Status and Prospects of Exotic Hadrons at BelleⅡ

In the past 20 years,many new hadrons that are difficult to explain within the conventional quark model have been discovered in the quarkonium region;these are called exotic hadrons.The Belle I experiment,as the nextgeneration B factory,provides a good platform for exploring them.The charmonium-like states can be produced at Belle I in several ways,such as B meson decays,initial-state radiation processes,two-photon collisions and double charmonium production.Bottomonium-like states can be produced directly in e^(+)e^(-) colliding energies at Belle I with low continuum backgrounds.Belle I plans to perform a high-statistics energy scan from the BB threshold up to the highest possible energy of 11.24 GeV to search for new Y_(b)states with J^(PC)=1^(--),X_(b)[the bottom counterpart of χ_(c1)(3872),also known as X(3872)]and partners of Z_(b)states.We give a mini-review on the status and prospects of exotic hadrons at BelleⅡ.

NEW METHOD IN CALORIMETRY FOR SUPERHIGH ENERGY HADRONS

A new method in calorimetry for superhigh energy hadrons is proposed.The main feature of the method is the effective detection of soft neutrons,abundantly present in the superhigh energy hadron showers,by using neutron detectors insensitive to minimum ionizing particles.Such a calorimeter allows us to selectively detect the hadrons in the environment of high backgrounds of electrons,photons and muons.

Quantum Chromodynamics on Lattice: Direct Minimization of QCD-QED-Action with New Results

This paper describes a new numerical QCD calculation method (direct minimization of QCD-QED-action) and its results for the first-generation (u, d) hadrons. Here we start with the standard color-Lagrangian LQCD = LDirac + Lgluon, model the quarks qi as parameterized gaussians, and the gluons Agi as Ritz-Galerkin-series. We minimize the Lagrangian numerically with parameters par = (par (q), {αk}, par (Ag)) for first-generation hadrons (nucleons, pseudo-scalar mesons, vector mesons). The resulting parameters yield the correct masses and correct magnetic moments for the nucleons, the gluon-distribution and the quark-distribution with interesting insights into the hadron structure.

Bound State Description of Particles from a Quantum Field Theory of Fermions and Bosons, Compatible with Relativity

Both, the dilemma to find a quantum field theory consistent with Einstein’s law of relativity and the problem to describe existing particles as bound states of matter has been solved by calculating bound state matrix elements from a dual fermion-boson Lagrangian. In this formalism, the fermion binding energies are compensated by boson energies, indicating that particles can be generated out of the vacuum. This yields quantitative solutions for various mesons ω (0.78 GeV) - Υ (9.46 GeV) and all leptons e, μ and τ, with uncertainties in the extracted properties of less than 1‰. For transparency, a Web-page with the address htpps://h2909473.stratoserver.net has been constructed, where all calculations can be run on line and also the underlying fortran source code can be inspected.

Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider for Heavy Ion Fusion

Heavy Ion Fusion makes use of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Lab and the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva, Switzerland for Inertial Confinement Fusion. Two Storage Rings, which may or may not initially be needed, added to each of the Colliders increases the intensity of the Heavy Ion Beams making it comparable to the Total Energy delivered to the DT target by the National Ignition Facility at the Lawrence Livermore Lab. The basic Physics involved gives Heavy Ion Fusion an advantage over Laser Fusion because heavy ions have greater penetration power than photons. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider can be used as a Prototype Heavy Ion Fusion Reactor for the Large Hadron Collider.

The Substructure of Elementary Particles Demonstrated by the I-Theory

Present studies in physics assume that elementary particles are the building blocks of all matter, and that they are zero-dimensional objects which do not occupy space. The new I-Theory predicts that elementary particles do indeed have a substructure, three dimensions, and occupy space, being composed of fundamental particles called I-particles. In this article we identify the substructural pattern of elementary particles and define the quanta of energy that form each elementary particle. We demonstrate that the substructure comprises two classes of quanta which we call “attraction quanta” and “repulsion quanta”. We create a model that defines the rest-mass energy of each elementary particle and can predict new particles. Lastly, in order to incorporate this knowledge into the contemporary models of science, a revised periodic table is proposed.

Exotic Hadrons and Underlying Z_(2,3) Symmetries

The recent observation of higher quark combinations, tetraquarks and pentaquarks, is a strong indication of more exotic hadrons. Using Z_2 and Z_3 symmetries and standard model data, a general quark combination producing new hadronic states is proposed in terms of polygon geometries according to the Dynkin diagrams of ?_n affine Lie algebras. It has been shown that Z_(2,3) invariance is crucial in the determination of the mesonic or the baryonic nature of these states. The hexagonal geometry is considered in some details producing both mesonic and baryonic states. A general class of this family is also presented.

