Tectonic implication of geomorphometric analyses along the Saravan Fault: evidence of a difference in tectonic movements between the Sistan Suture Zone and Makran Mountain Belt

In this paper, remote sensing techniques,as well as field studies, have been used to investigate the geomorphological processes and landscape evolution along the Saravan Fault, SE Iran to highlight how topographic features were influenced by active tectonics. Quantitative geomorphic analysis was carried out using mountain-front sinuosity(Smf),valley floor width-valley height ratio(Vf), drainage basin asymmetry factor(Af), Hypsometric integral(Hi), drainage basin shape index(Bs), mean axial slope of channel(MASC), standard deviation of topography(STD) and index of active tectonic(Iat).Remote sensing techniques, as well as field studies revealed that the Saravan Fault have three parts trending N-S, NW-SE, and E-W. Obtained results show that basins with high Iat index are located at where the strike of the Saravan Faults changes and where several strike-slip faults are crossed the Saravan fault.

Study on rupture zone of the M=8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake using fault-zone trapped waves

The observation of the fault-zone trapped waves was conducted using a seismic line with dense receivers across surface rupture zone of the M=8.1 Kunlun Mountain earthquake. The fault zone trapped waves were separated from seismograms by numerical filtering and spectral analyzing. The results show that: a) Both explosion and earthquake sources can excite fault-zone trapped waves, as long as they locate in or near the fault zone; b) Most energy of the fault-zone trapped waves concentrates in the fault zone and the amplitudes strongly decay with the distance from observation point to the fault zone; c) Dominant frequencies of the fault-zone trapped waves are related to the width of the fault zone and the velocity of the media in it. The wider the fault zone or the lower the velocity is, the lower the dominant frequencies are; d) For fault zone trapped waves, there exist dispersions; e) Based on the fault zone trapped waves observed in Kunlun Mountain Pass region, the width of the rupture plane is deduced to be about 300 m and is greater than that on the surface.

Late Quaternary Activity of the Central-North Segment of the Taihang Mountains Piedmont Fault Zone

The location and late Quaternary activity of the Central-North Segment of the Taihang Mountains Piedmont fault zone have been studied by shallow seismic survey and combined drill exploration.Our results show that the Baoding-Shijiazhuang fault and the Xushui fault were active in the late Pleistocene,but the south Xushui fault has been inactive since the late Pleistocene.The maximum magnitude of potential earthquake of the faults is 6.0.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN P-T CONTITIONS OF TWO PHASES OF TAN-LU STRIKE-SLIP SHEAR ZONES AND DELAMINATION OF OROGENIC BELTS ON THE EASTERN MARGIN OF THE DABIE MOUNTAINS

The Tan-Lu fault zone joins the Dabie Mountains on its eastern margin, and offsets the Dabie and Sulu orogenic belts sinistrally for about 500 kin. On the basis of calculation of temperature and pressure experienced by the two phases of the fault zone as well as the thermo-chronological information on mylonite from the earlier and later Tan-Lu fault zones on the eastern margin of the Dabie Mountains, this paper discusses the delamination history and uplifting magnitudes of the Dabie Mountains from earlier Jurassic to earlier Cretaceous. From mineral assemblages, mineral deformation and muscovite-chlorite geothermometry calculation, it is known that the temperature experienced by the two phases of Tan-Lu fault zones are between 40℃ and 450℃, and the confining pressures are between 0.25Gpa and 0.36GPa for the earlier shear zones and 0.24-0.39GPa for the late shear zones. According to the geobarometry of Si-in-phengite and by considering shear heating and tectonic over-pressure, it is concluded that the maximum formation depths for the two phases of the ductile shear zones are not more than 12 kin. Differential formation depths for the two phases of shear zones are 1-2 km at most. At about 190 Ma and 128 Ma, the Tan-Lu fault zone experienced two phases of cooling events. During this period, the eastem margin of the Dabie Mountains experienced a tectonic calm period and no uplifting. According to information from the Tan-Lu fault zone, the uplifting magnitudes of the Dabie orogenic belts are not more than 12 km during the earlier Cretaceous.

