Establishment and Application of Identification Methods for Resistance to Sugarcane White Leaf Disease(SCWL)

[Objectives]This study was conducted to establish simple, efficient, stable, standardized and practical identification methods for sugarcane resistance to white leaf disease(SCWL), and promote the breeding for sugarcane resistance to SCWL. [Methods]The identification technology of sugarcane resistance to SCWL was systematically studied and explored from the aspects of sugarcane material treatment and planting, inoculation liquid preparation, inoculation method, disease investigation, grading standard formulation, etc., and two sets of simple, efficient, stable, standardized and practical accurate identification methods for sugarcane resistance to SCWL were created for the first time, namely, the seed cane coating inoculation method and the stem-cutting inoculation method at the growth stage. The seed cane coating inoculation method includes the steps of directly screening SCWL phytoplasma, extracting juice from cane and adding 10 times of sterile water to prepare an inoculation liquid, spraying seed cane on plastic film to keep moisture, planting the inoculated materials in barrels in an insect-proof greenhouse for cultivation, investigating the incidence rate 30 d after inoculation, and evaluating the disease resistance according to the 1-5 level standard. The method of stem-cutting inoculation includes the steps of directly screening sugarcane stems carrying SCWL phytoplasma and adding 10 times of sterile water to prepare an inoculation liquid, cultivating the identification materials in an insect-proof greenhouse, dropping 100 μl of the inoculation liquid into each root incision with a pipette gun at the age of 6 months, investigating the incidence rate 20 d after planting, and evaluating the disease resistance according to the 1-5 level standard. [Results] The two methods are similar to the natural transmission method. After inoculation, SCML occurred significantly, with high sensitivity and good reproducibility. The results of resistance identification were consistent with those of natural disease in the field. Through the two inoculation methods and field natural disease investigation, the resistance of 10 main cultivars to SCML was identified, which was true and reliable. [Conclusions] This study can provide standard varieties for identification of SCML resistance in the future.

Emergent topological ordered phase for the Ising-XY model revealed by cluster-updating Monte Carlo method

The two-component cold atom systems with anisotropic hopping amplitudes can be phenomenologically described by a two-dimensional Ising-XY coupled model with spatial anisotropy.At low temperatures,theoretical predictions[Phys.Rev.A 72053604(2005)]and[arXiv:0706.1609]indicate the existence of a topological ordered phase characterized by Ising and XY disorder but with 2XY ordering.However,due to ergodic difficulties faced by Monte Carlo methods at low temperatures,this topological phase has not been numerically explored.We propose a linear cluster updating Monte Carlo method,which flips spins without rejection in the anisotropy limit but does not change the energy.Using this scheme and conventional Monte Carlo methods,we succeed in revealing the nature of topological phases with half-vortices and domain walls.In the constructed global phase diagram,Ising and XY-type transitions are very close to each other and differ significantly from the schematic phase diagram reported earlier.We also propose and explore a wide range of quantities,including magnetism,superfluidity,specific heat,susceptibility,and even percolation susceptibility,and obtain consistent and reliable results.Furthermore,we observed first-order transitions characterized by common intersection points in magnetizations for different system sizes,as opposed to the conventional phase transition where Binder cumulants of various sizes share common intersections.The critical exponents of different types of phase transitions are reasonably fitted.The results are useful to help cold atom experiments explore the half-vortex topological phase.

A Computer Program for Automatic Watering Based on Potential Evapotranspiration by Penman Method and Predicted Leaf Area in Miniature Pot Rose Production

