一株纤维素酶高产菌的筛选、鉴定与产酶研究

从蘑菇培养基质中筛选到一株纤维素酶高产菌株，将其命名为SAISA10，经形态学及分子生物学鉴定，确认该菌为真菌Hypocreales sp.。发酵产酶条件分析结果表明，该菌株最佳发酵条件为：发酵时间3 d、发酵温度40 ℃、pH值4. 0、m（羧甲基纤维素钠）：m（麸皮）=1 ： 1（g ： g）、（NH4）2SO4含量0. 8 g ·（100 mL）^-1 。酶学性质初步研究结果表明，该菌株所产纤维素酶的最适酶解条件为：温度45～55 ℃、pH值4. 0;最佳稳定条件为：温度40 ℃、pH值4. 5。菌株SAISA10是一株高产纤维素酶的真菌，在高温和低pH值下仍有高活性和稳定性，具有较高的开发价值。

Bionectria pseudochroleuca,a new host record on Prunus sp.in northern Thailand

This study presents the first report of Bionectria pseudochroleuca(Bionectriaceae)on Prunus sp.(Rosaceae)from northern Thailand,based on both morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribe spacer(ITS)and Beta-tubulin(TUB2).

Paracremonium moubasheri,a new species from an alkaline sediment of Lake Hamra in Wadi-El-Natron,Egypt with a key to the accepted species

During surveys of extremophilic fungi in hypersaline,alkaline lakes of Wadi-El-Natron,Egypt,an interesting fungus was recovered from a mud sample collected from Lake Hamra in Wadi-El-Natron,Egypt.Maximum likelihood analysis of Internal Transcribed Spacer(ITS)gene along with morphological comparisons of related taxa revealed a novel taxon,Paracremonium moubasheri which is described and illustrated in the current study.Paracremonium moubasheri can be distinguished from the known species of the genus by its large conidia,in addition to the presence of chlamydospores.

Profile of Bionectriaceae,Calcarisporiaceae,Hypocreaceae,Nectriaceae,Tilachlidiaceae,Ijuhyaceae fam.nov.,Stromatonectriaceae fam.nov.and Xanthonectriaceae fam.nov

This paper provides outlines for Bionectriaceae,Calcarisporiaceae,Hypocreaceae,Nectriaceae,Tilachlidiaceae,Ijuhy-aceae,Stromatonectriaceae and Xanthonectriaceae with taxonomic treatments.We provide up-to-date DNA sequence-based phylogenies including combined gene analysis of ITS,LSU,rpb2,tef1 and tub2 for Hypocreales and accept 17 families.Three new families and 12 new species are introduced with descriptions and illustrations,while 13 new records and one new species combination are provided.Here we mainly detail the taxonomy of Bionectriaceae,Hypocreaceae,Nectriaceae and Tilachlidiaceae,Ijuhyaceae fam.nov.,Stromatonectriaceae fam.nov.and Xanthonectriaceae fam.nov.are introduced in this study based on phenotypic and molecular analyses.For each family we provide a list of accepted genera,the taxo-nomic history,morphological descriptions,taxonomic placement based on DNA sequence data and illustrate the type genus.Representatives of each family are illustrated based on the type herbarium material or fresh specimens where available,or provide relevant references.Notes on ecological and economic importance of the families are also given.

Polycephalomycetaceae,a new family of clavicipitoid fungi segregates from Ophiocordycipitaceae

Clavicipitoid fungi comprise three families,namely Clavicipitaceae,Cordycipitaceae,and Ophiocordycipitaceae.They are found worldwide and are specialized pathogens of invertebrate,plant and fungal hosts.Over the last decade,morphology-and phylogeny-based studies on clavicipitoid fungi have increased.The latter have revealed that Polycephalomyces,Perennicordyceps and Pleurocordyceps consistently cluster together.These genera are currently considered as members of Ophiocordycipitaceae.Nonetheless,information with regard to their diversity and ecology remains sparse.To fill this gap,we collected 29 fresh specimens from insect and fungal substrates from tropical and subtropical evergreen forests in Thailand and southwestern China.We performed detailed morphological analyses and constructed photoplates for all isolated fungi.We used extensive taxon sampling and a dataset comprising internal transcribed spacer gene region(ITS),small subunit ribosomal RNA gene region(SSU),large subunit rRNA gene region(LSU),translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene region(TEF-1α),RNA polymerase II largest subunit gene region(RPB1)and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit(RPB2)to infer order-,family and genus-level phylogenetic trees.Based on these biphasic analyses,we segregate Polycephalomyces,Perennicordyceps,and Pleurocordyceps from Ophiocordycipitaceae and introduce the new family Polycephalomycetaceae to accomodate these three genera.The majority of species in this family have a vast range of insect and fungal hosts.The sexual morph of Polycephalomycetaceae has stromatic ascomata,long stipes,thick peridium,and cylindrical secondary spores.The asexual morph is characterized by colonies on the host surface or synnemata with stipes on the host,one or two types of phialides,and cylindrical to fusiform conidia.We expand the number of taxa in the new family by introducing seven new species(Polycephalomyces albiramus,Perennicordyceps lutea,Pleurocordyceps parvicapitata,Pleurocordyceps lanceolatus,Pleurocordyceps nutansis,Pleurocordyceps heilongtanensis,Pleurocordyceps vitellina),nine new hosts,and one new combination(Perennicordyceps elaphomyceticola).The results herein hint at a high level of diversity for Polycephalomycetaceae.Future investigations focusing on obtaining additional collections and specimens from different geographical areas would help to reveal not only the extent of the group’s diversity,but also resolve its deeper phylogenetic placement.

