Mechanisms of cast structure and stressed state formation in Hadfield steel

The paper describes the investigation of mechanisms of cast structure formation in Hadfield steel depending on the changes in the cooling rate of a casting in the following two temperature ranges: crystallization temperature(1,200-1,390 °С) and the temperature of excessive phase separation(560-790 °С). Changes in the cooling rate of the crystallization temperature range from 1.1 to 25.0 °С·s^(-1) result in the reduction of the average size of austenite grains from 266 to 131 μm. At the same time, the magnitude of developing shrinkage stresses changes from +195 to 0 MPa. When the cooling rate is higher than 16 °С·s^(-1), no shrinkage stresses are formed in the casting. Changes in the cooling rate of the casting in the temperature range of the excessive phase separation influence the number of phases, their morphology and chemical composition, the values of phase stresses, and the possibility of martensitic transformation. Changing in the cooling rate from 0.24 to 5.46 °С·s^(-1) results in the decrease of the amount of the excessive phase from 14.8% to 2.1%, which is composed of eutectic and carbides depending on the cooling rate, their quantitative ratio and morphology change. Such changes in the microstructure are reflected on the changes of value of developing phase stresses. When the cooling rate is 0.24 °С·s^(-1), it is +100 MPa, while the increase of the cooling rate to 1.4 °С·s^(-1) results in the decrease of tensile stresses to 0 MPa and their qualitative stresses change to compressive ones. Further increase of the cooling rate results in the increase of the value of compressive stresses. When the cooling rate is 5.5 °С·s^(-1), their value reaches-92 MPa. Martensite forming in the structure of Hadfield steel is possible if the cooling rate of the casting in the range of excessive phase separation is less than 0.25 °С·s^(-1).

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-Cr Cast Iron Bars Reinforced Hadfield Steel Matrix Composites

To obtain the compatible material of high hardness and high toughness,Hadfield steel matrix composites,reinforced by high-Cr cast iron bars made of flux-cored welding wires,which were inserted into the Hadfield steel melt,were investigated.The mechanical properties of three materials,i e,composites for as-cast and quenching-water condition,as well as Hadfield steel,were compared.The results show that the alloy powder inside flux-cored welding wires can be melted by the heat capacity of Hadfield steel melt and solidify into high-Cr cast iron bars.The impact toughness of the composite for quenching-water condition is higher than that of the composite for as-cast condition and is lower than that of the Hadfield steel,but it can still meet the requirements of hardness and toughness in industrial application.Regardless of load variation,composite for quenching-water condition shows better wear resistance than those of the composite for as-cast condition and Hadfield steel.The modified fracture toughness and wear resistance of composites are attributed to not only the combining actions of Hadfield steel matrix and high-Cr cast iron bars,but also the effect of heat treatment.

Feasibility of new ladle-treated Hadfield steel for mining purposes

A debate has arisen over the possibility of using a new ladle-treated Hadfield steel instead of conventional heat-treated Hadfield steel in mining applications. This debate might be solved by identifying the differences between the mechanical properties and strain-hardening properties of conventional heat-treated Hadfield steel and its counterpart ladle-treated Hadfield steel. Tensile and compression tests demonstrated that the ductility of ladle-treated Hadfield steel is similar to that of conventional heat-treated steel. However, the strain-hardening property of the ladle-treated Hadfield steel is almost two times higher than that of the heat-treated Hadfield steel. The results of this study demonstrate that the improvement of the strain-hardening behavior is attributable to the low stacking-fault energy of the main austenite matrix, which results from the high segregation coefficient of carbon and manganese solutes of the main austenite matrix into the new eutectic phase. Superior wear abrasion resistance is a potential consequence of different strain-hardening properties under low and high loads.

Abrasive Wear Behavior of High Chromium Cast Iron and Hadfield Steel-A Comparison

Wear properties of two different crushers used for grinding raw materials of cement industry are compared using pin-on-disk wear test.The wear test was carried out with different loads on a pin.Abrasive wear behavior of two alloys was evaluated by comparing mass loss,wear resistance,microhardness and friction coefficient.The microstructure of the specimens was detected using optical microscope.The results showed that abrasive wear of high chromium cast iron is lower than that of Hadfield steel.Due to the presence of M7C3 carbides on the high chromium cast iron matrix,impact crushers exhibited higher friction coefficient

Effect of melting temperature on microstructural evolutions, behavior and corrosion morphology of Hadfield austenitic manganese steel in the casting process