In this study, we developed a computer program for automatic prediction of watering time point by considering the environmental factors such as solar radiation, air temperature and relative humidity based on the multiple linear regression equation of leaf area and Penman Method. The experiments were carried out for a year in two watering experimental plots, one of which was controlled by pF value, and the other by the computer program. After comparing the results of the two plots, the following findings were obtained. In the computer program plot, the observed and predicted values of both leaf area and evapotranspiration indicated significant correlation at the 1% level, which suggested that the computer program had high prediction accuracy. In addition, no significant difference was observed between the two experimental plots with respects to the plant height, plant diameter, leaf area, leaf number, fresh weight, and dry weight, which demonstrated that the plants in the computer program plot had normal growth. On the other hand, although the number of flower buds and flowering shoots showed higher values at the end of certain cultivations in the computer program plot than those in pF value plot, we proposed that it was due to the effect of cumulative daily solar radiation in the greenhouse, rather than the watering. Thus, we have reached the conclusion that the computer program for automatic prediction of watering time point developed by this study has high applicability in miniature pot rose production.

Anti-plane deformations around arbitrary-shaped canyons on a wedge-shape half-space:moment method solutions

The wave propagation behavior in an elastic wedge-shaped medium with an arbitrary shaped cylindrical canyon at its vertex has been studied.Numerical computation of the wave displacement field is carried out on and near the canyon surfaces using weighted-residuals(moment method).The wave displacement fields are computed by the residual method for the cases of elliptic,circular,rounded-rectangular and flat-elliptic canyons,The analysis demonstrates that the resulting surface displacement depends,as in similar previous analyses,on several factors including,but not limited,to the angle of the wedge,the geometry of the vertex,the frequencies of the incident waves,the angles of incidence,and the material properties of the media.The analysis provides intriguing results that help to explain geophysical observations regarding the amplification of seismic energy as a function of site conditions.

Accuracy of the half-power bandwidth method with a third-order correction for estimating damping in multi-DOF systems

A third-order correction was recently suggested to improve the accuracy of the half-power bandwidth method in estimating the damping of single DOF systems.This paper analyzes the accuracy of the half-power bandwidth method with the third-order correction in damping estimation for multi-DOF linear systems.Damping ratios in a two-DOF linear system are estimated using its displacement and acceleration frequency response curves,respectively.A wide range of important parameters that characterize the shape of these response curves are taken into account.Results show that the third-order correction may greatly improve the accuracy of the half-power bandwidth method in estimating damping in a two-DOF system.In spite of this,the half-power bandwidth method may significantly overestimate the damping ratios of two-DOF systems in some cases.

An Effective Method for Free Vibration of Plate on Elastic Half Space

The vibration analysis of a plate on an elastic foundation is an important problem in engineering. It is the interaction of a plate with the three-dimensional half space and the plate is usually loaded from both the upper and lower surfaces. The contact pressure from the soil can not be predefined. According to Lamb's solution for a single oscillating force acting on a point on the surface of an elastic half space, and the relevant approximation formulae, a relation between the local pressure and the deflection of the plate has been proposed. Based on this analysis, the reaction of the soil can be represented as the deformation of the plate. Therefore, the plate can be separated from the soil and only needs to be divided by a number of elements in the analysis. The following procedure is the same as the standard finite element method. This is a semi-analytical and semi-numerical method. It has been applied to the dynamic analysis of circular or rectangular plates on the elastic half space, at low or high frequency vibration, and on rigid, soft or flexible foundations. The results show that this method is versatile and highly accurate.

Preconditioned Iterative Methods for Algebraic Systems from Multiplicative Half-Quadratic Regularization Image Restorations

Image restoration is often solved by minimizing an energy function consisting of a data-fidelity term and a regularization term. A regularized convex term can usually preserve the image edges well in the restored image. In this paper, we consider a class of convex and edge-preserving regularization functions, I.e., multiplicative half-quadratic regularizations, and we use the Newton method to solve the correspondingly reduced systems of nonlinear equations. At each Newton iterate, the preconditioned conjugate gradient method, incorporated with a constraint preconditioner, is employed to solve the structured Newton equation that has a symmetric positive definite coefficient matrix.The igenvalue bounds of the preconditioned matrix are deliberately derived, which can be used to estimate the convergence speed of the preconditioned conjugate gradient method. We use experimental results to demonstrate that this new approach is efficient,and the effect of image restoration is r0easonably well.

