客家长桌宴与“成都洛带·HAKKA50”饮食文化创新

成都洛带古镇作为西部客家第一镇,具有丰富的客家文化和巴蜀文化。洛带古镇依托体育赛事在“成都洛带·HAKKA50”活动中融入了客家长桌宴,开创了西部客家文化跨界传播新篇章。长桌宴作为赛事活动中的特色餐饮,它在中国很多地区和民族饮食文化中皆有所传承,洛带客家人的长桌宴既是文化的移植又是文化融合的产物,因时空的改变而被人为建构。随着世界饮食文化的冲击,区域饮食文化面临融合发展的困境,洛带古镇在打造体育赛事时将客家长桌宴融入赛事服务中,突出其在西部客家饮食文化的地位,形成客家体育赛事饮食文化符号。

On Characteristics and Cultures of the Hakka's Enclosed Houses in South Jiangxi Province

General situation and distribution of round houses of the Hakka in south Jiangxi were introduced, such architectural styles as enclosed house with a square yard (kouzi wei, in the shape of 口), enclosed house with a yard of three transverse and one longitudinal constructions (guozi wei, in the shape of 国), and enclosed house with a round house in its yard (tao wei) were taken to analyze features of the Hakka's enclosed houses. It was highlighted that the Hakka's enclosed houses in south Jiangxi has diversified architectural styles and outstanding defensive and living functions. Construction art and religious culture shown by the enclosed houses were interpreted, and the branch of Han people with unique dialects, cultures, folk customs and emotional attitudes was proposed as a miniature of the culture in south Jiangxi. Moreover, it was stressed that more attention of the public and more efforts for the protection should be given to the Hakka's cultures in south Jiangxi, carriers of the locals' history over the past thousands of years.

Looking at the Effects of Language Contact With Hakka as Reflected by the Characteristics of the Pingshan Zhanmi Dialect

The special Economic Zone of Shenzhen has been endowed with plentiful of language resources. Apart from various Yue dialects in the west and Hakka dialect in the east, there are also many indigenous Chinese dialects such as the Dapeng dialect (大鹏话), the Danjia dialect (疍家话) and also the Zhanmi dialect (占米话). The last one is not ever reported. Out of curiosity, we went to investigate the dialect which is spoken in isolate patches in the easternmost townships of Pingshan (坪山), Kengzi (坑梓) and Pingdi (坪地). The Pingshan Zhanmi dialect (PZD)seems to be an intermediate between Yue and Hakka dialects. According to our observation, PZD is quite similar to the Dongguan-Baoan Yue dialects (DBYD, 莞宝片粤语) in the western part of the city and has obvious correspondence with them, such as having the onset [m] in the Middle Chinese (MC) Wei (微) characters, little literal/colloquial discrepancies in the Fei Group (非组), [a/?] contrast, literal/colloquial readings in the Geng rime group all with [?/k] as codas, etc. However, because of long term contact with the surrounding Hakka dialects, PZD has also a lot of characteristics of Hakka, such as aspirated readings in all MC voiced stops and affricates onsetsafter devoicing, lack of rounded frontal vowels, no Ying-yang contrast in the Shang tone. More influences of Hakka can be found in the vocabulary, which PZD has been borrowing for centuries.

Human GSTs Polymorphisms in the Hakka Population of South China and Their Associations with Family History of Several Chronic Diseases

Objective To investigate the associations of genetic polymorphisms in GSTs genes of the Hakka population of south China with family histories of certain chronic diseases.Methods Five hundred and thirty‐nine healthy Hakka natives of Meizhou city of Guangdong province in south China were involved.The genotypes of GSTM1,GSTT1,GSTP1,GSTM3,and GSTA1 were determined using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.The observed polymorphisms were analyzed by Chi‐square and Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium tests.Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the associations of the distributions of GST genotypes with family history of certain chronic diseases.Results The distributions of polymorphisms in GSTP1,GSTM3,and GSTA1 conformed to the Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium.Compared to the Cantonese,the Hakka had a lower distribution of the GSTM3 deletion genotype （3.15% vs.11.9%）.A weak association was observed between the GSTM1 genetic polymorphism and family history of hypertension.Alcohol drinkers had a higher frequency of the null‐GSTM1 genotype,while smokers had a higher frequency of a variant GSTP1 genotype.Conclusion The results suggest that the Hakka is a special and distinctive Han Chinese ethnic group with different GSTs genetic polymorphisms.Smoking and drinking might be related to the distribution of GST genotypes.

Architectural Culture of Hakka Walled Villages in Gannan: A Case Study of Yanyi Wei

This paper took Yanyi Wei for example to explore the architectural culture of Hakka walled vil ages in Gannan, including clan culture, defense culture, sacrificial culture, and feng shui culture. It pointed out that there exist problems in Yanyi Wei, such as the disharmony between newly established houses and original buildings, the lack of proper maintenance, and the lack of heirs of walled village culture, and proposed reasonable suggestions about architectural conservation and cultural heritage.