Semi-inclusive lepto-production of hidden-charm exotic hadrons

We investigate the semi-inclusive production of hidden-charm exotic states,including the X(3872),Z_(c),Zcs and pentaquark P_(c) states,in lepton-proton scattering processes.These hadrons are close to the thresholds of a pair of charm and anticharm hadrons and are assumed to possess a hadronic molecular structure as their main feature.To provide order-of-magnitude estimates of the cross sections,we use Pythia to simulate the short-distance productions of the constituent hadrons,which then rescatter to form exotic hadrons.The estimates for the X(3872)and Z_(c)(3900)^(±)states are not in conflict with the upper limits measured in the COMPASS experiment for the exclusive photoproduction process.The results indicate that the considered hidden-charm states can be copiously produced at the proposed electron-ion colliders EicC and US-EIC.

Production of light-flavor and single-charmed hadrons in pp collisions at√s=5.02 TeV in an equal-velocity quark combination model

We apply an equal-velocity quark combination model to study the production of light-flavor hadrons and single-charmed hadrons at midrapidity in the pp collisions at √s= 5.02 TeV. We find that the experimental data for the pT spectra of Ω and φ exhibit the quark number scaling property, which clearly indicates the quark combination mechanism at hadronization. Experimental data for the pT spectra of p,Λ,Ξ,Ω,φ and K^(+0) are systematically described by the model. The non-monotonic pT dependence of the Ω/φ ratio is naturally explained, and we find that it is closely related to the shape of the logarithm of the strange quark pT distribution. Using the pT spectra of light-flavor quarks obtained from light-flavor hadrons and the pT spectrum of charm quarks, which is consistent with perturbative QCD calculations, the experimental data for differential cross-sections of D^(0,+), D^(+)_s), and Λ^(+)_(c) as functions of p are systematically described. We predict the differential cross-sections of Ξ^(0,+)_(c) and Ω^(0)_(c) . The ratio Ξ^(0,+)_(c) /D^0) in our model is approximately 0.16, and Ω^(0)_(c) /D^(0) is approximately 0.012, owing to the cascade suppression of strangeness.In addition, the predicted Ξ^(0,+)_(c) /D^0) ratios exhibit the non-monotonic dependence on pT in the low pT range.

Rapidity and Pseudorapidity Distributions of theVarious Hadron-Species Produced in High EnergyNuclear Collisions: A Systematic Approach

With the help of a phenomenological approach outlined in the text in some detail, we have dealt here with the description of the plots on rapidity and pseudorapidity spectra of some hadron-secondaries produced in various nucleus-nucleus interactions at high energies. The agreement between the measured data and the attempted fits are, on the whole, modestly satisfactory excepting a very narrow central region in the vicinity of y = η = 0. At last, hints to how the steps suggested in the main body of the text to proceed with the description of the measured data given in the plots could lead finally to a somewhat systematic methodology have also been made.

On the Nature of the Average Transverse Momenta of the Low-<i>pT</i>Secondaries in Some High Energy Nuclear Collisions

That the values of average transverse momenta ( ) of the secondaries produced in high energy collisions rise very slowly with energy is modestly well-known and accepted. We would like to probe into this aspect of the problem for production of the main variety of the 'soft' secondaries in two high energy symmetric nuclear collisions with the help of two non-QCD models. Our model-based results are found to be quite consistent with the anticipated behaviours and also with the observations.

Tetraquark and Pentaquark Systems in Lattice QCD

We study multi-quark systems in lattice QCD. First, we revisit and summarize our accurate mass measurements of low-lying 5Q states with J = 1/2 and I = 0 in both positive- and negative-parity channels in anisotropic lattice QCD. The lowest positive-parity 5Q state is found to have a large mass of about 2.24 GeV after the chiral extrapolation. To single out the compact 5Q state from NK scattering states, we use the hybrid boundary condition (HBC), and find no evidence of the compact 5Q state below 1.75 GeV in the negative-parity channel. Second, we study the multi-quark potential in lattice QCD to clarify the inter-quark interaction in multi-quark systems. The 5Q potential V5Q for the QQ--QQ system is found to be well described by the “OGE Coulomb plus multi-Y Ansatz”: The sum of the one-gluon-exchange (OGE) Coulomb term and the multi-Y-type linear term based on the flux-tube picture. The 4Q potential V4Q for the QQ- system is also described by the OGE Coulomb plus multi-Y Ansatz, when QQ and are well separated. The 4Q system is described as a “two-meson” state with disconnected flux tubes, when the nearest quark and antiquark pair are spatially close. We observe a lattice-QCD evidence for the “flip-flop”, i.e., the fluxtube recombination between the connected 4Q state and the “two-meson” state. On the confinement mechanism, the lattice QCD results indicate the flux-tube-type linear confinement in multi-quark hadrons. Finally, we propose a proper quark-model Hamiltonian based on the lattice QCD results.

