本文采用WRF4.2模式对2020年5月19日发生在贵阳的一次冰雹过程进行数值模拟,再现了冰雹云在贵阳市的移动路径和发展演变过程。通过对冰雹云不同发展阶段的动力、热力和云微物理特征的分析,以及冰雹混合比源汇项的收支分析,得到了冰雹形...本文采用WRF4.2模式对2020年5月19日发生在贵阳的一次冰雹过程进行数值模拟,再现了冰雹云在贵阳市的移动路径和发展演变过程。通过对冰雹云不同发展阶段的动力、热力和云微物理特征的分析,以及冰雹混合比源汇项的收支分析,得到了冰雹形成的微物理机制及概念模型。研究结果表明:(1)模拟的冰雹云在成熟阶段呈现典型的超级单体结构,存在悬垂回波和回波空洞。云内最大上升速度可达20 m s^(−1),上升气流从地面延伸至12 km,在高空西风的作用下向东流出,形成宽广的高空云砧。在上升气流后部中低层为强下沉气流。(2)雹胚粒子通过云冰碰冻雨滴形成,通过收集过冷云滴和雨滴增长,雹粒子的最大汇项是融化成雨水。(3)在冰雹云的成熟阶段,雹收集过冷云滴的效率增大,主要发生在强上升运动区中高层(6~10 km高度),大量雹粒子分布在上升运动区中高层以及悬垂回波区,最大混合比可达11 g kg^(−1)。(4)在冰雹云的消散阶段,云内上升速度减弱,高空云砧的范围扩大。雹粒子净转化效率降低,雹混合比减少。雹融化为雨水的效率增大,雨水分布质心降低,在近地面产生大量雨水。展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to simulate the development process of one spring hailstone weather in Hohhot. [Method] By dint of three dimensional cumulus numerical models, and considering real time radar echo document and ...[Objective] The aim was to simulate the development process of one spring hailstone weather in Hohhot. [Method] By dint of three dimensional cumulus numerical models, and considering real time radar echo document and ground hailstorm data, numerical simulation was conducted to the development process of one hailstorm in Hohhot. [Result] The numerical simulation suggested that in the early period of the development of hailstorm cloud, the low layer convergence and high layer divergence were weak and the divergence layer height was low (4.5 km), Vor had weak symmetric dual structure; in the maturing period of the formation of hail cloud, the low layer convergence and high layer divergence strengthened and the divergence layer height increased obviously (9.5 km). Vor has obvious dual symmetric structure. Qg and Qt value increased rapidly and the top of Qt uplifted (10.5 km). The maximum upward airstream speed of output model Wm, divergence Div, vertical vector of vortex Vor, specific water content of graupel Qg, total specific water content Qt, ground solid precipitation Rs and theoretical value, radar echo and ground observation fit well. [Conclusion] The model had capacity to simulate strong convective cloud development process and could be developed and used continuously in the professional work of the weather modification.展开更多
利用湖北省闪电定位系统监测资料与武汉市多普勒天气雷达资料同步叠加,对2010年4月12日湖北省东南部地区一次强对流过程的两个致灾雹暴单体进行分析。结果表明:雹暴生消的不同阶段,正地闪和负地闪频数及在雷达回波中的分布呈不同的变化...利用湖北省闪电定位系统监测资料与武汉市多普勒天气雷达资料同步叠加,对2010年4月12日湖北省东南部地区一次强对流过程的两个致灾雹暴单体进行分析。结果表明:雹暴生消的不同阶段,正地闪和负地闪频数及在雷达回波中的分布呈不同的变化特征,通过地闪频次和地闪在雷达回波中位置的变化可以识别雹暴生命史演变的不同阶段。雹暴Ⅰ产生小冰雹,是一个普通对流单体,闪电以负地闪为主,闪电频率最大为15次·(6 min)-1;正地闪落在风暴发展和消亡阶段,负地闪主要落在35—55 d Bz强回波边缘,零星正地闪分布在强回波周围层状云中,雹暴移动路径前侧的负地闪对雹暴移动有一定的指示意义。雹暴Ⅱ是一个典型超级单体,产生直径超过3 cm的大冰雹,闪电频率最大为44次·(6 min)-1,风暴成熟阶段正地闪活跃,16—17时正地闪频繁出现时间与大冰雹持续时间一致;负地闪与25—55 d Bz强回波区域吻合较好,正地闪分布在强回波30—55 d Bz中心及层状云边缘。对比地闪频数和雹暴成熟阶段的回波强度可以发现,降雹均出现在风暴的成熟阶段,小冰雹发生时地闪频数下降幅度较小,大冰雹发生时地闪频数下降幅度较大,且正地闪比例明显增大。展开更多
There were three hailstorms in Shandong Province, caused by a same northeast cold eddy situation on 1 June 2002. Cloud-to-ground （CG） flashes occurring in the weather event were observed by Shandong Lightning Detect...There were three hailstorms in Shandong Province, caused by a same northeast cold eddy situation on 1 June 2002. Cloud-to-ground （CG） flashes occurring in the weather event were observed by Shandong Lightning Detection Network （SLDN）, which consists of 10 sensors covering all over Shandong Province. The temporal and spatial distributions of CG lightning are investigated for the three hailstorms by using the data from SLDN, Doppler radar and satellite. The results