Hakka Genealogical Metadata Principles and Practicalities

Genealogy (Zupu in Chinese) is the history of families. Genealogy has been widely used for the tracing of their lineages and history. Hakka is a special Chinese ethnic group. To explore the origin and history of Hakka people and their culture, this study starts with the genealogy. After several Hakka genealogies collected, the content analysis is performed in this study. According to the qualitative data analyses, this study designs the pedigree metadata standards for Hakka to implement the union catalog. The Hakka Pedigree Metadata is comprised of many individual family and ancestors, each of which has a process in place for archiving and distribution of genealogy. Hakka genealogical metadata contains the following types of constructs. 1) Pedigree: use given name and lines expressed the genetically related. 2) Individual: describe the personal information. 3) Family History: the story of the ancestors is narrated. 4) Bibliography: description of the genealogical book. 5) Miscellany: included the unique documents that could not categorized in the above four classification. Results of this study can be applied to genealogies integration and implement the union catalog.

Who Are Hakka People?A Discussion of the Redistribution and Reco of the Hakka People in the Hakka Policies During Shui-Bian Chen’s Term as President

This study discusses the contents and methods of the implementation of Hakka policies during Shui-Bian Chen’s term as president from the viewpoint of redistribution and recognition proposed by Nancy Fraser, and finds that the Hakka people mostly feel inferior and are not willing to identify themselves as Hakkas. The issue of “‘who’ are Hakka people” thus emerged during the implementation of the Hakka policies.

Hakka Ethnic＇ s History of Pioneering Analysis of Women＇s Entrepreneurship --In Miaoli County

People pay much more attention on females who start their own business in the past two decades. One reason is that the notion of gender equality is brought into practice, therefore, starting a business is no longer for male only. Another reason is that female entrepreneurs can also improve their social status and drive the economy by starting their own enterprises. The purpose of microfinanee programs is to encourage women to start an enterprise. Moreover, women can get financial sustainability, poverty alleviation, and more female empowerment through their business. The research applies the conception of microfinance programs to discuss if 10 Hakka female entrepreneurs can achieve the effect of empowerment through the promotion of economic ability. Furthermore, the research focuses on Hakka female entrepreneurs in Miaoli area, and probes into entrepreneurial situations and difficulties in order to find out what can be empowered for expanding their business.

Cultural Identities and Integration of the Hakkas in Buu Long （Bien Hoa, Vietnam） Through the Transformation of the Clan Worships

East Asia during 17th to early 20th century witnessed many mass migration flows of South Chinese into Southeast Asia and other parts of the world, including Vietnam. They are the Cantonese, Hokkiens, Hainanese, Chiuchow Hoklo Clan, and Hakkas. Over the course of long history and with the impact of the natural environment and historical-social backgrounds of each country in Southeast Asia, the South Chinese communities have settled and created their livings under different forms. This long process includes the obvious ＂fossilization＂ of immigrant culture and the interesting cultural transformation to achieve harmonious and sustainable development. The Hakkas in Buu Long （Bien Hoa, Dong Nai, and Vietnam） migrated from the Stone-Carfting Prefecture of Huiyang, Guangdong Province （South China） to live preferably in Buu Long granite mountain area to continue their traditional professions and maintain their migrant culture. They brought to Vietnam the cult of three Professional Masters： Gods of stone-crafting, carpenter, and Blacksmithing. However, under the strong impacts of French colonial policies and local social movement in the early 20th century, the Hakkas changed the form of the cult of three Professional Masters into the cult of Goddess Tian Hou in order to attain the full integration with the other Chinese communities and with the local Vietnamese, socially and economically. Throughout the cultural shift, both the continuity and the change have been proven as the inevitable way to balance two opposite poles： Cultural identities and social integration.

Culture shock： Indirect communication A foreign teacher＇s teaching experience in a Chinese university located in a Hakka region

Culture shock is unavoidable for foreign teachers in China. Using qualitative method, this paper reports a case study of culture shock--a foreign teacher＇s teaching experience in a Chinese university located in an area with a unique local population. The city involved in this study is Meizhou, located in Guangdong Province, which is considered ＂the capital of Hakka＂. The study found that indirect communication is a big shock for foreign teachers who teach in this area. The paper explores the reasons from the perspectives of Hakka culture and points out that culture shock can be an important aspect of foreign teachers＇ professional development, cultural learning and personal growth. Finally, the study provides implications for language teaching and learning in a similar area, such as Meizhou.

Ethical Implication of Spatial Design of Hakka Enclosed-castled-houses in Southern Jiangxi

The Hakka enclosed-castled-houses in southern Jiangxi are the historical treasure of Hakka culture,and are the material carrier of Hakka traditional excellent ethics.This article combs the historical development of Hakka enclosed-castled-houses from the perspective of design,and explores the ethical implication of respecting ancestors,respecting social rank,and valuing harmony in space design,in order to provide new ideas and basic theoretical support for the protection and inheritance of Hakka enclosed-castled-houses in southern Jiangxi.