Hadron Multiplicity in Pb+Pb Collisions at√s=2.76 TeV from Color Glass Condensate

The pseudo-rapidity distribution of charged hadron multiplicity in Pb+Pb collisions at√s=2.76 TeV is studied by using Color Glass Condensate dynamics in the fixed coupling case.We fit the HERA experimental data with heavy parton mass effect to obtain saturation exponentλ=0.22.It is found that the charged hadron multiplicity can only describe after including heavy parton mass effect due to a large amount of heavy partons produced at large hadron collider(LHC)energy.The pomeron loop effect contribution to hadron production is also investigated.It shows that charged hadron multiplicity is underestimated by including the pomeron loop effect,which indicates that the pomeron loop effect may not exist at LHC energy.

Ionization Chamber Dosimetry for Conventional and Laser-Driven Clinical Hadron Beams

The practice of using the direct ionization radiation (electrons, protons, antiprotons, pions, ions, etc) or of the indirect ionization radiation (photons, neutrons, etc) in economy and social life has led to the introduction of the absorbed dose magnitude (ICRU 1953) defined as the energy absorbed per mass unit of the irradiated substance. This is a fundamental magnitude valid for any type of ionizing radiation, any irradiated material and any radiation energy. In case of clinical hadron beams generated by conventional accelerators or those controlled by lasers, IAEA TRS 398 recommends the absorbed dose to water. This may be determined employing the calorimeter method with water or graphite, chemical method, fluence based measurements as Faraday cups or activation measurements, and the ionization chamber method. In this paper the selected method was the thimble air filled ionization chamber method for determination of absorbed dose to water.

On neutrino Oscillations and Predicting the 125 GEV Two Photon Emission State from p-p Collisions Based on the 5D Homogeneous Space-Time Projection Model

Previously the 5D homogeneous space-time metric was introduced with explicitly given projection operators in matrix form which map the 5D space-time manifold into a Lorentzian space-time. Based on this projection model, vector field and spinor solutions are found to be expressible in terms of SU(2)xL and SU(3)xL, where L is the 4D Lorentz space-time group. The spinor solutions give the SU(2) leptonic states arising from space-time projection, whereas the SU(3) representation arises from conformal projection and gives the quarks, and due to gauge requirement leads to mesons and baryons. This process of mapping the 5D space-time manifold into the 4D space-time is at the basis of an analysis of the recent CERN experimental results, the presence of neutrino oscillations and the observed 125 GeV resonance in the p-p collisions, respectively. In fact, it is found that the spinor solution contains an oscillating phase, and the 125 GeV resonance is shown to be predictable, thereby 1) eliminating the need to introduce a Higgs vacuum, and 2) can be shown possibly to be an indicator for a missing heavy baryon octet.

A Mechanism for Hadron Molecule Production in <i>pp</i>(<i>p</i>) Collisions

The problem of understanding loosely bound hadron molecules prompt production at hadron colliders is still open: how is it possible that meson molecules with binding energy compatible with zero could be formed within the bulk of the hadrons ejected in very high energy collisions? Monte Carlo simulations have been performed in the literature, leading to production cross sections, two orders of magnitude which were smaller than the experimental value. One possible mechanism to reduce this gap could be final state interactions of heavy mesons, but a precise evaluation of such effect is challenged by the presence of pions between the molecular constituents. In this paper, we present a new mechanism by using precisely such comoving pions. Heavy meson pairs can indeed slow down because of elastic scattering with surrounding pions. The number of low-relative-momentum meson pairs increases, thereby enhancing prompt production cross section. In this preliminar simulation, we show that an enhancement of 100 is indeed possible.

Quark Transport Properties in the Region of Coexistence of Both Hadronic and QGP Phases

The physical picture of coexistence of both hadronic and QGP phases is given by Friedberg and T.D. Lee's nontopology soliton model. The transport properties of quark in color space and spin space in a system of two-phase coexistence are investigated from both quantum and classical theories.

Possible generation of π-condensation in a free space by collisions between photons and protons

A sharply peaked structure is found in the angular distribution of emitted π^+ mesons from photon–proton collisions.This offers a possible way to generate a π^+-condensation in free space. To make the stimulated emission of π^+-mesons efficient, a ring resonator is designed.