海南岛隆起山地型地热资源地质条件及潜力

【研究目的】海南岛隆起山地型地热资源十分丰富,发现了46个地热田、温泉。研究其分布的地质背景、地热地质特征和地质成因及资源潜力,对地热资源赋存规律认识和勘探、开发利用具有重要意义。【研究方法】综合区域地质调查、地球物理、水文地质、地热田(温泉)勘查等资料,开展海南岛隆起山地型地热资源地热地质综合研究,系统分析地热地质要素,明确地热地质特征和成因地质模式及资源潜力,指出地热资源勘探开发有利区。【研究结果】海南岛中南部隆起山地型地热田(温泉)主要赋存于东西向和北东向深大断裂附近或断裂交会部位,处于大地热流值高值区和恒温层高异常区,受断裂破碎的中生代花岗岩是最主要的热储;地热田(温泉)地下水补给均为大气降水,沿控热断裂与深部大地热流对流,在深循环过程中吸热逐渐形成地热流体,于断裂破碎带热储中富集为热矿水体,在盖层薄弱处排泄出地表则形成热水泉;海南岛隆起山地型地热资源总的可采热水量约8.1×10^(4)m^(3)/d,可采资源量26.17×10^(8)kcal/d,折合126.81 MW,相当于标煤373.83 t/d,按地热资源温度和规模分类,分别划分为中温、低温2类和中、小型2类地热资源。【结论】海南岛东南部和西北部深大断裂附近或交会部位、大地热流高值区、中生代花岗岩侵入体出露(或隐伏)区、具有高的地面水温的地区是隆起山地型地热资源勘探开发的有利区。

Sedimentary characteristics and main controlling factors of the Middle-Upper Permian and Middle-Upper Triassic around Bogda Mountain of Xinjiang,NW China

Based on field geological survey,interpretation of seismic data and analysis of drilling and logging data,the evolution of geological structures,stratigraphic sedimentary filling sequence and sedimentary system around the Bogda Mountain were analyzed according to the idea of"structure controlling basin,basin controlling facies and facies controlling assemblages".The tectonic evolution of the basin around the Bogda Mountain can be divided into nine stages.The Middle-Late Permian–Middle-Late Triassic was the development stage of intracontinental rift,foreland basin and inland depression basin when lake,fan delta and braided river delta sedimentary facies developed.Early intracontinental rifting,late Permian tectonic uplift,and middle-late Triassic tectonic subsidence controlled the shape,type,subsidence rate and sedimentary system evolution of the basin.The Bogda Mountain area was the subsidence center and deposition center of the deep water lake basin in the Middle Permian with mainly deep-water deposition and local gravity flow deposition.This area had tectonic inversion in the Late Permian,when the Bogda Mountain uplifted to form a low bulge and a series of fan delta sand bodies.In the Middle-Late Triassic,subsidence occurred in the Bogda low uplift,characterized by extensive development of braided river delta deposits.

DEFORMATIONAL AND METAMORPHIC HISTORY OF THE CENTRAL LONGMEN MOUNTAINS, SICHUAN CHINA

The Longmen Mountains and adjacent regions on the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau can be divided into three tectonic units: the eastern Songpan—Garzê fold belt, the Longmen Mountains (Longmen Shan) Thrust—Nappe belt and the Western Sichuan foreland basin that occupies the western part of the Sichuan basin. The Longmen Shan Thrust—Nappe belt is subdivided by six northwest\|dipping major listric thrusts, with accompanying duplexes and imbricate fans, into five large\|scale nappes (Chen & Wilson, 1996). In the inner Longmen Shan, the nappe units have incorporated both Mesoproterozoic basement and Sinian (Neoproterozoic) to Triassic cover sequences as “thick\|skinned" horses. Whereas, in the frontal Longmen Shan, Sinian to Cretaceous cover sediments have been stripped from the basement as “thin\|skinned" fold and thrust sheets, including extensively distributed klippen structures. Pre\|thrusting extension during Devonian to middle Late Triassic times resulted in syndepositional normal faults. Structural inversion of these faults initiated the “Peng Xian—Guan Xian basement complex", Jiuding Shan and Tangwangzhai nappes, during an early episode of the Indosinian Orogeny (Norian to Rhaetian). This was followed by episodic thrusting during latest Triassic to Early Cretaceous times to develop the Guan Xian—An Xian and Southeastern Marginal nappes that have incorporated sediments from the neighbouring foreland basin into the frontal part of the Thrust—Nappe belt. Differential thrusting occurred across the Thrust—Nappe belt during a Late Miocene reactivation of the pre\|existing faults.