In this study, the effect of melting temperature on the microstructural evolutions, behavior, and corrosion morphology of Hadfield steel in the casting process is investigated. The mold was prepared by the sodium silicate/CO_2 method, using a blind riser, and then the desired molten steel was obtained using a coreless induction furnace. The casting was performed at melting temperatures of 1350, 1400, 1450, and 1500°C, and the cast blocks were immediately quenched in water. Optical microscopy was used to analyze the microstructure, and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffractrometry(XRD) were used to analyze the corrosion morphology and phase formation in the microstructure, respectively. The corrosion behavior of the samples was analyzed using a potentiodynamic polarization test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) in 3.5 wt% NaCl. The optical microscopy observations and XRD patterns show that the increase in melting temperature led to a decrease of carbides and an increase in the austenite grain size in the Hadfield steel microstructure. The corrosion tests results show that with increasing melting temperature in the casting process, Hadfield steel shows a higher corrosion resistance. The SEM images of the corrosion morphologies show that the reduction of melting temperature in the Hadfield steel casting process induced micro-galvanic corrosion conditions.

Micromechanics behavior of fatigue cracks in Hadfield steel railway crossing

In order to predict the mechanism of the formation and propagation of rolling contact fatigue cracks in Hadfield steel railway crossings(HSRC),the residual strain,microstructure,crystal orientation,and microhardness surrounding fatigue cracks were investigated.Results show that the formation and propagation of fatigue cracks in HSRC have no correlation with the crystal orientation and boundaries of grains.The hardness and residual strain in the field around the fatigue crack are lower than those in other regions.The compressive strain around the fatigue crack is released after crack propagates,which reduces the hardness around the fatigue crack.Deformation twins and dislocations play a key role in the work hardening of HSRC.

Impact wear behaviors of Hadfield manganese steel

Impact wear behaviors of Hadfield manganese steel at different impact angles were investigated. The results of impact wear tests show that there exists a critical impact load for Hadfield steel. The wear rate suddenly turns down after some impact cycles when the impact load is greater than the critical load. The critical impact load is smaller than 8.2 J in this research because the nano-sized austenitic grains embedded in amorphous delay the crack propagation in subsurface. From high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) examination of subsurface microstructure, it is found that a large amount of nano-sized grains embedded in bulk amorphous matrix are fully developed and no martensitic transformation occurs during the impact wear process. The analytical results of worn surface morphology and debris indicate that the initiation of crack, propagation and spalling are restricted in the amorphous phase, resulting in the size distribution of debris in nano-sizes, which is the reason why the wear rate of Hadfield steel is greatly decreased at high impact load.

On the Comparison of Microstructure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of High Chromium White Iron with the Hadfield Austenitic Manganese Steel

In this study, high chromium white iron (HC-Wi) alloy and the Hadfield steel were studied. The microstructure of this high-chromium iron was studied using Metallurgical optical microscopy (OM) and compared to the Hadfield steel. The hardness and unnotched charpy impact strength of the HC-Wi alloy and Hadfield steel were examined at ambient temperature in the as-cast and heat-treated conditions. A pin-on-disc test at linear speed of 1.18 m/s and a 10 N normal load was employed to evaluate the wear behavior of both steel samples. Microstructural results showed that varying the carbon level in HC-Wi alloys can affect the chromium carbide morphology and its distribution in the austenite matrix which leads to considerable changes of the mechanical properties. Abrasion test showed that HC-Wi alloys have superior wear resistance, about three times of the Hadfield steel.

Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Working Parameters on Wire Offset in Wire Electrical Discharge Machining of Hadfield Manganese Steel

In this study, a series of tests have been conducted in order to investigate the machinability evaluation of austenitic Hadfield manganese steel in the Wire Electrical Discharge Machine (WEDM). Experimental investigations have been carried out to relate the effect of input machining parameters such as pulse on-time (Ton), pulse off-time (Toff), wire feed (WF), and average gap voltage (V) on the wire offset in WEDM. No analytical approach gives the exact amount of offset required in WEDM and hence experimental study has been undertaken. In this paper, a mathematical model has been developed to model the machinability evaluation through the response surface methodology (RSM) capable of predicting the response parameter as a function of Ton, Toff, WF and V. The samples are tested and their average prediction error has been calculated taking the average of all the individual prediction errors. The result shows that this mathematical model reflects the independent, quadratic and interactive effects of the various machining parameters on cutting speed in WEDM process.

