most appropriate medication for his patients,taking into consideration various factors like efficacy,dosing regime,adverse effects,cost,patient’s socioeconomic background,expectations,drug availability and his own clinical experience.The use of combination therapy added further to the complexity in clinical judgment when prescribing.We highlight some of the key points in prescribing a1 antagonists,5ARi and their combination,based on our viewpoints and experience as urologists in an Asian clinical setting.

Emphysematous sloughed floating ball after prostate water vaporization Rezum:A case report

BACKGROUND Rezūm™water vapor therapy is a new minimally invasive endoscopic technology for the management and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.CASE SUMMARY A 63-year-old male presented to our department with severe dysuria,frequency,urgency,and interrupted stream 2 mo after receiving Rezūm™therapy.The symptoms were caused by a retained floating emphysematous necrotic sloughed tissue.We also discovered a persistent bacterial infection that was resistant to parenteral antimicrobial therapy.The treatment of the patient included surgical removal of the necrotic tissue.CONCLUSION Despite the good safety profile and minimal adverse events related to Rezūm™therapy,major complications can still occur.

Preclinical therapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia with neuropeptide hormone antagonists

Benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)is a pathologic condition of the prostate described as a substantial increase in its number of epithelial and stromal cells.BPH may significantly reduce the quality of life due to the initiation of bladder outlet obstruction and lower urinary tract syndromes.Current medical therapies mostly consist of inhibitors of 5α-reductase orα1-adrenergic blockers;their efficacy is often insufficient.Antagonistic analogs of neuropeptide hormones are novel candidates for the management of BPH.At first,antagonists of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone(LHRH)have been introduced to the therapy aimed to reduce serum testosterone levels.However,they have also been found to produce an inhibitory activity on local LHRH receptors in the prostate as well as impotence and other related side effects.Since then,several preclinical and clinical studies reported the favorable effects of LHRH antagonists in BPH.In contrast,antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone(GHRH)and gastrin-releasing peptide(GRP)have been tested only in preclinical settings and produce significant reduction in prostate size in experimental models of BPH.They act at least in part,by blocking the action of respective ligands produced locally on prostates through their respective receptors in the prostate,and by inhibition of autocrine insulin-like growth factors-Ⅰ/Ⅱand epidermal growth factor production.GHRH and LHRH antagonists were also tested in combination resulting in a cumulative effect that was greater than that of each alone.This article will review the numerous studies that demonstrate the beneficial effects of antagonistic analogs of LHRH,GHRH and GRP in BPH,as well as suggesting a potential role for somatostatin analogs in experimental therapies.

Clinical study of combination therapy of tamsulosin and solifenacin for benign prostatic hyperplasia with overactive bladder

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination therapy of tamsulosin and solifenacin for benign prostatic hyperplasia ( BPH) with overactive bladder ( OAB) . Methods 82 patients with OAB and coexisting BPH were randomly divided into tamsulosin group ( n

围手术期维持抗血小板治疗在经尿道前列腺等离子剜除术中的安全性评估

目的评估经尿道前列腺等离子剜除术患者,围手术期维持阿司匹林抗血小板治疗的手术安全性。方法回顾性分析2017年1月至2023年12月连云港市中医院泌尿外科行经尿道前列腺等离子剜除术治疗的85例前列腺增生患者。分为阿司匹林组(围手术期维持阿司匹林抗血小板治疗,n=37)、对照组(术前1周停用阿司匹林,并于术后1周再次服用阿司匹林抗血小板治疗,n=48)。比较两组患者手术时间、切除前列腺体积、手术出血量、膀胱冲洗时间、国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)、膀胱残余尿量(BVR)及最大尿流率(Qmax)。结果两组患者手术时间、切除前列腺体积、手术出血量及膀胱冲洗时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者术后IPSS评分、BVR及Qmax差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者均无输血病例,无再次手术病例,无心血管事件等并发症。与术前比较,两组术后3个月IPSS、BVR及Qmax明显改善(P<0.05),但阿司匹林组与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论围手术期维持阿司匹林抗血小板治疗患者行经尿道前列腺等离子剜除术是安全有效的,没有增加围手术期出血等并发症的风险。。