Regional fault deformation characteristics before and after the Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake

This study analyzes data regarding cross-fault deformations within the seismogenic zone of the 2016 Qinghai Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake and its surrounding area. The results showed that the tendency anomaly sites near the epicenter had relatively long anomaly durations prior to the earthquake, while sudden-jumping anomaly sites started to increase in the middle eastern Qilian Mountains approximately a year before the earthquake and continued to increase and migrate towards the vicinity of the epicenter two to six months before the earthquake. Intensive observations a few days after the earthquake indicated that abnormal returns and turns before the earthquake were significant, but all had small amplitudes, and the coseismic effect was generally minor. In addition, the post-seismic tendency analysis of individual cross faults in the Qilian Mountain fault zone revealed an accelerating thrust tendency at all cross-fault sites in the middle Qilian Mountains after the 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake. This indicates that the Wenchuan mega-earthquake exerted a great impact on the dynamic environment of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet plate and significantly enhanced the extrusion effect of the Indian plate on the middle Qilian Mountains, generating favorable conditions for the occurrence of Menyuan thrust earthquakes.

An Experimental Study on the Observation Method of Hydrogen Concentration in Fault Gas

In order to explore the new technology and methods for seismic underground fluid observation,a test study on measurement of hydrogen concentration in fault gas is carried out at the piedmont fault zone of Zhongtiao Mountain. Through the experiment on observation positions,gas collection devices and sampling depths,the paper presents the observation method for fault gas hydrogen concentration by using an online automatic trace hydrogen analyzer. Comparative tests are conducted on the stability and optimum conditions of this type of instrument in the field environment, and the hydrogen concentrations at different measuring points of the same fault are observed. The results show that it is technically feasible to carry out continuous hydrogen concentration on a fault zone. The method proposed in this study could be a useful tool for setting the observation points,choosing a reasonable observation depth and scientific analysis of the observed data.

泥巴山断裂带新构造现象及其意义

在京昆高速公路雅安至西昌段泥巴山隧道场地区构造地质测绘中发现了新的地质构造现象,为论证泥巴山断裂带性质和新构造现象的区域地质构造意义,采用石英颗粒形态扫描、地质力学与岩体力学原理和数值模拟分析方法.首先,阐述泥巴山隧道场地区的工程地质环境和新构造现象;然后,论述泥巴山断裂带边界断层和区域构造的活动性;其次,对新构造现象的区域地质构造意义进行探讨;最后,利用数值模拟分析论证新构造现象的存在性和区域构造新格架证据的合理性.结果表明:泥巴山断裂带具有明显的新构造活动特征;新构造变形现象所属的泥巴山断裂带与川西“Y”字型活动构造带中的鲜水河活动断裂带有成因上的同根性,是鲜水河断裂带的东南延伸部分;泥巴山断裂带及其东南延伸断裂(峨边—马边—雷波段)与川西“Y”字型活动构造带构成了原生性的类“X”型构造模式,并具有孕育中强震活动的条件.