高锰Hadfield钢单向拉伸变形及断裂行为研究

本研究测试了高锰Hadfield钢室温下在大应变速率(分别为6×10^-3 s^-1、6×10^-4 s^-1、3×10^-5 s^-1和6×10^-6 s^-1)范围内的单向拉伸变形的力学响应行为,分析了合金的变形行为及裂纹萌生与扩展规律。结果表明:在不同应变速率下均存在动态应变时效现象,且延伸率具有正的应变速率敏感性。拉伸变形后,奥氏体晶粒内产生了大量位错和层错,以及细小且相互平行的形变孪晶。应变硬化率随真应变的增加依次表现为“减小—增大—减小”三个演变阶段。其中,第二阶段的增大现象是形变孪晶的急剧增加而形成孪生硬化所致。垂直于拉伸变形方向分布的高密度滑移带是裂纹萌生的主要区域。裂纹扩展以沿垂直拉伸方向的穿晶形式为主,结合沿孪晶方向进行。高锰Hadfield钢的主要变形机制是滑移与孪生的相互竞争。

Casting properties of ASTM A128 Gr.E1 steel modified with Mn-alloying and titanium ladle treatment

This work aims to produce a high manganese steel with more refined austenite grains and better wear resistance without sacrificing the toughness and tensile properties by Mn alloying and Ti ladle treatment in comparision to ASTM A128 Gr.E1 steel (1.0C-13Mn) that is mostly used in the mining industry.The 1.0C-17Mn-xTi alloys (x=0,0.05 and 0.1,in wt.%) were prepared.A relationship was established between the microstructures and mechanical properties of the as-cast and solution annealed alloys.Increasing Ti content increases the stable Ti(CN) phase on and beside the grain boundaries and decreases up to 37% the austenite grain size of the as-cast alloy with 0.10wt.% Ti.Correspondingly,after solution annealed,optimized titanium content (0.05wt.%) results in significant improvements in wear resistance,hardness,elongation,yield and tensile strengths by 44%,31%,30%,8% and 12%,respectively,except 9% decrease in impact toughness compared to ASTM A 128 Gr.E1 steel without modification.These results show that 1.0C-17Mn-0.05Ti alloy can be used for parts exposed to high load wear and applied in conditions where relatively high tensile properties with sufficent ductility is needed.

Study on Formation of Gouging-pits in Mn_7Cr_2 Steel underImpact Abrasive Wear Condition

Study on formation of gouging-pits in Mn,Cr, steel under impact abrasive wear condition was conducted by following the theories of elastic crash and contact, through analysis of photoelasticity and by SEM and results show that maximum shear stress occurs at Z=0.48a, and it initiates a crack; the crack propagates at an angle of 45°from the horizontal and a gouging-pit is conical, and observations by SEM are in agreement with theoretic calculations.

高锰钢辙叉闪光焊接头缺陷分析

文中利用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析、布氏硬度计等对多个高锰钢辙叉焊接接头着色渗透探伤后呈现的缺陷进行了分析。结果表明,中间焊接材料及中间焊接材料−钢轨钢熔合线附近产生的缺陷是由中间焊接材料中存在奥氏体‒铁素体相界裂纹或奥氏体沿晶裂纹引起的,化学成分波动、基体强度低以及焊接过程引入的残余应力是导致这些沿晶裂纹产生的主要原因,中间焊接材料−高锰钢熔合线附近产生的缺陷主要位于高锰钢一侧,高锰钢中的铸造微观缩松及磷共晶是这类缺陷形成的主要原因。为提高高锰钢辙叉焊接接头质量,在完善去除焊接残余应力的基础上,选用高强度单相奥氏体不锈钢,提高高锰钢铸造质量并严格控制杂质元素含量是主要途径。

An extraordinary-performance gradient nanostructured Hadfield manganese steel containing multi-phase nanocrystalline-amorphous core-shell surface layer by laser surface processing

Reducing grain size(i.e.increasing the fraction of grain boundaries)could effectively strengthen nanograined metals but inevitably sacrifices the ductility and possibly causes a strengthening-softening transition below a critical grain size.In this work,a facile laser surface remelting-based technique was employed and optimized to fabricate a∼600μm-thick heterogeneous gradient nanostructured layer on an austenitic Hadfield manganese steel,in which the average grain size is gradually decreased from∼200μm in the matrix to only∼8 nm in the nanocrystalline-amorphous core-shell topmost surface.Atomic-scale microstructural characterizations dissected the gradient refinement processes along the gradient direction,i.e.transiting from the dislocations activities and twinning in sub-region to three kinds of martensitic transformations,and finally a multi-phase nanocrystalline-amorphous core-shell structural surface.Mechanical tests(e.g.nanoindentation,bulk-specimen tensile,and micro-pillar compression)were conducted along the gradient direction.It confirms a tensile strength of∼1055 MPa and ductility of∼10.5%in the laser-processed specimen.Particularly,the core-shell structural surface maintains ultra-strong(tensile strength of∼1.6 GPa,micro-pillar compressive strength of∼4 GPa at a strain of∼8%,and nanoindentation hardness of∼7.7 GPa)to overcome the potential strengthening-softening transition.Such significant strengthening effects are ascribed to the strength-ductility synergetic effects-induced extra work hardening ability in gradient nanostructure and the well-maintained dislocation activities inside extremely refined nanograins in the multi-phase nanocrystalline-amorphous core-shell structural surface,which are evidenced by atomic-scale observations and theoretical analysis.This study provides a unique hetero-nanostructure through a facile laser-related technique for extraordinary mechanical performance.