Time domain method for calculating free field motion of a layered half-space subjected to obliquely incident body waves

In numerical simulation of wave scattering under oblique incident body waves using the finite element method, the free field motion at the incident lateral boundary induced by the background layered half-space complicates the computational area. In order to replace the complex frequency domain method, a time-domain method to calculate the free field motion of a layered half-space subjected to oblique incident body waves is developed in this paper. The new method decouples the equations of motion used in the finite element method and offers an interpolation formula of the free field motion. This formula is based on the fact that the apparent horizontal velocity of the free field motion is constant and can be calculated exactly. Both the theoretical analysis and numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method offers a high degree of accuracy.

Effect of layer thickness and voxel size inversion on leaf area density based on the voxel-based canopy profiling method

Voxel-based canopy profiling is commonly used to determine small-scale leaf area.Layer thickness and voxel size impact accuracy when using this method.Here,we determined the optimal combination of layer thickness and voxel size to estimate leaf area density accurately.Terrestrial LiDAR Stonex X300 was used to generate point cloud data for Masson pines(Pinus massoniana).The canopy layer was stratified into 0.10-1.00-m-thick layers,while voxel size was 0.01-0.10 m.The leaf area density of individual trees was estimated using leaf area indices for the upper,middle,and lower canopy and the overall canopy.The true leaf area index,obtained by layered harvesting,was used to verify the inversion results.Leaf area density was inverted by nine combinations of layer thickness and voxel size.The average relative accuracy and mean estimated accuracy of these combined inversion results exceeded 80%.When layer thickness was 1.00 m and voxel size 0.05 m,inversion was closest to the true value.The average relative accuracy was 92.58%,mean estimated accuracy 98.00%,and root mean square error 0.17.The combination of leaf area density and index was accurately retrieved.In conclusion,nondestructive voxel-based canopy profiling proved suitable for inverting the leaf area density of Masson pine in Hetian Town,Fujian Province.

Half-Step Continuous Block Method for the Solutions of Modeled Problems of Ordinary Differential Equations

In this paper, we developed a new continuous block method using the approach of collocation of the differential system and interpolation of the power series approximate solution. A constant step length within a half step interval of integration was adopted. We evaluated at grid and off grid points to get a continuous linear multistep method. The continuous linear multistep method is solved for the independent solution to yield a continuous block method which is evaluated at selected points to yield a discrete block method. The basic properties of the block method were investigated and found to be consistent and zero stable hence convergent. The new method was tested on real life problems namely: SIR model, Growth model and Mixture Model. The results were found to compete favorably with the existing methods in terms of accuracy and error bound.

HALF-CUTTING METHOD during Hysterectomy for Large Uterine Cervical Myoma

Hysterectomy for large uterine cervical myoma is a challenging surgical procedure due to the limited operative field for lateral and posterior dissections. Existing procedures such as performing myomectomy before hysterectomy or performing retrograde hysterectomy remain suboptimal in expanding the operative field, especially in cases with a huge cervical myoma. In this report, we introduce a new procedure, the “HALF-CUTTING METHOD” which can be used to obtain an adequate surgical field during hysterectomy.

Predefined Exponential Basis Set for Half-Bounded Multi Domain Spectral Method

A non-orthogonal predefined exponential basis set is used to handle half-bounded domains in multi domain spectral method (MDSM). This approach works extremely well for real-valued semi-infinite differential problems. It spans simultaneously wide range of exponential decay rates with multi scaling and does not suffer from zero crossing. These two conditions are necessary for many physical problems. For comparison, the method is used to solve different problems and compared with analytical and published results. The comparison exhibits the strengths and accuracy of the presented basis set.