基于背景噪声成像研究海原—六盘山地区地壳三维速度结构及其构造意义

海原—六盘山地区地处青藏高原东北缘,是青藏块体东北向挤压的前缘地带,地质构造活动活跃,历史上曾发生过多次7级以上地震.但该区域已多年未发生6级以上强震,是一个具有发生强震危险性的地震空区.精细的速度结构能够为认识海原—六盘山地区的构造活动性和地震危险性提供帮助.本文以布设在该区域的50个流动台站和38个固定台站为基础,提取Rayleigh波相速度频散曲线,通过面波直接成像方法获得了研究区地壳三维精细横波速度结构,再结合区域2010年至2023年地震精定位的结果,得到以下认识:(1)研究区以海原—六盘山断裂为分界线,东西两侧结构差异显著.东侧鄂尔多斯块体浅部以大范围的低速沉积层为主,对应较低的地震活动性;西侧为高速异常,对应较高的地震活动性.(2)精定位结果显示,大部分地震发生在高低速异常体边界线上,分布特征与地表构造单元表现出较好的一致性.(3)六盘山和鄂尔多斯西缘靠近西秦岭北缘断裂带呈现明显的高速异常,推测该区域地处祁连造山带,反映了深部致密的基底结晶.(4)海原—六盘山地区的地壳厚度自南西向北东逐渐减薄,且在本研究区域的中下地壳未发现低速异常体“通道”.

2022—2023年四川泸定M_(S)6.8、M_(S)5.0和M_(S)5.6地震序列的发震构造及成因

四川泸定2022年9月5日发生M_(S)6.8强震,随后10月22日和2023年1月26日又分别发生M_(S)5.0和M_(S)5.6强余震,主震和两次强余震的震中相距仅几公里却有着截然不同的震源机制解,因此,探究三者的发震构造、联系及成因至关重要.本研究利用国家地震台网记录到的这三次地震序列的连续波形数据及震相资料进行双差重定位,并进一步采取CAP波形反演方法和P波初动极性反演方法获得研究区M_(L)2.5+的79个余震震源机制解.结果显示,主破裂沿鲜水河断裂磨西段,破裂彻底,余震活动性不高.沿主断裂分布的余震具有明显的分段特征,断层近直立且西北浅东南深.主震及磨西段大部分余震均为走滑机制,是典型的印度—欧亚板块挤压旋转造成鲜水河走滑断裂带应力失稳触发的强震活动.发生在贡嘎山地区的余震是M_(S)6.8主震触发的震群活动,震级水平不高,分布弥散,并没有触发与主断裂共轭的燕子沟、海螺沟和磨子沟次级断裂,而是触发了与主断裂近平行的次级隐伏断裂——贡嘎山断裂.M_(S)5.0和M_(S)5.6两次强余震均发生在该次级隐伏断裂上,断层倾角40°~50°且震源深度较浅.贡嘎山地区拉张型地震活动明显不同于走滑型为主的鲜水河断裂带,可能是印度—欧亚板块挤压旋转作用下贡嘎山快速隆升而地表快速剥离导致局部因重力卸载而垮塌造成的,M_(S)6.8主震有明显的触发作用.三次泸定强震的发生,释放了磨西段及西侧贡嘎山地区部分应力,但并未改变"Y"字形交汇区强震发生的可能性.