针刺配合翁沥通胶囊治疗良性前列腺增生的疗效观察

目的观察针刺配合翁沥通胶囊治疗良性前列腺增生的临床疗效及其对血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、前列腺特异性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)水平的影响。方法将119例良性前列腺增生患者随机分为A组40例、B组38例及C组41例。A组采用针刺治疗,B组采用口服翁沥通胶囊治疗,C组采用针刺配合口服翁沥通胶囊治疗。观察3组治疗前后尿动力学各项指标[排尿后残余尿量(postvoid residual urine,PVR)、最大尿流率(maximum urine flow,Qmax)、最大逼尿肌压力]、国际前列腺症状评分(international prostate symptom score,IPSS)、生活质量(quality of life,QOL)评分、中医证候(排尿困难、夜尿频数、腰膝酸软、小腹胀满)积分及实验室指标[血清TNF-α、PSA、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、表皮细胞生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)水平]的变化情况,比较3组临床疗效。结果3组治疗后PVR、最大逼尿肌压力、I-PSS、QOL评分、各项实验室指标及中医证候积分均较同组治疗前显著降低,Qmax均显著升高,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。C组治疗后PVR、最大逼尿肌压力、I-PSS、QOL评分、各项实验室指标及中医证候积分均明显低于A组和B组,Qmax均明显高于A组和B组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组治疗后各项指标与B组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。C组总有效率为92.7%,明显高于A组的70.0%和B组的73.7%,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论针刺配合翁沥通胶囊治疗良性前列腺增生疗效确切,能降低患者TNF-α、PSA水平,改善其临床症状。

Incidence of urinary incontinence following endoscopic laser enucleation of the prostate by en-bloc and non-en-bloc techniques:a multicenter,real-world experience of 5068 patients

We aim to evaluate the incidence of incontinence following laser endoscopic enucleation of the prostate(EEP)comparing en-bloc(Group 1)versus 2-lobe/3-lobe techniques(Group 2).We performed a retrospective review of patients undergoing EEP for benign prostaticenlargement in 12 centers between January 2020 and January 2022.Data were presented as median and interquartile range(IQR).Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate factors associated with stress urinary incontinence(SUI)and mixed urinary incontinence(MUI).There were 1711 patients in Group 1 and 3357 patients in Group 2.Patients in Group 2were significantly younger(68[62–73]years vs 69[63–74]years,P=0.002).Median(interquartile range)prostate volume(PV)wassimilar between the groups(70[52–92]ml in Group 1 vs 70[54–90]ml in Group 2,P=0.774).There was no difference in preoperativeInternational Prostate Symptom Score,quality of life,or maximum flow rate.Enucleation,morcellation,and total surgical time weresignificantly shorter in Group 1.Within 1 month,overall incontinence rate was 6.3%in Group 1 versus 5.3%in Group 2(P=0.12),and urge incontinence was significantly higher in Group 1(55.1%vs 37.3%in Group 2,P<0.001).After 3 months,the overall rate ofincontinence was 1.7%in Group 1 versus 2.3%in Group 2(P=0.06),and SUI was significantly higher in Group 2(55.6%vs 24.1%in Group 1,P=0.002).At multivariable analysis,PV and IPSS were factors significantly associated with higher odds of transient SUI/MUI.PV,surgical time,and no early apical release technique were factors associated with higher odds of persistent SUI/MUI.

基于“络病理论”辨治良性前列腺增生

良性前列腺增生(Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia,BPH)是一种常见于老年男性的慢性进展性疾病,临床主要以尿频、尿急、排尿困难等下尿路症状为主要表现。中医对BPH的治疗具有独特的优势,而络病理论的发展又为该病的诊疗提供了新的视角。中医认为BPH的发病是以正气不足为本,痰浊、瘀血等病理产物为标,而精室脉络阻滞不通是其关键病机。本文就前列腺的生理、病理特点及该病的疾病特点与络病学的相关性,基于络病理论来对该病的病因病机及治法进行深入探讨。