基于Adams的Leaf Spring建模方法及刚度特性仿真测试

文章基于多点离散梁法,通过编写钢板弹簧属性文件,利用Adams/Car模块建立多片钢板弹簧模型,并在Adams/View中对所建多片钢板弹簧作静/动刚度特性仿真测试分析。又分别采用了两种方法对其静/动刚度进行仿真,将仿真结果与实际对比分析,结果表明通过Adams建立的多片钢板弹簧模型与实际钢板弹簧刚度特性基本吻合。

橡胶树无性系叶面积的回归测算

为研究橡胶树无性系植株生长发育进程中叶面积变化及规模化种质资源鉴定中叶面积测定的简易方法,以20个橡胶树无性系为材料,测定各无性系叶片参数,找出合适系数回归法测算橡胶树无性系叶面积的最佳叶片参数。结果表明:干重法和叶面积仪法测定不同无性系叶面积的差异较大,两种方法相对差值较小的无性系仅9个;直尺法和叶面积仪法测定的叶长差异较大,两种方法测得的叶宽高度一致。各叶片参数相关性分析得出,直尺法测算出的叶长宽积X_(1)与其它所有叶片参数均达到了极显著正相关(P≤0.01),且与叶面积仪测定的叶面积S_(1)相关系数最大(r=0.986);其次,干重法测算的叶面积S_(2)与S_(1)相关系数在所有叶片参数中也最大(r=0.899)。选择X_(1)和S_(2)分别与S_(1)进行回归分析,得出大部分无性系X_(1)的回归决定系数都比S_(2)的更高,故在叶片规整的情况下,特别是研究植株叶片生长发育规律时,推荐使用直尺法测定的叶长宽积与叶面积仪测定的叶面积进行回归拟合。

油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫对4种寄主植物的取食选择性

于2022年,采用随机排列和两两组合的方法研究油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫对4种寄主植物(油桐、油茶、乌桕、尾巨桉)的取食选择性。结果表明,在4种寄主植物随机排列试验中,油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫对尾巨桉、油桐、乌桕的取食概率较高,分别平均为0.35、0.31、0.31,显著高于对油茶的取食概率。油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫对4种寄主叶碟的取食比例存在显著差异,最大的为油桐、乌桕,分别为42.90%、37.72%;其次是桉树,为28.37%;最少是油茶,仅8.13%。不同寄主两两组合试验中,幼虫对尾巨桉、油桐和乌桕的取食次数没有显著差异,但均显著高于油茶。综合结果表明,油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫对油桐、乌桕和尾巨桉具有明显的取食偏向,不倾向于取食油茶;但油桐、乌桕叶碟的被取食比例显著比尾巨桉高。研究结果可为探讨油桐鹰尺蠖的成灾机制提供参考。

花生叶面积指数精准快速监测方法研究

为探索适用于花生叶面积指数快速精准测量方法,基于田间调查实测数据,分别采用网格法、比叶重法、系数法、AutoCAD法以及扫描法等5种方法计算了花生不同生育时期的叶面积指数,并以基于扫描法的估算结果为对照,评价了基于其他4种监测方法估算结果的精度,并优化了系数法和比叶重法调查花生叶面积的关键技术指标。结果表明,比叶重法精度较高、监测速度较快、可操作性强,利用比叶重法监测花生叶面积指数,苗期、花针期、结荚期和饱果期叶片取样数分别为24、30、24和30片,相对误差分别为4.13%、4.07%、0.02%和0.13%,标准均方根误差为7.494%,适宜的干重比系数分别为150.00、143.26、187.58和157.20 cm^(2)/g。比叶重法是适宜于花生叶面积快速精准测量的方法。

非饱和半空间受埋置集中力作用初值解

基坑开挖和盾构掘进引起的环境效应是城市岩土工程中的重点,现有研究较少考虑土体的非饱和性。基于连续介质力学建立三维非饱和固结方程,假定初始时段体变为0,孔压和气压不随时间变化,引入McNamee和Schiffman位移函数,将固结方程的初解问题解耦为一组调和方程,通过Hankel变换将偏微分方程组转换为常微分方程组,利用边界条件和连续条件给出变换域内的位移和应力初值解答,最后通过Hankel逆变换给出原非饱和半空间域的解析解答,通过退化算例验证文中方法的正确性。算例分析表明,埋置集中力作用下,随着饱和度减小,位移逐渐减小,超静孔压则呈现先增加后减小的趋势。文中解答可以作为基本解,用于基坑开挖和盾构掘进等工程施工引起的非饱和地层位移场和应力场分析以及对邻近构筑物影响研究。

