Molecular cloning,characterization and expression analysis of Sox9a and Foxl2 genes in half-smooth tongue sole(Cynoglossussemilaevis)

Two transcription factors, Sox9a and Foxl2 were cloned from half-smooth tongue sole （Cynoglossus semilaevis）. Sox9a is a new duplication of C.semilaevis Sox9 gene. The complete cDNA of Sox9a gene was 1 842 bp long coding for 487 amino acids and Foxl2 gene was 1 817 bp coding for 308 amino acids. Sox9a was expressed higher in male brain, pituitary and gonad and Foxl2 were higher in female brain, pituitary and gonad. The expression of Sox9a gene in gonads of neo-males was higher than that of normal females. Sox9a and Foxl2 were expressed higher in gastrula stage than in other stages. In the period of sex differentiation, the expression of Sox9a was first going up and then going down and Foxl2 was higher expressed at 37 dph. The highest expressions of Sox9a and Foxl2 genes occurred in nine-month and 12-month old gonad tissues, respectively. Sox9a gene was considered to have inevitable links with sex reversal, sex differentiation and cell differentiation of embryos and formation of spermatogenic ceils. Foxl2 was considered to play a role in sex differentiation, cell differentiation of embryos but not to be necessary for sex determination and sex reversal.

Phenotypic and genetic parameter estimation of juvenile growth and bottom color traits in half-smooth tongue sole,Cynoglossus semilaevis

Half-smooth tongue sole（Cynoglossus semilaevis） is a commercially important fish species. There were no reports about accurate genetic parameters of growth traits in C. semilaevis, despite efforts aimed at the culture of this species. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to estimate the parameters for the early growth traits（total length, body depth and body weight） of C. semilaevis based on the data obtained from 80 families. The trait of fish with pure white bottom or not（named as the trait of bottom color） was also analyzed. All the heritabilities estimated for the traits were medium, which varied from 0.210 to 0.362. Genetic correlations among growth traits were highly positive, varying from 0.913 to 0.959, indicating that selection of one of the three traits would result in correlated increase in the others. Also, genetic correlations between bottom color and growth traits were positive and varying from 0.241 to 0.353, suggesting that selection for the bottom color can be utilized to enhance the selection of growth traits. In addition, fish from the top performing 16 full-sib families were selected as broodstock, based on the above analysis and the comparison of family breeding value. This research provides an important basic material to implement selective breeding in C. semilaevis.

Establishment and characterization of an astroglial cell line derived from the brain of half-smooth tongue sole(Cynoglossus semilaevis)

An astroglial cell line was established from the brain of half smooth tongue sole （Cynoglossus semilaevis） and was designated as CSAC. CSAC shows the morphological homogeneity of epithelial cells. The cell identity was tested by the presence of glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP）, which was revealed by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. The cell line was optimally maintained at 24 ℃ in minimum essential medium supplemented with HEPES, antibiotics, 20% fetal bovine serum, 2- Mercaptoethanol （2-Me） and basic fibroblast growth factor. Chromosome analysis revealed that the CSAC cells maintained a normal diploid chromosome number （2n=42）. The fluorescent signals were observed in CSAC after the cells were transfected with green fluorescent protein （GFP） reporter plasmids. The CSAC cell line may serve as a valuable tool for studies on the potential functions of fish astroglial cells.

Molecular characterization and expression analysis of Patched 1 gene in the half-smooth tongue sole(Cynoglossus semilaevis)

The signaling molecule hedgehog（Hh） is essential for cellular signaling required for body pattern formation in embryonic and individual development in vertebrate and invertebrates.Patched 1（Ptc1）,a receptor of Hh,mediates the activity of Hh by binging the Hh ligands.In this study,the Ptc1 of half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis（CsPtc1） was cloned and characterized.The full-length of CsPtc1 cDNA is 5 212 nucleotides（nt）,and encodes a protein with 1 543 amino acid residues.CsPtc1 shared many features with Ptc1 of other telesot species.Real-time quantitative PCR revealed CsPtc1 mRNA expressed in brain,liver,heart,gill,intestines,spleen,gonad and kidney,with expression level in testis significantly higher than in ovary.In testis,hybridization signals were mainly detected in primary spermatocytes,secondary spermatocytes,and sertoli cells,while weak signals were found in oocytes.Correspondingly,the degree of methylation is higher in female than in male and pseudomale.Results indicate that CsPtc1 may be involved in Desert Hedgehog（DHH） maintenance of the male and pseudo-male germ line and spermatogenesis.