In honor of John Bissett:authoritative guidelines on molecular identification of Trichoderma

Modern taxonomy has developed towards the establishment of global authoritative lists of species that assume the standard-ized principles of species recognition,at least in a given taxonomic group.However,in fungi,species delimitation is fre-quently subjective because it depends on the choice of a species concept and the criteria selected by a taxonomist.Contrary to it,identification of fungal species is expected to be accurate and precise because it should predict the properties that are required for applications or that are relevant in pathology.The industrial and plant-beneficial fungi from the genus Tricho-derma(Hypocreales)offer a suitable model to address this collision between species delimitation and species identification.A few decades ago,Trichoderma diversity was limited to a few dozen species.The introduction of molecular evolutionary methods resulted in the exponential expansion of Trichoderma taxonomy,with up to 50 new species recognized per year.Here,we have reviewed the genus-wide taxonomy of Trichoderma and compiled a complete inventory of all Trichoderma species and DNA barcoding material deposited in public databases(the inventory is available at the website of the Interna-tional Subcommission on Taxonomy of Trichoderma www.trich oderm a.info).Among the 375 species with valid names as of July 2020,361(96%)have been cultivated in vitro and DNA barcoded.Thus,we have developed a protocol for molecular identification of Trichoderma that requires analysis of the three DNA barcodes(ITS,tef1,and rpb2),and it is supported by online tools that are available on www.trich okey.info.We then used all the whole-genome sequenced(WGS)Trichoderma strains that are available in public databases to provide versatile practical examples of molecular identification,reveal short-comings,and discuss possible ambiguities.Based on the Trichoderma example,this study shows why the identification of a fungal species is an intricate and laborious task that requires a background in mycology,molecular biological skills,training in molecular evolutionary analysis,and knowledge of taxonomic literature.We provide an in-depth discussion of species concepts that are applied in Trichoderma taxonomy,and conclude that these fungi are particularly suitable for the implementa-tion of a polyphasic approach that was first introduced in Trichoderma taxonomy by John Bissett(1948-2020),whose work inspired the current study.We also propose a regulatory and unifying role of international commissions on the taxonomy of particular fungal groups.An important outcome of this work is the demonstration of an urgent need for cooperation between Trichoderma researchers to get prepared to the efficient use of the upcoming wave of Trichoderma genomic data.

Bambusicolous fungi

Fourty-three species of microfungi from bamboo are treated,including one new family,Occultibambusaceae,three new genera,Neoanthostomella,Occultibambusa and Seriascoma,27 new species,one renamed species and 15 redescribed or re-illustrated species,and four designated reference specimens are treated in this paper,the majority of which are saprobic on dead culms.To determine species identification,separate phylogenetical analyses for each group are carried out,based on molecular data from this study and sequences downloaded from GenBank.Morphologically similar species and phylogenetically close taxa are compared and discussed.In addition a list of bambusicolous fungi published since Hyde and colleagues in 2002 is provided.

Families of Sordariomycetes

Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota that comprises a highly diverse range of fungi characterized mainly by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci.The class includes many important plant pathogens,as well as endophytes,saprobes,epiphytes,coprophilous and fungicolous,lichenized or lichenicolous taxa.They occur in terrestrial,freshwater and marine habitats worldwide.This paper reviews the 107 families of the class Sordariomycetes and provides a modified backbone tree based on phylogenetic analysis of four combined loci,with a maximum five representative taxa from each family,where available.This paper brings together for the first time,since Barrs’1990 Prodromus,descriptions,notes on the history,and plates or illustrations of type or representative taxa of each family,a list of accepted genera,including asexual genera and a key to these taxa of Sordariomycetes.Delineation of taxa is supported where possible by molecular data.The outline is based on literature to the end of 2015 and the Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses,32 orders,105 families and 1331 genera.The family Obryzaceae and Pleurotremataceae are excluded from the class.

Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Sordariomycetes

Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota and is characterised by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci.The class includes many important plant pathogens,as well as endophytes,saprobes,epiphytes,and fungicolous,lichenized or lichenicolous taxa.The class includes freshwater,marine and terrestrial taxa and has a worldwide distribution.This paper provides an updated outline of the Sordariomycetes and a backbone tree incorporating asexual and sexual genera in the class.Based on phylogeny and morphology we introduced three subclasses;Diaporthomycetidae,Lulworthiomycetidae and Meliolomycetidae and five orders;Amplistromatales,Annulatascales,Falcocladiales,Jobellisiales and Togniniales.The outline is based on literature to the end of 2014 and the backbone tree published in this paper.Notes for 397 taxa with information,such as new family and genera novelties,novel molecular data published since the Outline of Ascomycota 2009,and new links between sexual and asexual genera and thus synonymies,are provided.The Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses,28 orders,90 families and 1344 genera.In addition a list of 829 genera with uncertain placement in Sordariomycetesis also provided.

The Longibrachiatum Clade of Trichoderma:a revision with new species

The Longibrachiatum Clade of Trichoderma is revised.Eight new species are described(T.aethiopicum,T.capillare,T.flagellatum,T.gillesii,T.gracile,T.pinnatum,T.saturnisporopsis,T.solani).The twenty-one species known to belong to the Longibrachiatum Clade are included in a synoptic key.Trichoderma parareesei and T.effusum are redescribed based on new collections or additional observations.Hypocrea teleomorphs are reported for T.gillesii and T.pinnatum.Previously described species are annotated.