show that different thunderstorms present different lightning features even if under the same synoptic situation. The percentage of positive CG lightning is very high during the period of hail falling. CG flashes mainly occurred in the region with a cloud top brightness temperature lower than -50℃. Negative CG flashes usually clustered in the lower temperature region and tended to occur in the region with maximum temperature gradient, while the positive ones usually spread discretely. Negative CG flashes usually occurred in intense echo regions with reflectivity greater than 50 dBz, while the positive CG flashes often occurred in weak and stable echo regions （10-30 dBz） or cloud anvils, although they can be observed in strong convective regions sometimes. Almost all haft falling took place in the stage with active positive flashes, and the peak positive flash rate is a little prior to the hail events. The thunderstorm could lead to disastrous weather when positive CG lightning activities occur in cluster. Severe thunderstorms sometimes present a low flash rate at its vigorous stage, which is probably caused by the ＂mechanism of chargeregion lift＂ through investigating the reflectivity evolution. Combined with the total lightning （intracloud and CG） data obtained by LIS onboard TRMM, the phenomenon of high ratio of intracloud flash to CG flash in severe hailstorm has been discussed. The competition of the same charge sources between different lightning types can also be helpful for explaining the cause of low CG lightning activities in severe storms.展开更多
文摘本文采用WRF4.2模式对2020年5月19日发生在贵阳的一次冰雹过程进行数值模拟,再现了冰雹云在贵阳市的移动路径和发展演变过程。通过对冰雹云不同发展阶段的动力、热力和云微物理特征的分析,以及冰雹混合比源汇项的收支分析,得到了冰雹形成的微物理机制及概念模型。研究结果表明:(1)模拟的冰雹云在成熟阶段呈现典型的超级单体结构,存在悬垂回波和回波空洞。云内最大上升速度可达20 m s^(−1),上升气流从地面延伸至12 km,在高空西风的作用下向东流出,形成宽广的高空云砧。在上升气流后部中低层为强下沉气流。(2)雹胚粒子通过云冰碰冻雨滴形成,通过收集过冷云滴和雨滴增长,雹粒子的最大汇项是融化成雨水。(3)在冰雹云的成熟阶段,雹收集过冷云滴的效率增大,主要发生在强上升运动区中高层(6~10 km高度),大量雹粒子分布在上升运动区中高层以及悬垂回波区,最大混合比可达11 g kg^(−1)。(4)在冰雹云的消散阶段,云内上升速度减弱,高空云砧的范围扩大。雹粒子净转化效率降低,雹混合比减少。雹融化为雨水的效率增大,雨水分布质心降低,在近地面产生大量雨水。
基金Supported by Inner Mongolia Meteorological Bureau Scientific Innovation Program (nmqxkjcx 200811)
文摘[Objective] The aim was to simulate the development process of one spring hailstone weather in Hohhot. [Method] By dint of three dimensional cumulus numerical models, and considering real time radar echo document and ground hailstorm data, numerical simulation was conducted to the development process of one hailstorm in Hohhot. [Result] The numerical simulation suggested that in the early period of the development of hailstorm cloud, the low layer convergence and high layer divergence were weak and the divergence layer height was low (4.5 km), Vor had weak symmetric dual structure; in the maturing period of the formation of hail cloud, the low layer convergence and high layer divergence strengthened and the divergence layer height increased obviously (9.5 km). Vor has obvious dual symmetric structure. Qg and Qt value increased rapidly and the top of Qt uplifted (10.5 km). The maximum upward airstream speed of output model Wm, divergence Div, vertical vector of vortex Vor, specific water content of graupel Qg, total specific water content Qt, ground solid precipitation Rs and theoretical value, radar echo and ground observation fit well. [Conclusion] The model had capacity to simulate strong convective cloud development process and could be developed and used continuously in the professional work of the weather modification.