川西鲜水河、安宁河和龙门山断裂带地热水的水文地球化学特征及成因模式的讨论

[研究目的]研究川西鲜水河断裂带、安宁河断裂带和龙门山断裂带地热水的水化学特征及成因模式,可为川西地热水资源的合理开发利用提供重要参考依据。[研究方法]本文运用水文地球化学、热储温度计算、氢氧同位素等方法分析了分布在3条断裂带上的48处典型温泉(地热井)的水化学组分、水化学过程、热储温度和深度、热水补给来源等特征,并探讨了其形成模式。[研究结果]结果显示:(1)鲜水河断裂带热水水化学类型以HCO_(3)-Na型为主;龙门山断裂带主要为SO_(4)-Na和Cl-Na型;安宁河断裂带包括HCO_(3)·Cl-Na、HCO_(3)·SO_(4)-Ca·Mg和Cl·SO_(4)-Na型等。(2)3条断裂带地热水组分主要受硅酸盐矿物溶解和离子交换作用控制。(3)鲜水河断裂带热储温度为129.6~210.6℃,深度为2532~4184 m,冷水混入比为66%~82%;安宁河断裂带热储温度为81~121.9℃,深度为2155~3519 m,冷水混入比为52%~95%;龙门山断裂带热储温度为108.2~153℃,深度为3573~5654 m,冷水混入比为68%~89%。(4)3条断裂带的地热水接受大气降雨补给,补给高程分别为鲜水河断裂带2493~5034 m、安宁河断裂带3235~3839 m和龙门山断裂带1628~4574 m。(5)鲜水河断裂带地热水的“δ^(18)O漂移”程度强于安宁河断裂带,龙门山断裂带部分地热水出现“δ^(18)O漂移”和“负向漂移”特征。[结论]基于本次研究得到的3条断裂带地热水成因模式,鲜水河断裂带地热水的开发潜力优于安宁河断裂带、龙门山断裂带,是四川省中高温地热资源开发利用的优势靶区。

SH波入射下山体-断层破碎带-隧道相互作用分析

采用一种高精度间接边界积分方程法(IBIEM),开展了山体-断层破碎带-隧道整体模型对地震波的散射作用模拟,考虑了三种影响因素:入射波强度、隧道与断层破碎带间距以及破碎带动力特性,模拟了其对山体表面及隧道地震动力响应的影响。研究结果表明:断层破碎带的存在使得山体-断层破碎带-隧道整体系统内相互作用更加复杂,山体表面位移幅值以及隧道的位移和应力幅值主要呈现放大效应,山体表面断层破裂处破坏异常严重,位移幅值陡增,可达10以上;在衬砌的拱肩、拱脚处的应力集中较为明显,衬砌的顶部和底部应力较小;地震波低频入射时,隧道内外壁应力和位移曲线较平缓,随着入射频率的增大,波的相干效应更加明显,衬砌隧道应力和位移发生空间重分布,出现峰值多段集中现象。

广东省惠东县元坑钨锡多金属矿区地球化学特征及找矿方向探讨

元坑钨锡多金属矿区位于佐坑幅北部,位于武夷成矿带粤东段,紫金-博罗大断裂与莲花山断裂带西带夹持区域。该区为一个受断裂构造控制的岩浆热液充填交代型矿床。矿体赋存于与岩体接触带附近且受断裂构造改造的下侏罗统青坑组变浅海潮坪相砂岩中,北东向断裂及北西向断裂构造,具有硅化、角岩化、绿泥石化等地段是重要的找矿方向。

四川汶川地震断裂带科学钻探2号孔(WFSD-2)岩性特征和断裂带的结构

以WFSD-2钻孔岩心为研究对象,通过详细的岩心编录和岩石学、构造地质学等研究,识别出该钻孔岩心具有6段岩性,从上向下依次为彭灌杂岩（0-599.31m）、三叠系须家河组二段（599.31-1211.49m）、彭灌杂岩（1211.49-1679.51m）、三叠系须家河组三段（1679.51-1715.48m）、彭灌杂岩（1715.48-2081.47m）、三叠系须家河组四段（2081.47-2283.56m）。彭灌杂岩主要以花岗岩和火山岩为主,三叠系须家河组沉积岩以砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩、页岩、煤层（线）和砾岩为主。3套彭灌杂岩与三叠系须家河组沉积岩重复出现,时代较老的岩性段逆冲覆盖在新的地层之上,表明龙门山构造带由一系列逆冲岩片叠置而成。岩心中断裂岩较为发育,主要为断层角砾岩、碎裂岩和断层泥,反映出脆性变形作用的特点。通过对断裂岩的统计分析,厘定了20余条产状不同、规模不等的次级断裂带,断裂带宽度和断裂密度峰值显示FZ600、FZ720、FZ782、FZ817、FZ922、FZ951、FZ1449、FZ1681、FZ2082为主要断裂带,其中FZ1681系规模最大的一条断裂。依据断裂岩的组合特征可以将岩心中断裂带的结构以断层泥为核部划分为两大类：对称型断裂带和不对称型断裂带。根据地表破裂带、WFSD-1钻孔岩心中主滑移带位置的几何关系、岩性分层等因素,可推断汶川地震主滑移带应位于FZ1134、FZ1449或FZ1681之中,同时也暗示该地区经常发生类似汶川地震的大地震活动。研究表明,龙门山地区经历了强烈的构造缩短和快速隆升作用,暗示龙门山地区构造活动非常强烈。

