Coupling interaction between biodiversity and aquatic habitat area in Western Route Project vicinity

The Western Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project will divert water from the upper Yangtze River and its tributaries, the Dadu River and Yalong River, to the upper Yellow River. The project may ease the water shortage in the Yellow River Basin. However, it may also have some effects on the ecosystem in the upper Yangtze River Basin. Benthic invertebrates play an important role in the river ecosystem, particularly in the circulation of materials and nutrition. Benthic invertebrates are widely used to quickly assess river ecosystems because of their rapid response to changes in the water environment. The diversity of benthic invertebrates is closely associated with the aquatic habitat area. This study examined this interaction by sampling the benthic invertebrates in an expanding area. The conclusions are that the diversity of benthic invertebrates begins to decrease when the aquatic habitat area is reduced to 45% of the original area, and decreases dramatically when the aquatic habitat area is reduced to 10% of the original area. The aquatic habitat area should be kept at more than 45% of the original area in order to maintain the significant diversity of benthic invertebrates.

Protection and Construction Measures of Wild Animals' Habitats in Ecological Green Land Design in Town-and-City Concentration Areas of China

Town-and-city concentration area is confronted with ecological degeneration due to the expansion of urbanization,and enriching urban bio-diversity is conducive to the improvement of ecological function of urban green system.The paper has studied how to increase urban bio-diversity by making use of urban green lands for protection and construction of wild animals' habitats,and proposed the significance and theoretical idea for protection and construction of wild animals' habitats.By taking ecological green lands design in Qinglongchang of Chengdu City for example,it has analyzed the current situation of animals' diversity;proposed to plan corridor,construct biological channel and provide multiporous habitats;listed plants' selection and collocation mode;and finally illustrated how to set artificial facilities for attraction of animals.It hopes to provide a reference for the design of ecological green lands in cities advocating the harmonious development of living environment and natural environment.

Benthic Diversity of Sessile Organisms in Rocky Reef Habitats of Coastal Brazil: An Insight into the Implementation of Marine Protected Areas

Marine Protected Areas are increasingly becoming a tool of choice for conservation and management of marine resources and ecosystems. Data on biodiversity are necessary to assist in establishing protected areas for conservation objectives to be met. Toward that effect, we investigated reef biodiversity patterns in three large-scale coastal regions of Brazil. The study areas comprised of an upwelling region, an adjacent high impacted region, and a more distant marine park. We surveyed four reef sites in each study region. Species counts of sessile benthic organisms, substrate relief, and average monthly water temperatures were recorded during the surveys. Benthic organisms were identified to the lowest taxa possible using still photos. Biodiversity was estimated using Shannon’s index on richness of organism taxa. Diversity was highest at the upwelling and high-impacted areas. No substrate relief patterns were found. Temperature readings showed lower average values at the upwelling and high impacted regions. Our results favor the upwelling region for establishment of a Marine Protected Area. Moreover, the similar diversity between the upwelling and the high impacted regions showed evidence of spillover effects from the former into the latter region, further demonstrating the importance of the former region for conservation.

Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Species Diversity of Animals and Plants

Habitat fragmentation has been a research hotspot of biodiversity,and an important "bottleneck" restricting biodiversity.Habitat fragmentation can cause species loss and affect the process of immigration and colonization by decreasing habitat size and increasing isolation degree among populations,thereby affecting species diversity of animals and plants.This paper elaborated the concept and main theory of habitat fragmentation and the influence of habitat fragmentation on species diversity of animals and plants,and suggested that studies on the effects of habitat fragmentation on species diversity at multi-trophic levels and larger scales should be strengthened.

Two-dimensional physical habitat modeling of effects of habitat structures on urban stream restoration

River corridors, even if highly modified or degraded, still provide important habitats for numerous biological species, and carry high aesthetic and economic values. One of the keys to urban stream restoration is recovery and maintenance of ecological flows sufficient to sustain aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the Hongje Stream in the Seoul metropolitan area of Korea was selected for evaluating a physically-based habitat with and without habitat structures. The potential value of the aquatic habitat was evaluated by a weighted usable area （WUA） using River2D, a two-dimensional hydraulic model. The habitat suitability for Zacco platypus in the Hongje Stream was simulated with and without habitat structures. The computed WUA values for the boulder, spur dike, and riffle increased by about 2%, 7%, and 131%, respectively, after their construction. Also, the three habitat structures, especially the riffle, can contribute to increasing hydraulic heterogeneity and enhancing habitat diversity.