Characterization of the cyp19a1a gene from a BAC sequence in half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) and analysis of its conservation among teleosts

The cyp19ala gene encodes an aromatase that plays a key role in sex differentiation of the gonad. The first bacterial artificial chromosome （BAC） sequence of half-smooth tongue sole （Cynoglossus sernilaeuis） containing the intact cyp19ala gene was reported and the conservation and synteny of the cyp19ala gene among teleosts were analyzed in the study. The BAC is 107 367 bp in size, with an overall guanine-cytosine （GC） content of 43.44%, and contains 4.38% transposable elements. Nine genes were predicted, including seven functional genes and two hypothetical genes. The cyp19ala gene of all tested teleosts has nine exons and eight introns, and potential binding sites flanking the transcriptional start site are conserved. The ex- pression pattern among teleosts is also similar during ovarian differentiation. Synteny analysis revealed a conserved gene cluster PKH4B-SL9A5-FHOD3-CEBPG-CEBPA among teleosts. These findings suggest that, among teleosts, cyp19ala genes not only have similar genomic structures, but also have conserved function- s. The genomic environment of cyp19ala in tongue sole is not universal in teleosts, reflecting the particular evolution of tongue sole cyp19ala after it diverged from the other teleosts.

Analysis of SSRs Derived from an EST Library of Half-Smooth Tongue Sole Cynoglossus semilaevis

A complementary DNA(cDNA) library was constructed from half-smooth tongue sole spleen. A long-read expressed sequence tag(EST) database was generated,containing 3100 cDNA clones,of which 220 clones were fully sequenced. A total of 1060 non-redundant simple sequence repeats(SSRs) were obtained from the cDNA library. An average of 5 kb sequence generates 1 SSR in the half-smooth tongue sole spleen cDNA library. The proportion of the SSR unit size was different in the cDNA library. The monomeric repeats(51.4%) are the most abundant class of SSR in the dataset. The dimeric,trimeric,tetrameric and hexameric re-peats are represented in decreasing proportions of 27.2%,16.0%,2.8% and 1.9%,respectively. The frequency of pentameric repeats was observed the least(only 0.7%) . Most of the monomeric and dimeric repeats are distributed in 3' and 5' un-translation region. If translation regions are considered merely,trimeric repeats are the highest,accounting for 57% of the total microsatellites.

Application of AFLP markers for population genetic study on half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis

The genetic diversity of wild and hatchery populations of half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis, based on observation of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was described. Two hundred individuals from four wild populations, Laizhou (LZ), Weihai (WH), Qingdao (QD), Rizhao (RZ), and one hatchery population, Mingbo (MB), were screened using eight different AFLP primer combinations. A total of 384 loci were screened in the five studied populations. 48.4%, 51.3%, 50.7%, 49.3% and 45.8% of these loci were polymorphic among the individuals tested in the LZ, WH, QD, RZ and MB populations, respectively. The number of polymorphic loci detected by single primer combinations ranged from 17 to 35. The average heterozygosity of the LZ, WH, QD, RZ and MB populations was 0.072, 0.093, 0.092, 0.090 and 0.063, respectively. The WH population showed the highest genetic diversity in terms of total number of AFLP bands, total number of polymorphic bands, average heterozygosity and percentage of low frequency (0-0.2) polymorphic loci among all the populations, while the LZ population was the lowest among the wild populations. Compared with the wild populations, the hatchery population showed a low genetic viability.

Development of 57 Novel Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers in Half-Smooth Tongue Sole(Cynoglossus semilaevis)

Half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) is a promising species for aquaculture in China.The wild population of C. semilaevis is under threat from environmental factors. Microsatellite markers are very suitable for assessing genetic diversity. Four microsatellite-enriched libraries of half smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) were constructed,from which 57 polymorphic microsatellites were isolated and characterized.The polymorphism of these microsatellites was assessed by genotyping in 30 individual fish.The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 11, with an average of 4.614 alleles per locus.The values of observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.1000 to 1.0000 and from 0.0966 to 0.8847 respectively. Polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.0905 to 0.862.These markers would be useful for population structure assessment,genetic linkage map construction and parentage analysis for this species.