1470 nm半导体激光治疗仪对犬前列腺切除术的有效性研究

目的评估1470 nm半导体激光治疗仪(简称:科瑞达治疗仪)对犬前列腺切除术的有效性。方法选取成年雄性Beagle犬28只,随机分为3组,即假手术组3只、试验组15只和同类对照组10只;其中试验组又分为120 W/50 W、150 W/50 W、160 W/50 W的汽化切割/凝固止血3个小组;同类对照组又分为120 W/50 W、150 W/50 W的汽化切割/凝固止血2个小组;每小组各5只。试验组和同类对照组均在电切镜下经膀胱颈入口行犬前列腺切除术。术中观察产品的操作适配性和有效性;术后观察犬的一般体征,以及在术前、术后即刻、3 d、7 d、28 d时取血测定血液生化和血液学指标;分别在术后1 h、4周时,行超声和电切镜下观察尿道前列腺部情况,并取前列腺组织进行HE染色分析术后1 h的凝固层厚度和4周尿道上皮修复情况。结果术中,试验品和同类对照品进行犬前列腺切除术的操作性能良好,具有较好的汽化切割和凝固止血性能;术后对犬的一般体征、血液学和血液生化指标均未见明显影响;且超声显示术后即刻均可见尿道扩张,尿道上皮回声略有增强;4周时,可见前列腺组织实质为略低回声,内部为均匀分布细小点状回声,包膜呈线状高回声,与假手术组一致。测量分析显示,试验组和同类对照组汽化切割前列腺组织重量约为0.91~1.33 g,切除比例达17.11%~20.27%;且随汽化切割功率的增加,激光发射时间逐渐减少,而汽化切割速度和效能均有所增加;但试验组与同类对照组比较均未见明显差异(P>0.05)。电切镜下可见试验组和同类对照组在术后1 h时前列腺尿道部创面呈烧灼样改变,创面和正常尿路上皮分界明显;4周时,前列腺部尿路上皮已修复平整,周围正常尿路上皮分界较模糊。同样,病理观察也显示,术后1 h时试验组和同类对照组均可见前列腺尿道口损伤明显,创面表面有少量碳化和凝固性坏死,少量炎性细胞聚集,凝固层厚度约在0.4 mm左右;术后4周时,假手术组前列腺尿道部形态未见异常,试验组和同类对照组均可见新生上皮基本覆盖创面,厚度较均匀,无凝固性坏死组织附在创面上,周围仍有轻度炎性反应,成纤维细胞增生明显,周围前列腺可见间质和上皮细胞增生,部分可见鳞状化发生;前列腺包膜完好,周围神经血管形态未见异常。结论科瑞达治疗仪对Beagle犬前列腺切除术是有效的,具有较好的汽化切割和凝固止血性能,且术后的各项生理指标较假手术组无显著差异。

基于ADOPT问题解决模式的护理干预结合饮食疗法对糖尿病合并前列腺增生术后患者饮食行为及康复情况的影响

目的探讨基于ADOPT问题解决模式的护理干预结合饮食疗法对糖尿病合并前列腺增生术后患者饮食行为及康复情况的影响。方法选取2020年3月至2022年4月收治的86例糖尿病合并前列腺增生术后患者为研究对象,以随机数字表法将其分为对照组与观察组,各43例。对照组采用常规护理干预,观察组在对照组基础上给予基于ADOPT问题解决模式的护理干预结合饮食疗法。比较两组的干预效果。结果干预后,观察组的遵医饮食行为、日常饮食管理行为、饮食依从性态度评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。干预后,观察组的空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、CD68、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组的术后并发症总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论基于ADOPT问题解决模式的护理干预联合饮食疗法不仅能够改善糖尿病合并前列腺增生术后患者的饮食行为,还能促进机体康复,减少术后并发症发生风险,值得推广。

Bladder calculi concomitant with benign prostatic enlargement:is prostate surgery mandatory in patients who have never received medical therapy?

The historical dogma that bladder calculi comprise the main indication for prostatic surgery has recently been questioned.In this study,we aimed to predict which patients should undergo simultaneous prostate and bladder calculi surgery or only bladder calculi removal by evaluating preoperative risk factors.One hundred and seventeen men with bladder stones and concomitant benign prostate enlargement(BPE)who had not received medical treatment before were included in the study.In the first step,only the bladder calculi of patients were removed and medical treatment was given for BPE.The patients who benefited from medical treatment during the follow-up were defined as Group 1 and the patients who required prostate surgery for any indication comprised Group 2.Risk factors for prostate surgery requirements were determined by comparing preoperative characteristics between the two groups with a cox regression model.In the follow-up of 117 patients with bladder stones removed and medical treatment initiated,49(41.9%)patients had prostate surgery indications.The indication for 33(67.3%)of 49 patients was medical treatment failure.The presence of intravesical prostatic protrusion(IPP;hazard ratio:2.071,95%confidence interval[Cl]:1.05-4.05,P=0.034),and high postvoiding residual urine volume(hazard ratio:1.013,95%Cl:1.007-1.019,P<0.001)were found to be preoperative risk factors for needing future prostate surgery.In patients who have not received medical treatment for BPE before,bladder calculi developing secondary to BPE do not always constitute an indication for prostate surgery.