Assessment of Habitats according to Groyne Types (Using Pale Chub)

A groyne zone formed by installing groynes functions as habitat or shelter for aquatic organisms during a flood. Since flow characteristics over a groyne zone are affected directly by groynes, understanding flow patterns due to shapes and types of groynes is of importance for designing groynes. In order to use groynes as an eco-friendly river structure, the ecological effects should also be considered at the design stage. In Korea, the ecological effects of groynes have rarely been examined or included for the actual design. In this study, a set of experiments were carried out to investigate flow pattern changes depending on different types of groynes. Based on the flow characteristics in the groyne zone, the scales of habitats and shelters by the groyne types were estimated. In addition, to test the applicability of a habitat evaluation model to the ecological design of groynes, River2D was used for a virtual river. For assessment of the groyne’s function of ecological habitat, the suitability index of a habitat for pale chub, one of the popular fishes in Korea, was used and the habitat areas by the groyne types were analyzed. The flow changes depending on the groyne types simulated by River2D show the applicability for the simulation of an ecological habitat to the groyne design.

A global consistent positive effect of urban green area size on bird richness

Background: Although the species-urban green area relationship (SARu) has been analyzed worldwide, the global consistency of its parameters, such as the fit and the slope of models, remains unexplored. Moreover,the SARu can be explained by 20 different models. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate which models provide a better explanation of SARus and, focusing on the power model,to evaluate the global heterogeneity in its fit and slope. Methods: We tested the performance of multiple statistical models in accounting for the way in which species richness increases with area, and examined whether variability in model form was associated with various methodological and environmental factors. Focusing on the power model, we analyzed the global heterogeneity in the fit and slope of the models through a meta-analysis. Results: Among 20 analyzed models, the linear model provided the best fit to the most datasets, was the top ranked model according to our efficiency criterion, and was the top overall ranked model.The Kobayashi and power models were the second and third overall ranked models, respectively.The number of green areas and the minimum number of species within a green area were the only significant variables explaining the variation in model form and performance, accounting for less than 10% of the variation. Based on the power model,there was a consistent overall fit (r2=0.50) and positive slope of 0.20 for the species richness increase with area worldwide.Conclusions:The good fit of the linear model to our SARu datasets contrasts with the non-linear SAR frequently found in true and non-urban habitat island systems;however, this finding may be a result of the small sample size of many SARu datasets. The overall power model slope of 0.20 suggests low levels of isolation among urban green patches, or alternatively that habitat specialist and area sensitive species have already been extirpated from urban green areas.

Flow Characteristic Variations on Groyne Types for Aquatic Habitats

The field formed by groyne has the function of aquatic habitats for the underwater biology. The characteristic of groyne field occurring around downstream of groyne depends on groyne type and shape. Thus to maximize the function of groyne, it needs to understand the flow characteristic around groyne. In this study, experiment model test was conducted in recirculation zone located in downstream of groyne. Groyne types for experiment are three: permeable, impermeable and inclined crest groyne. LSPIV (Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry) is used to measure flow field around the groyne and it revealed flow characteristic in recirculation zone at each case. In order to estimate the aquatic habitats of groyne fields, critical swimming speed of major fleshwater fish in Korea was compared with the variation of velocity distribution in groyne fields. From the results, the rate of velocity decreases in groyne fields, V/Vapp were measured to be 0 to 0.5 and the results can be fundamental data which are used to estimate the aquatic habitable function of groyne.