文摘利用湖北省闪电定位系统监测资料与武汉市多普勒天气雷达资料同步叠加,对2010年4月12日湖北省东南部地区一次强对流过程的两个致灾雹暴单体进行分析。结果表明:雹暴生消的不同阶段,正地闪和负地闪频数及在雷达回波中的分布呈不同的变化特征,通过地闪频次和地闪在雷达回波中位置的变化可以识别雹暴生命史演变的不同阶段。雹暴Ⅰ产生小冰雹,是一个普通对流单体,闪电以负地闪为主,闪电频率最大为15次·(6 min)-1;正地闪落在风暴发展和消亡阶段,负地闪主要落在35—55 d Bz强回波边缘,零星正地闪分布在强回波周围层状云中,雹暴移动路径前侧的负地闪对雹暴移动有一定的指示意义。雹暴Ⅱ是一个典型超级单体,产生直径超过3 cm的大冰雹,闪电频率最大为44次·(6 min)-1,风暴成熟阶段正地闪活跃,16—17时正地闪频繁出现时间与大冰雹持续时间一致;负地闪与25—55 d Bz强回波区域吻合较好,正地闪分布在强回波30—55 d Bz中心及层状云边缘。对比地闪频数和雹暴成熟阶段的回波强度可以发现,降雹均出现在风暴的成熟阶段,小冰雹发生时地闪频数下降幅度较小,大冰雹发生时地闪频数下降幅度较大,且正地闪比例明显增大。
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.40505001 and 40325013,and Meteorological Foundation of Shandong Province (2005sdqxj01).
文摘There were three hailstorms in Shandong Province, caused by a same northeast cold eddy situation on 1 June 2002. Cloud-to-ground （CG） flashes occurring in the weather event were observed by Shandong Lightning Detection Network （SLDN）, which consists of 10 sensors covering all over Shandong Province. The temporal and spatial distributions of CG lightning are investigated for the three hailstorms by using the data from SLDN, Doppler radar and satellite. The results show that different thunderstorms present different lightning features even if under the same synoptic situation. The percentage of positive CG lightning is very high during the period of hail falling. CG flashes mainly occurred in the region with a cloud top brightness temperature lower than -50℃. Negative CG flashes usually clustered in the lower temperature region and tended to occur in the region with maximum temperature gradient, while the positive ones usually spread discretely. Negative CG flashes usually occurred in intense echo regions with reflectivity greater than 50 dBz, while the positive CG flashes often occurred in weak and stable echo regions （10-30 dBz） or cloud anvils, although they can be observed in strong convective regions sometimes. Almost all haft falling took place in the stage with active positive flashes, and the peak positive flash rate is a little prior to the hail events. The thunderstorm could lead to disastrous weather when positive CG lightning activities occur in cluster. Severe thunderstorms sometimes present a low flash rate at its vigorous stage, which is probably caused by the ＂mechanism of chargeregion lift＂ through investigating the reflectivity evolution. Combined with the total lightning （intracloud and CG） data obtained by LIS onboard TRMM, the phenomenon of high ratio of intracloud flash to CG flash in severe hailstorm has been discussed. The competition of the same charge sources between different lightning types can also be helpful for explaining the cause of low CG lightning activities in severe storms.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China （NoA0905019, 40975023 ） The R ＆ D Special Foundation for Public Welfare Industry （Meteorol- ogy） （No. GYHY200906003）