低爆速粉状乳化炸药在光面爆破中的应用

针对平硐开拓光面爆破施工工况,采用粉状乳化炸药、矿物质粉、多孔有机物密度调节剂混合制备出一种低爆速粉状乳化炸药,通过调节各组分比例,控制爆速在1200~3000m/s范围内,以适配光面爆破作业。采用LSDYNA进行数值模拟分析并开展现场实际应用,结果表明:低爆速粉状乳化炸药耦合装药结构对孔壁破坏较小,爆破作用更均匀,半孔率可达90%,超欠挖量在10cm以内,有效提高了边墙成型效果,边墙半孔率提高50%。本研究为光面爆破施工提供了借鉴。

多起爆点小直径药卷光面爆破技术的应用

巷道掘进光面爆破过程中存在装药时间长、施工效率低、残药多、成本较高问题,且偶尔出现导爆索供应不足,影响巷道光面爆破施工。考虑采用多起爆点小直径药卷轴向间隔装药代替原有的导爆索间隔装药结构进行光面爆破作业,预先使用LS-DYNA数值模拟软件对该结构进行仿真分析,验证实现光爆的可行性。仿真结果表明,爆破后炮孔上部区域保存完好,未发生材料过度侵蚀现象,贴近炸药的一侧矿体达到失效条件,侵蚀完全,可有效崩落矿体,避免挂口现象,可实现光面爆破效果。现场光爆试验结果表明,半孔率可达76%,超欠挖量在20cm以内,最大孔痕长度2.9m左右,基本达到光面爆破效果,为无导爆索光面爆破技术研究提供了新思路。

半滑舌鳎病原鳗利斯顿氏菌表型及分子特征研究

2008年12月,江苏赣榆某渔场养殖半滑舌鳎出现大量死亡,症状主要表现为:头部、鳃盖及鳍基出血,尾鳍腐烂,腹腔膨胀并积有大量腹水,部分病鱼肠管脱出肛外。从病鱼肝脏、腹水中分离出大量优势生长的细菌,人工感染试验证明其对半滑舌鳎有较强的致病性。对3株分离菌进行了形态特征、理化特性、胞外酶及溶血素活性等表型生物学性状检验;测定了代表菌株的16SrRNA和gyrB基因序列,分析了16 S rRNA和gyrB两种基因序列的同源性,并构建了系统发生树,比较了两种基因对分离菌的鉴定能力;结果表明gyrB基因用于细菌种间鉴定更具优越性;基于16S rRNA和gyrB基因的系统发育学分析表明分离菌与鳗利斯顿氏菌具有高同源性,根据分离菌的表型及分子特征,判定分离菌为利斯顿氏菌属(Listonella MacDonell and Colwell 1986)的鳗利斯顿氏菌[Listonella anguillarum (Bergeman 1909) MacDonell and Colwell 1986]。胞外酶活性及溶血活性检测表明3株分离菌均具有淀粉酶、蛋白酶、卵磷脂酶等胞外酶活性,在含7%家兔脱纤血液营养琼脂培养基上呈β型溶血,PCR检测3株供试菌均可扩增出大小约493 bp的溶血素基因和大小约248 bp的金属蛋白酶基因。分离菌的耐药谱测定结果显示,对供试49种抗菌药物中的青霉素G等13种药物耐药,对羧苄青霉素等6种药物存在敏感与耐药的株间差异。

半滑舌鳎精子发生和精子形成的超微结构

用电子显微镜对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)精子发生的过程及精子的超微结构进行了观察。半滑舌鳎精巢属于小叶型,精小叶由各期生精细胞和支持细胞构成。半滑舌鳎的精子发生经历了初级精原细胞、次级精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞和精子细胞,再经过精子形成过程发育成为精子。初级精母细胞成熟分裂的前期Ⅰ,同源染色体经历了联会复合体形成和解聚的变化。在精子形成的过程中,精细胞大致经历了核质浓缩、线粒体迁移及鞭毛的发生等过程。核质浓缩时,精细胞核内位于植入窝周围的染色质首先由细颗粒状浓缩成粗大颗粒状,然后细胞核其他部位的染色质也逐渐浓缩成粗大颗粒状。这些已浓缩成粗大颗粒状的染色质再进一步浓缩为电子密度高的均匀状物质。随着核质的浓缩,核外膜与核内膜之间的间隙增大形成核膜间隙,核内一些没有参与染色质浓缩的物质通过出芽形成囊泡,先排入核膜间隙,然后再外排到细胞质中。核浓缩过程中细胞核的体积和表面积都大大缩小;鞭毛的形成与细胞核的浓缩是同步进行的,当一对中心粒移近细胞核时,核膜凹陷形成植入窝,其周围染色质浓缩的同时,远端中心粒(基体)逐渐向后产生轴丝。成熟精子无顶体,头细长,主要为核占据,核凹窝发达,线粒体4-5个环绕在鞭毛基部形成袖套,尾细长,具侧鳍,尾部轴丝为"9+2"结构。