Pteridophyte Flora of Manaslu Conservation Area, Central Nepal

The pteridophytes comprising ferns and fern allies constitute an important part in Nepalese flora. Pteridophyte flora of the Himalayan region is considered to be the basic requirements for the knowledge of pteridology. This paper aims to provide the overview of fern and fern allies present in the Nubri valley and its adjoining areas of Manaslu Conservation Area (MCA), Central Nepal. A total of 105 species belonging to 45 genera were recorded, with Dryopteris as the largest genera including twelve species followed by Athyrium, Pteris and Polystichum. With regard to habitats, most of the species were terrestrials followed by lithophytes and epiphytes.

Recovering threatened plant species and their habitats: The need for integrated action

As an introduction to the Special Issue on the restoration of threatened plant species and their habitats,this editorial shows how the various papers in the issue address the range of in situ interventions involved in species population management and restoration of their habitat, together with examples of case studies implementing these actions. It stresses the need for integrating these various interventions.It highlights the importance of protected areas in providing a degree of protection for threatened species but also the need to complement this with actions at the species level to ensure the effective conservation and long term persistence of these species. It emphasizes that ecological restoration is a complement to, not a substitute for conservation, and that the balance of effort and allocation of resources between them is a key issue.

人居视角下历史城区公共设施空间保护与更新研究

历史城区具有遗产性和生活性的双重属性,随着“遗产旅游”的兴起和人居环境的老化,历史城区面临生活功能减退的问题,这对遗产的真实性和完整性构成挑战.文章基于“人居视角”,强调历史城区作为遗产社区回归生活性的重要性,强调应关注与居民生活密切相关的公共设施空间,探索更可持续和韧性的历史城区保护与更新方法.以平遥古城教育设施空间作为实证进行研究,文章分析平遥古城不同历史时期公共设施空间的演变特征,探索了人群和教育空间关系的演变动力机制,并提出了针对平遥古城公共设施空间的更新策略,旨在实现历史城区的活态保护和可持续发展.

Study on the Change of Eco-Environmental Quality in Jiufeng Mountain Area Based on InVEST Model

Habitat is not only an important place for animals and plants to inhabit and reproduce, but also the basis of human survival and development. With the large-scale development of mineral resources, land use types have changed sharply, fragile habitats tend to collapse, and the future sustainable development has lost a stable carrier. Habitat quality is a comprehensive expression of the interaction of many factors such as land, biology and water resources for many years. Natural factors are the most direct factors affecting habitat quality, and human activities are the most intense factors. The habitat module of invest model was used to evaluate the changes and temporal and spatial characteristics of habitat quality in Jiufeng Mountain from 1990 to 2018. It is found that the habitat quality in Jiufeng Mountain area shows a downward trend, and the ecological environment is very fragile. The high value areas of eco-environmental quality are mainly distributed in mountainous and hilly areas with high vegetation coverage;The low value areas of eco-environmental quality are mainly distributed in industrial and mining land and gully areas. With the development of society and economy and the development of mining industry in Jiufengshan area, the area of construction land is also increasing.

秦岭北麓沣河流域矿区生境质量的时空演变及驱动因素分析

秦岭是中国的“中央水塔”,研究秦岭北麓矿山生境质量的时空演变特征对区域生态保护和可持续发展意义重大。为了评估小流域背景下人类活动对矿山生态环境的影响,该研究针对沣河流域内的重点工程祥峪铁矿区,基于遥感影像提取其1985、2002、2010年和2022年土地利用变化,结合InVEST(integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs)模型和地理探测器定量分析该矿区生境质量变化与驱动因素。结果表明:祥峪铁矿区的土地利用变化主要由旱地逐步转变为林地和工业用地,疏林地转入面积达到18245505.71 m^(2),退耕还林还草工程取得显著成效;祥峪铁矿区生境质量指数由0.50下降为0.49,标准差由0.06增加为0.09,说明生境质量有所下降,空间差异不断扩大,区域整体平均生境退化度降低,但工业用地迅速扩张对周边林地产生持续影响;生境质量变化是自然因素和人文因素共同作用的结果,其中,土地利用变化是造成生态环境脆弱的主要原因,对生境质量变化的解释力达到0.82。该研究可为分析其他类似矿区生态环境演变,推动景观格局的优化和生态文明建设提供科学参考。