祁连山活动断裂带中东段冷龙岭断裂滑动速率的精确厘定

冷龙岭活动断裂是青藏高原东北缘祁连山断裂带的重要组成部分,位于祁连山断裂带中东段。根据野外考察结果认为,该断裂全新世以来活动强烈,主要表现为左旋走滑运动,并伴有正倾滑性质,断错地貌特征明显。通过高分辨率SPOT卫星数字影像和大比例尺航空照片处理确定断层的位置,利用断错地貌测图、热释光(TL)和碳十四(14C)测年方法,厘定了冷龙岭断裂的晚第四纪滑动速率,冷龙岭断裂晚更新世以来的平均水平滑动速率为(4.3±0.7)mm/a,全新世晚期以来的平均水平滑动速率为(3.9±0.36)mm/a。

东昆仑金成矿作用与区域构造演化的关系

东昆仑分布有丰富的多种热液金矿床 ,成矿时代以印支期和燕山早期为主。热液金成矿作用受控于构造热事件。板块构造活动 ,特别是陆内造山作用是热液金成矿作用的原动力。昆中断裂带和昆南断裂带控制区域成矿带 ,北西向次级构造既控制成矿亚带又是主干导矿构造 ,容矿构造亦以北西向或近北西向断裂占优势。

大别山东缘郯庐两期走滑剪切带形成的温压条件与造山带折返的关系

郯庐断裂带与大别造山带在大别山东缘相复合 ,并将大别—苏鲁造山带左行错开达 5 0 0km。本文以大别山东缘为研究背景 ,通过对郯庐断裂带两期左旋走滑韧性剪切带温压条件的估算及热年代学信息的分析 ,来探讨大别造山带在早侏罗—早白垩世之间的折返历史与隆升量。通过矿物组合、矿物变形特征以及白云母—绿泥石地质温度计得到郯庐早、晚两期剪切带的形成温度均为 4 0 0～ 4 5 0℃。通过多硅白云母Si原子数地质压力计计算得到早、晚两期剪切带的形成压力分别为 0 .2 5～ 0 .36GPa和 0 .2 4～ 0 .39GPa。考虑到剪切摩擦加热和构造超压的影响 ,笔者推断郯庐两期走滑剪切带形成的最大深度均不超过 12km ,且两期走滑剪切带的形成深度至多相差 1～2km。郯庐断裂带在约 190Ma和 12 8Ma经历了两期走滑冷却事件 ,而在此期间 ,大别造山带东缘经历了一个构造平静期 ,基本没有发生隆升。根据郯庐断裂带的信息 ,造山带在早白垩世的热隆事件中的隆升幅度小于 12km。

龙门山逆冲推覆带构造特征及勘探潜力分析

根据龙门山构造带的变形特征,自西向东可以划分茂汶韧性剪切带、龙门山叠瓦冲断构造带和龙门山逆掩推覆构造带。龙门山逆掩推覆构造带可以划分为前山带和隐蔽带两个亚带,具备良好的成藏地质条件。对于前山带,相对稳定的构造部位和良好的封盖保存条件是主控因素。对于山前隐蔽带,古今构造叠合、相对活动的构造和裂缝发育部位是主控因素。据此预测出关口-水口场隐伏断裂带上盘的磁峰场断高带,高家场、水口场、油榨坨、石板滩构造带和下盘的平落坝,邛西、大邑、鸭子河背斜是勘探天然气最有利的地区。