The impact of chestnut blight, caused by the fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica, has diminished in Europe due to a natural biological control caused by hypovirus infection. Hypovirulence-mediated biological cont...The impact of chestnut blight, caused by the fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica, has diminished in Europe due to a natural biological control caused by hypovirus infection. Hypovirulence-mediated biological control has been far less successful in North America meriting further evaluation of field isolates that have the ability to produce non-lethal cankers, generate hypovirulent inoculum, and exhibit a greater ecological fitness in forest systems. In this study, Cryphonectria hypoviruses (CHV) CHV3-County Line, CHV1-Euro7, and CHV1-Ep713 were evaluated in five different isolates of C. parasitica. One hundred and eighty cankers representing each treatment combination were initiated on American chestnut sprouts in the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia, USA. The size of cankers, the persistence of hypovirulent (HV) isolates, stroma production, and hypovirus transmission to conidia were assessed four and 12 months after canker expansion. CHV3-County Line infected isolates produced significantly smaller cankers than the isolates infected with either CHV1-type. With regard to CHV1-Euro7 isolates, the fungal genome appeared to contribute to the differences in canker size. After four months, HV isolates harboring either CHV1-type (30%) were retrieved at a significantly higher rate than isolates containing CHV3-County Line (14%). After 12 months, the HV recovery was similar among the three hypoviruses indicating smaller cankers will maintain their HV status after one year. Very few stroma were produced after one year in the field from HV isolates. In vitro, CHV3-County Line (49%) had a significantly lower rate of hypovirus transmission to conidia when compared to CHV1-Euro7 (87%) and CHV1-Ep713 (80%). Significant differences existed among the five different isolates indicating HV transmission is dependent on the fungal genome. This research provided additional evidence that each hypovirus interacts with its host differently and certain isolate/hypovirus combinations have better biological control potential than others.展开更多
The cause of virulence decline of hypovirulent isolate Ep-1PN of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary has been studied through transmitting test and analysing its offsprings derived from single ascospore. When the ...The cause of virulence decline of hypovirulent isolate Ep-1PN of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary has been studied through transmitting test and analysing its offsprings derived from single ascospore. When the colony of a normal strain Ep-1PNA 183 intermingled with the colony of Ep-1PN, its margin became abnormal, just like Ep-1PN. Cultures isolated from top-tip of the colony of Ep-1PNA 183 showed the hypovirulence and its associated properties of Ep-1PN. Moreover, a series of cultures which have characteristics between Ep-1PN and normal strain could be isolated from stipes of Ep-1PN. More than 200 offsprings derived from single ascospore of Ep-1PN were normal strains. According to those results, there exists a transmissible cytoplasmic hypovirulent element in hypovirulent isolate Ep-1PN of S. sclerotiorum.展开更多
文摘The impact of chestnut blight, caused by the fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica, has diminished in Europe due to a natural biological control caused by hypovirus infection. Hypovirulence-mediated biological control has been far less successful in North America meriting further evaluation of field isolates that have the ability to produce non-lethal cankers, generate hypovirulent inoculum, and exhibit a greater ecological fitness in forest systems. In this study, Cryphonectria hypoviruses (CHV) CHV3-County Line, CHV1-Euro7, and CHV1-Ep713 were evaluated in five different isolates of C. parasitica. One hundred and eighty cankers representing each treatment combination were initiated on American chestnut sprouts in the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia, USA. The size of cankers, the persistence of hypovirulent (HV) isolates, stroma production, and hypovirus transmission to conidia were assessed four and 12 months after canker expansion. CHV3-County Line infected isolates produced significantly smaller cankers than the isolates infected with either CHV1-type. With regard to CHV1-Euro7 isolates, the fungal genome appeared to contribute to the differences in canker size. After four months, HV isolates harboring either CHV1-type (30%) were retrieved at a significantly higher rate than isolates containing CHV3-County Line (14%). After 12 months, the HV recovery was similar among the three hypoviruses indicating smaller cankers will maintain their HV status after one year. Very few stroma were produced after one year in the field from HV isolates. In vitro, CHV3-County Line (49%) had a significantly lower rate of hypovirus transmission to conidia when compared to CHV1-Euro7 (87%) and CHV1-Ep713 (80%). Significant differences existed among the five different isolates indicating HV transmission is dependent on the fungal genome. This research provided additional evidence that each hypovirus interacts with its host differently and certain isolate/hypovirus combinations have better biological control potential than others.
文摘The cause of virulence decline of hypovirulent isolate Ep-1PN of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary has been studied through transmitting test and analysing its offsprings derived from single ascospore. When the colony of a normal strain Ep-1PNA 183 intermingled with the colony of Ep-1PN, its margin became abnormal, just like Ep-1PN. Cultures isolated from top-tip of the colony of Ep-1PNA 183 showed the hypovirulence and its associated properties of Ep-1PN. Moreover, a series of cultures which have characteristics between Ep-1PN and normal strain could be isolated from stipes of Ep-1PN. More than 200 offsprings derived from single ascospore of Ep-1PN were normal strains. According to those results, there exists a transmissible cytoplasmic hypovirulent element in hypovirulent isolate Ep-1PN of S. sclerotiorum.