面向城市生物多样性提升的可持续景观格局构建机理与途径

城市生物多样性是全球生物多样性的重要组成部分,城市是地理学、生态学及风景园林学等学科领域关注的核心地域。城市生态系统退化直接或间接地干扰了城市生境并造成了区域生物多样性丧失。为实现可持续城市和社区(SDG11)和陆地生物(SDG15)两项可持续发展目标,提升城市生物多样性的途径是当前城市生物多样性研究热点。可持续景观格局调控与构建是提升生物多样性的可能途径,城市生境与生物多样性的关系是可持续景观格局构建的重要内涵,科学地认知两者的相互作用关系是景观格局调控的根本。研究通过梳理生物多样性与景观生态学的交叉研究,提出了可持续城市景观格局研究的转变趋向:从生物多样性保护的被动适应式的生态安全格局构建转向主动调控提升生物多样性的可持续城市景观格局构建。加强多尺度的级联,在斑块尺度上的城市生境恢复和营建,景观尺度上构建面向城市生物多样性提升的可持续景观格局识别与连通优化,区域尺度上开展生物多样性保护规划。研究为城市生物多样性的保护与提升提供科学途径,进而促进城市景观生态学的理论与实践发展。

农村人居环境整治中女性参与的实践形态与角色适配

农村人居环境整治是乡村振兴的重要内容,女性参与农村人居环境整治则是其一项重要举措。不同于城市社区,农村社区由于受自然地理、社会结构、社会关系和地方文化等因素的影响,女性在其人居环境整治中发挥着越来越重要的作用。女性在农村人居环境整治的动员与组织、实施与整治、检查与监督阶段参与各项工作,切实推进人居环境的整治,也促进了女性主动参与村庄公共事务,提升了村庄集体行动力。究其背后的实践逻辑,则是由于农村社区“场域”塑造了女性自身角色,形成了女性社会组织,促使女性主动参与农村人居环境整治的各阶段,有效改善了农村人居环境状况。

ENSO事件下西北太平洋远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭栖息地协同变化特征

远东拟沙丁鱼(Sardinops melanostictus)和日本鲭(Scomber japonicus)是西北太平洋海域重要的关联经济物种,探究二者栖息地变动的关联性有利于合理开发和管理渔业资源。本研究利用2017−2021年6−11月西北太平洋海域远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭的渔业数据,结合海表面温度、海表面高度和叶绿素a质量浓度3个关键环境变量分别构建不同权重的栖息地模型,并利用2021年的渔业数据进行验证。选取最优模型预测不同厄尔尼诺与南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)事件下远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭的最适栖息地分布,分析二者在不同ENSO事件下最适栖息地时空分布的差异性和同步性。结果表明:在不同ENSO事件下远东拟沙丁鱼适宜生境面积(高于15%)均高于日本鲭适宜生境面积(低于6%);但远东拟沙丁鱼在拉尼娜事件下最适栖息地面积增长率高于厄尔尼诺事件,前者增长率为0.197,后者增长率为0.123,相反,日本鲭在拉尼娜事件下增长率低于厄尔尼诺事件,前者增长率为1.114,后者增长率为2.082;当远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭的分布位置接近时,会促进二者栖息地的适宜条件,当二者分布位置相距较远时会一定程度上抑制日本鲭栖息地面积的增加。远东拟沙丁鱼和日本鲭适宜面积在不同ENSO事件下协同变化特征可能与二者种间关系(竞争/捕食−被捕食)和西北太平洋海域海流分布情况有关。

2023年三峡水库生态调度对四大家鱼生境面积的影响

为量化生态调度对四大家鱼生境面积的影响,2023年在三峡水库开展了针对葛洲坝下游四大家鱼自然繁殖的生态调度试验,以葛洲坝至枝江江段为研究区域,选择水位变幅、水深、流速、水温4个主要生境因子,建立了耦合平面二维水动力学模型和产卵栖息地适宜度曲线的四大家鱼产卵生境质量评估模型,实现了产卵综合适宜度指数时空分布的精细化模拟。结果显示,2023年三峡水库生态调度期间,约60%研究区域四大家鱼产卵综合适宜度指数呈现增加趋势,其产卵加权可利用面积占研究区域总面积比例由30.45%增加至约55%;适宜四大家鱼产卵区域(综合适宜度指数0.6~1.0)明显增加,占研究区域总面积比例由4.67%增加至约60%。研究表明,三峡水库生态调度显著改善了葛洲坝至枝江江段四大家鱼产卵的生境质量。