冲击载荷下应变诱导高锰钢表层组织纳米化机制

利用高分辨电子显微术，对高能冲击接触加载下高锰钢摩擦表面塑变诱导纳米晶形成机制进行了研究．结果表明，冲击接触加载下，高锰钢冲击接触表面由纳米尺度奥氏体与非晶组成；位错反应和重组以及高密度李晶在奥氏体纳米化过程中起重要作用；微小李晶与层错之间或层错与位错之间的相互作用，使晶体向非晶转变.随着非晶数量增加，纳米晶尺度减小．

表面纳米化对高锰钢磨料磨损性能的影响

利用传统的喷丸技术,在高锰钢表面制备出了具有纳米晶结构特征的表层,并利用X射线衍射仪及高分辨透射电子显微镜表征了表面纳米晶的微观组织结构特征．喷丸处理试样的表层晶粒细化至纳米量级,喷丸60 min试样的表面晶粒尺寸约为3～8 nm．随着喷丸处理时间的增加,试样表面硬度增加,晶粒尺寸减小．利用三体磨料磨损试验机检验了喷丸处理前、后试样的磨料磨损性能,结果表明:喷丸时间为2～30 min时,试样的耐磨性随着喷丸时间的增加而增加;喷丸30 min试样的耐磨性提高了72%;过长的喷丸时间导致试样产生微裂纹而使耐磨性下降．晶粒细化和硬度提高使磨损机理发生改变,未喷丸处理试样的磨损主要为微观切削,而喷丸处理试样的磨损主要为疲劳剥落,磨损机理的改变使材料的耐磨性提高．

多元合金化处理对高锰钢组织和性能的影响

在普通高锰钢中分别添加 Cr-V-Ti-RE,Cr-V-Ti,Cr-RE 和 V-Ti-Nb-RE 对其进行合金化处理.采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、力学性能检测、冲击磨料磨损试验等手段,研究不同合金化处理对高锰钢显微组织和力学性能的影响.研究结果表明,合金化处理能细化高锰钢晶粒1~2级,改善夹杂物的大小、形态及分布,并且使高锰钢的硬度、冲击韧性和耐磨性有较大幅度提高.其中经 Cr-V-Ti-RE 合金化处理的试样综合性能最优,其硬度为217 HBS,冲击韧性为155 J/cm2,与未经合金化处理的试样相比,分别提高了12.4%,32.5%,并且其耐磨性提高了13.9%~45.4%.在中、低冲击功下,高锰钢的磨损机制以凿坑变形和显微切削为主；在高冲击功下,磨损机制主要为疲劳剥落.

高锰钢形变过程中加工硬化机理的研究

采用Gleeble-3500试验机对ZGMn13Cr2高锰钢进行0.1s-1应变速率下的室温压缩实验,应变量分别为5%,30%和50%.利用金相显微镜、维氏显微硬度机、XRD和TEM等方法,研究了压缩变形量对ZGMn13Cr2显微组织衍变及加工硬化机制的影响.结果表明:高锰钢压缩变形后晶粒内出现大量变形带,变形带相互交叉、缠结、割截.压缩变形量为5%时,高密度位错相互缠结呈位错胞或者位错墙,压缩变形量为30%时,基体内出现形变孪晶,随着变形量的进一步增大,孪晶的密度和体积分数增大,水韧态高锰钢在压缩变形量为50%的条件下,其显微硬度与初始态相比提高了125%,达到HV560.8.XRD结果显示,压缩变形后基体组织为奥氏体和少量的碳化物,未发现相变诱发马氏体组织.随着变形量的增大,高锰钢加工硬化机理由位错强化机制向形变孪晶强化为主、位错+少量层错强化机制为辅的机制转变.

纳米高锰钢在海水腐蚀介质中的耐蚀性能研究

本文以原态高锰钢、变形高锰钢和纳米高锰钢为研究对象,采用极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱的方法研究其在海水腐蚀介质中的耐腐蚀性能,采用金相显微镜和透射电镜观察其表面组织及晶粒尺寸分布,利用扫描电子显微镜观察其分别在海水中电化学腐蚀后的表面形貌。结果表明,在海水腐蚀介质中,纳米高锰钢的耐蚀性高于原态高锰钢和变形高锰钢,Cl^-是使高锰钢发生点蚀的破坏性离子。

深度轧制高锰钢的组织演变及性能研究

利用常规轧制设备,采用热轧与冷轧及热处理相结合的方法,对铸态高锰钢进行了可控轧制处理。试验结果表明,经预变形的高锰钢奥氏体晶粒急剧细化,内部出现大量的高密度孪晶、位错缠结及层错等组织,加工硬化性能大大提高,耐磨性也随之提高。