改善低次烟叶品质的生物发酵工艺优化

为改善低次烟叶吸食品质,提升烟叶可用性,优选3种酶系、菌系(蛋白多肽酶系、木质酶系、增香菌系)配制成复合生物发酵制剂,以品质改善程度为评价指标,采用单因素法和均匀设计法优化了烟叶生物发酵工艺。结果表明:(1)最佳发酵工艺条件为,发酵制剂/烟丝质量比4%、物料含水量22%、发酵温度37℃、发酵时间42 h。(2)发酵工艺各因素中,发酵温度对品质改善程度大于物料水分、发酵时间。(3)在最佳发酵条件下,烟叶品质改善程度为1.04,杂气减少、刺激性降低,感官质量大幅提升,发酵后烟叶蛋白质、淀粉、果胶、木质素分别降低9.17%、15.59%、16.67%、7.84%,醛类、酮类、醇类等物质较原样分别增加了23.70%、15.33%、41.03%。通过发酵工艺优化,烟叶化学成分更协调,烟叶可用性提升。

基于图像测算马铃薯叶面积的校正系数

在科研和生产过程中,马铃薯叶面积测定一直存在操作难度大、误差大、工作量大等问题。校正系数法是一种简便且成本较低的叶面积估测方法,获取准确的校正系数至关重要。为探索马铃薯叶面积校正系数的准确性,以‘北方009’‘大西洋’‘冀张薯12号’‘北方002’‘希森6号’为试验材料,采用数码相机拍摄技术结合图像处理技术与马铃薯叶片长宽进行相关计算得出准确校正系数。以图像处理法获得精确的马铃薯叶片面积为参照,采用各叶片长宽乘积估算叶面积校正系数(K值),采用对各叶片校正系数简单算术平均数法估算,叶面积校正系数为0.583;采用加权算术平均数法估算,叶面积校正系数为0.585;以线性回归法求得的马铃薯叶面积校正系数为0.571。试验结果比较表明,以线性回归分析获得马铃薯叶面积校正系数(K值)0.571作为系数法参数,相关系数吻合度较高,其可作为马铃薯叶面积校正系数,应用于马铃薯科学研究与生产实践。

7种药剂对食用玫瑰叶螨的室内毒力及田间防治效果评价

二斑叶螨(Tetrangchus urticae)和朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)是危害食用玫瑰的2种重要害螨,但是目前缺少关于食用玫瑰叶螨防治的农药产品登记。为筛选防治二斑叶螨和朱砂叶螨2种害螨的高效安全药剂,分别采用浸叶法和玻片浸渍法测定7种药剂对2种叶螨卵和雌成螨的致毒作用,并开展田间试验评价4种药剂对食用玫瑰的安全性和对2种叶螨的防治效果。室内毒力试验表明,腈吡螨酯、阿维菌素和联苯肼酯对2种害螨均具有较好的毒性,对二斑叶螨成螨和朱砂叶螨成螨的LC_(50)分别为9.068~26.590、2.390~6.107 mg/L,对二斑叶螨卵和朱砂叶螨卵的LC_(50)分别为1.705~16.798、0.846~7.948 mg/L;螺螨酯则对2种叶螨卵具有极好的致毒作用,对二斑叶螨卵和朱砂叶螨卵的LC_(50)分别为2.622、1.674 mg/L。田间试验结果表明,腈吡螨酯、阿维菌素、螺螨酯和哒螨灵等4种药剂对3个品种的食用玫瑰生产安全、无药害,腈吡螨酯、阿维菌素和螺螨酯对食用玫瑰2种叶螨防治效果优于常用药剂哒螨灵,可作为替代哒螨灵的药剂轮换使用。