预测气候变化对野生茉莉花在中国潜在分布的影响

本研究基于ArcGIS软件与MaxEnt模型,根据85个野生茉莉花Jasminum sambac分布记录和19个气候因子,对其当前和未来的生态位进行模拟。结果显示:受试者工作特征(Receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线下面积(Area under curve,AUC)为0.982,表明模型的预测准确度极高;野生茉莉花当前分布主要受温度(年平均温度、温度变化方差、最干季度均温、最暖季度均温)和降雨(最湿降水量、最热季平均降水量)的影响。野生茉莉花当前(1950-2000年)的高度适生区主要集中在广东西南部、云南、四川和重庆接壤处、湖南北部、河南南部、安徽中部和江苏中部等地;未来(2050年)随着气候的变化,野生茉莉花的适生区将向中国西南、东南地区迁移;野生茉莉花的适生区面积将缩小,但是高度适生区面积将增大,浙江和福建将变为高度适生区;野生茉莉花高度适生区在四川的分布面积将扩大,但在江苏、广东和广西的分布面积将减小。本研究丰富了野生茉莉的生物地理学内容,为其野生资源的保护工作提供了理论指导。

基于MaxEnt探究栖息地质量对百灵科鸟类分布影响

采用固定半径样点法对内蒙古中东部的赤峰、通辽和锡林郭勒盟部分地区草原生境的百灵科鸟类分布与栖息地质量的关系进行了调查,运用MaxEnt软件对分布数据和代表栖息地质量的环境变量进行了分析.结果表明:3年调查共记录到5属5种百灵科鸟类.从宏观上看,云雀、蒙古百灵和短趾百灵在研究区的适宜分布区高度相似,都倾向于分布在海拔较低、地势平缓、降水丰富的栖息地,在典型草原和草甸草原都有分布.角百灵只出现在乌拉盖草原,即分布于典型草原.凤头百灵在乌拉盖草原没有分布,只分布于草甸草原.所有百灵科鸟类都倾向于生存在水域附近,适宜栖息地较干旱的角百灵更是如此,说明水源是百灵科鸟类生存的关键因素.角百灵之外的其他百灵科鸟类在道路边都有较多分布,与物种分布的边缘效应有关,同时过往车辆可能也会给百灵科鸟类带来食物.因此,建议加强对道路边百灵科鸟类的重点保护和对百灵科鸟类高适宜生境水源的保护.

气候变化情景下百日青在中国的潜在适生区预测

研究气候变化情景下百日青在中国的潜在适生区,有助于未来保护策略的制定。基于39个有效分布点和19个气候变量数据,利用MaxEnt模型、ArcGIS、R软件预测当前(1970—2000年)和未来(2050s、2070s)不同发展路径(SSP126、SSP245、SSP370、SSP585)下百日青在中国的潜在适生区,定量分析其适生区的时空变化规律以及质心迁移轨迹,并采用ROC曲线下的面积AUC值来确定模型精确性。结果表明:(1)各组模型的AUC值均大于0.972,模型预测结果极好。(2)温度季节性变化、最干季度降水量、平均温度变化度范围、年平均气温、最湿月的降水量是影响百日青分布的主导气候因子。(3)当前气候条件下,百日青的总适生区面积为89.39×104km2,约占我国国土面积的9.3%,主要位于西南、华南以及华东部分区域。(4)未来气候情景下,百日青的总适生区面积变化幅度较小(10%以内)。(5)气候变化情景下,百日青潜在适生区的主要变动区域集中在四川东南部、广西西部、贵州中部、云南北部,从当前到未来百日青适生区质心变化大体方向是先向东南迁移,再向西北迁移。