Tourism Marketing of the Hakka Genealogical Digital Archive

Family history can be a very interesting research field which has not yet been much explored. The genealogy is one kind of digital archives. There are many researches focusing on the digitization of family history and genealogical material. There are three types of genealogy tourism in Hakka ethnic group, including homeland tourism, family temple names tourism, and common ancestor tourism. According to the genealogy curious and return intention to homeland, there are four kinds of ancestral tourists. The recognition of the role of technology and the increasing use of the internet for genealogy development has offered new opportunities to sell accommodation and other tourism-related products. The genealogy tourism marketing matrix has four alternatives of marketing strategies： well-developed genealogy tourism, enhance ancestral connection, improve tourism infrastructure, and potential genealogy tourism. Responding to this, this study proposed four key factors which are identified to have facilitated the development of genealogy tourism, including information communication technology, resources, search for identity, and postmodern forms of tourism. There are several challenging issues in linking genealogy and tourism including interpretation, marketing built genealogy, planning for genealogy, and the interdependencies between genealogy tourism and the Hakka cultural industry.

Inheritance and Promotion of Hakka Sports in Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi

In the long-term production and life practice, Hakka ethnic group has created its own unique culture, and the sports culture is an important part of Hakka culture. Hakka sports culture has attained constant development and integration along with the migration of the Hakka ethnic group. In the meantime, it has been fully inherited promoted.

Legend:Hakka Mud Houses in Nanjing of Fujian

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A Small Universe of Circles and Squares--Hakka Folk Buildings in China

At the common boundary of Min, Yue and Ga lies a world of mountains, brooks, forests and bamboos that hide some of China's best kept architectural secrets:the legendary folk buildings of the Hakka. Inspiring awe in all who have stumbled upon them, these fortresses are home

基于聚类分析的闽西客家传统村落文化景观分区研究

本文以闽西客家地区内61个国家级传统村落为研究对象,通过文化景观视角下对传统村落文化因子的信息整合,选取了地理分布、开基年代、地形环境、聚落形态、姓氏结构、代表建筑形式和传统产业与职能7类文化因子,构建出闽西客家地区中国传统村落GIS信息库。随后采用聚类分析方法区分文化景观特征,将闽西客家传统村落文化景观分为3种聚类,进一步通过GIS空间分析进行可视化展示,在此基础上利用行政边界对文化区边界进行细化和划分整合,将闽西地区传统村落文化景观划分为闽西客家文化核心区、闽西客家文化扩散区和闽西客家文化交融区,以期为今后闽西客家传统村落文化景观保护的研究奠定基础。

线粒体融合基因多态性与中国南方客家人群原发性高血压的相关性

目的探讨线粒体融合基因多态性与中国南方客家人群原发性高血压(EH)的相关性。方法选择2022年7—8月我院心内科收治的100例中国南方客家人群EH患者作为观察组,同时选择同期46例非高血压患者作为对照组。统计两组的一般资料,检测两组外周血样本中线粒体融合基因的多态性,对等位基因频率及Hardy-Weinberg平衡性做分析;通过比值比(OR)和95%可信区间(CI)分析线粒体融合基因多态性与中国南方客家人群EH的相关性。结果观察组和对照组在年龄、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、空腹血糖(FPG)及尿素氮(UN)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、总胆固醇(TC)、血尿酸(UA)、血肌酐(Cr)及低密度脂蛋白(LDL)比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。基因多态位点rs 11916762和rs 7620017中的AG、rs 2336384中的TT、rs 2236057中的GG、rs 7620342中的GT、rs 11925699中的AA+AG在观察组中的表达高于对照组(P<0.05),且各位点的基因分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡规律(P>0.05)。线粒体融合基因的rs 11916762位点、rs 2236057位点和rs 11925699位点的AA和AG基因型、rs 7620017位点的AA和GG基因型、rs 2336384位点的GG基因型、rs 7620342位点的GG、GT和TT与中国南方客家人群EH存在相关性(P<0.05)。结论线粒体融合基因(Mfn 1、Mfn 2、Opa 1)与中国南方客家人群EH存在正相关性,线粒体融合基因作为分子标志在中国南方客家人群EH监测中具有应用价值。

客赣方言毗邻区的玩耍义动词“坏”和“坏钞”

“玩耍”义动词是人类语言的基本词。客家方言“宁石话”有一个玩耍义动词,一般记音■等,也说双音节的■等。综合汉语史和方言使用情况来看,该词应写作“坏”和“坏钞”,是从近代汉语中表示花钱义的“坏钞”演变来的。与之毗邻的赣方言抚广片的玩耍义动词“猥”本字也宜写作“坏”,二者实为同一个词。这再次说明了客家方言宁石话同赣方言的密切关系。