良性前列腺增生的诊疗

良性前列腺增生(BPH)是中老年男性的常见疾病,雄激素和年龄是主要致病因素,代谢综合征亦与BPH的发生密切相关。对初次就诊的BPH患者,需进行初次评估,特别强调患者的主观感受。大多数早期患者通过药物治疗可以改善症状;外科干预治疗以腔内手术为主,需严格遵守手术指征以确保手术疗效。本文就BPH病因、评估、手术指征、药物治疗、微创治疗进展进行介绍。

基于“脑-心-肾-精室”轴探讨良性前列腺增生病机及用药思路

基于“脑-心-肾-精室”轴理论,探讨良性前列腺增生的病机及用药思路。认为良性前列腺增生属精室失用疾患,邪阻精窍、开阖失司为直接原因,脑心失调、神失所主是重要因素,肾虚不固、气化失常为根本所在。在“脑-心-肾-精室”轴用药观指导下,倡导“心身同调”“整体与局部同治”的治疗思路,可采取通利精室、调治心脑、培补肾气的治法,分别以黄芪-蒲黄-车前子、远志-丹参-茯苓、肉桂-覆盆子-金樱子角药组合为主治疗,结合病理偏重情况,辨证遣方用药,对脑、心、肾、精室进行整体调节,促进前列腺增生向愈。并附验案1则。

治疗良性前列腺增生的六种新微创手术

良性前列腺增生(BPH)是导致男性下尿路症状最常见的一种病因。当药物治疗无效或传统手术无法满足患者的某些需求时,临床上可以考虑采用新微创手术,如微创前列腺悬扩术、前列腺动脉栓塞、前列腺水蒸气消融、前列腺高能水切割术、临时植入式镍钛装置、前列腺支架等。这些新微创手术对患者的射精功能和勃起功能均有较好的保护作用,且大多能采用局部麻醉在门诊进行,手术时间和恢复时间也更短。临床医生可根据患者的具体情况以及每种术式的特点进行个体化选择。

IGF-1在良性前列腺增生疾病中的研究进展

良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)是引起中老年男性排尿障碍最为常见的一种良性疾病。主要表现为组织学上的前列腺间质和腺体成分的增生、解剖学上的前列腺增大、尿流动力学上的膀胱出口梗阻。BPH在我国具有发病率高、人群分布广等特点。目前为止,BPH的发病机制尚不明确。胰岛素样生长因子-1(insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)在细胞的增殖、分化和凋亡的整个过程中发挥重要作用。本文对IGF-1的生理特点进行概述,回顾了IGF-1在BPH的流行病学的情况,以及其参与的信号通路在BPH中的作用,从而为BPH的预防和治疗提供理论基础。

Emerging role of transforming growth factor-β-regulated long non-coding RNAs in prostate cancer pathogenesis

Prostate cancer(PCa)is the most common malignancy in men.Despite aggressive therapy involving surgery and hormonal treatments,the recurrence and emergence of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer(CRPCa)remain a major challenge.Dysregulation of the transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)signaling pathway is crucial to PCa development and progression.This also contributes to androgen receptor activation and the emergence of CRPC.In addition,TGF-β signaling regulates long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)expression in multiple cancers,including PCa.Here,we discuss the complex regulatory network of lncRNAs and TGF-β signaling in PCa and their potential applications in diagnosing,prognosis,and treating PCa.Further investigations on the role of lncRNAs in the TGF-β pathway will help to better understand PCa pathogenesis.

Plasmakinetic enucleation of prostate versus 160-W laser photoselective vaporization for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of plasmakinetic enucleation of the prostate （PKEP） for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH） compared with 160-W lithium triboride laser photoselective vaporization of the prostate （PVP）. From February 2011 to July 2012, a prospective nonrandomized study was performed. One-hundred one patients underwent PKEP, and 110 underwent PVP. No severe intraoperative complications were recorded, and none of the patients in either group required a blood transfusion. Shorter catheterization time （38.14 ± 23.64 h vs 72.54 ± 28.38 h, P 〈 0.001） and hospitalization （2.32 ± 1.25 days vs 4.07±1.23 days, P 〈 0.001） were recorded in the PVP group. At 12-month postoperatively, the PKEP group had a maintained and statistically improvement in International Prostate Symptom Score （IPSS） （4.07 ±2.07 vs 5.00 ±2.10; P〈 0.001）, quality of life （QoL） （1.08 ± 0.72 vs 1.35 ± 0.72; P= 0.007）, maximal urinary flow rate （Qmax） （24.75±5.87 ml s^-1 vs 22.03 ±5.04 ml s^-1; P 〈 0.001）, postvoid residual urine volume （PVR） （14,29 ± 6,97 ml vs 17.00±6.11 ml; P = 0,001）, and prostate-specific antigen （PSA） value （0.78 ±0.57 ng ml^-1 vs 1.27 ±1.07 ng ml^-1; P 〈 0.001）. Both PKEP and PVP relieve low urinary tract symptoms （LUTS） due to BPH with low complication rates. PKEP can completely remove prostatic adenoma while the total amount of tissue removed by PVP is less than that can be removed by PKER Based on our study of the follow-up, PKEP provides better postoperative outcomes than PVP.

郭军教授基于“脑-心-肾-精室”轴理论应用桂益通癃方治疗良性前列腺增生症的经验

中医认为良性前列腺增生症多由肾虚不固,膀胱气化失司导致,郭军教授在此基础上结合现代人群工作压力大等精神心理因素,提出“脑-心-肾-精室”轴理论,强调身心同治,整体与局部相结合的辨治观。郭军教授认为肾与精室同居下焦,主水而从局部调节尿液代谢,心脑同居上焦,藏神而从整体调节肾与精室生理功能。“脑-心-肾-精室”轴任何一个环节紊乱均可导致本病发生,主要包括心脑失养、神乱不藏,肾虚不固、气化失司,瘀阻下焦、精室失用三类。在“脑-心-肾-精室”轴理论指导下拟定了桂益通癃方。此方围绕补肾温阳,活血化瘀立法,通补兼备,可为临床治疗良性前列腺增生症提供借鉴。

Efficacy and safety of combined therapy with terazosin and tolteradine for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia:a prospective study

Background The primary objectives of the treatment for the lower urinary tract symptoms （LUTS） associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH） are to produce rapid, sustained, and safe improvements in the symptoms that affect the quality of life in the majority of men over 50. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of the combined therapy with terazosin （α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist） and tolterodine （anticholinergic agent） for LUTS associated with BPH. Methods This combination study included 69 patients diagnosed with LUTS associated with BPH based on the International Prostate Symptom Scores （IPSS）, urinary flow rate, prostate volume, urinary residual, and their serum prostate-specific antigen levels. Initially, 191 patients were treated with terazosin 2 mg once daily for one week. Those patients with continued LUTS after the initial treatment were allocated randomly into two groups： terazosin group （n=-36） in which patients were treated with terazosin 2 mg once daily for six weeks, and combination group （n=33） in which patients were treated with both terazosin 2 mg once daily and tolterodine 2 mg twice daily for 6 weeks. Results The IPSS were significantly improved in both groups after treatment, and the reduction of IPSS in the combination group was significantly greater than that in the terazosin group （P〈0.01）. A decrease in urgency, frequency and nocturia were the main contributory factors causing the reduction of IPSS in the combination group. The differences about the peak urinary flow rate and the residual urine from the baseline values were noted in both groups after treatment but were not significant between the two groups. The incidence of adverse effects in the combination group was higher than that in the terazosin group. As expected the most common adverse effect was mouth dryness which was associated with anticholinergic drugs such as tolterodine. Conclusions Patients with LUTS associated BPH appear the improved IPSS after combined therapy with terazosin and tolterodine. This study, although short term and limited numbers of patients, provides evidence that the combined therapy with terazosin plus tolterodine is a good approach for meeting the objectives of rapid, sustained, and safe improvements in the LUTS associated with BPH. And the profile of patients in this study might be used as the indication of such combined therapy for LUTS associated with BPH without urodynamic evaluation.

经尿道前列腺热蒸汽消融术治疗前列腺增生及文献复习

目的:探讨经尿道前列腺热蒸汽消融治疗良性前列腺增生(BPH)的可行性及其临床价值,探索BPH治疗的新方法。方法:对药物治疗效果差、不耐受常规手术或麻醉的4例良性前列腺增生患者行经尿道前列腺热蒸汽消融治疗,术后观察患者恢复情况,并在术后1个月、2个月随访,进行症状评分、尿流率等检查。结果:4例患者术后均未发生明显不良反应。术后2个月,1例患者LUTS症状明显改善,国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)由术前的11分降至术后4分,尿流率由术前10.8 ml/s升至15 ml/s。3例患者LUTS有改善,IPSS评分分别由术前11分、12分、15分降至术后7分、7分、10分,尿流率分别由术前10.5 ml/s、7 ml/s、5 ml/s升至14 ml/s、12 ml/s、7 ml/s。结论:经尿道前列腺热蒸汽消融是一项安全、快速的微创治疗的新方法,可为临床药物治疗效果差或不耐受常规手术等困难的高龄高危患者提供一种新的治疗思路。