半滑舌鳎脑芳香化酶基因cDNA克隆及表达分析

为研究脑型芳香化酶(P450aromB)在半滑舌鳎性别分化中的作用,采用同源克隆策略,从半滑舌鳎脑分离了2184bp长的脑型芳香化酶的全长cDNA,该基因编码498个氨基酸。氨基酸序列和系统发育分析表明,P450aromB属于脑型P450arom,P450aromB的氨基酸序列与其他鱼类脑型P450arom的同源性较高(48.3%-66.1%),与性腺型P450arom的同源性较低(34.2%-49.9%),与自身的性腺型芳香化酶同源性为45.1%。RT-PCR分析表明:P450aromB mRNA的表达具有明显组织特异性,P450aromB只在性腺、脑、鳃和皮肤中表达,且脑中表达量远高于性腺,而在雌雄鱼的其他组织中都不表达。经过甲基睾酮浸浴处理和高温诱导半滑舌鳎由雌性性反转为雄性后,脑中P450aromB的表达量降低,这些结果表明P450aromB参与了半滑舌鳎的性腺分化和性别决定过程。

程序化设计的简并引物克隆半滑舌鳎CYP17基因

采用1种新的简并引物设计方法——CODEHOP法来克隆半滑舌鳎CYP17基因。该法结合NCBI、Blastp、BlockMaker、CODEHOP等生物信息学资源和DNAMAN、Oligo6.0等生物软件,程序性设计半滑舌鳎CYP17基因的CODEHOP引物,从半滑舌鳎卵巢组织中成功克隆了CYP17基因,该基因片段与其它物种的CYP17家族具有较高的同源性,经鉴定,该基因属于整个脊椎动物的CYP17基因群,尤其是鱼类亚群。实验结果表明,程序性设计的简并引物较传统简并引物特异性更高,假阳性率少,更有利于实验成功。

基于高通量测序的池塘养殖半滑舌鳎消化道菌群的结构特征分析

运用高通量测序方法研究了池塘养殖半滑舌鳎消化道和池水、池塘底泥、颗粒饵料中的微生物菌群结构,并分析了它们之间的相关性。实验结果证实,养殖池塘池水、底泥和饵料中的细菌种类多样性要远高于半滑舌鳎消化道中的细菌多样性,但消化道中的菌群结构与池水和池塘底泥中的细菌没有相关性,仅在一定程度上受到颗粒饵料中菌群的影响。而半滑舌鳎消化道不同部位的细菌种类多样性存在一定的差异,但优势菌群的组成并没有明显的结构差异,优势菌种的构成和相对数量比例非常相似,并且大部分的优势菌种在NCBI数据库中没有同源菌株。研究说明半滑舌鳎消化道菌群这一微生态系统的结构相对独立,在池塘养殖这一阶段几乎不受养殖环境中菌群的影响,而且定植肠道中的一些优势细菌种类可能具有宿主特异性。

半滑舌鳎髓样分化因子的克隆和表达分析

髓样分化因子(Myeloid differentiation factor88,MyD88)是Toll/IL-lR家族成员,是TLR信号通路中的一个关键接头分子,在天然免疫系统中具有重要作用。迄今,在重要海水养殖鱼类半滑舌鳎中尚未见有关MyD88的研究报道。本研究克隆了半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)MyD88基因,并对其表达模式进行了初步研究。半滑舌鳎MyD88基因的cDNA全长为1612bp,其中包括132bp的5′非翻译区(UTR),590bp的3′UTR和编码285个氨基酸残基的858bp的开放阅读框(ORF)。MyD88蛋白在N端具有死亡结构域(Death Domain,DD),C端具有TIR结构域(Toll/IL-1Receptor Domain,TIR),MyD88基因组全长为2923bp,包括5个外显子和4个内含子。系统进化树分析表明,半滑舌鳎MyD88和牙鲆聚在一起,具有最近的亲缘关系。实时定量PCR结果显示,MyD88基因几乎在所有组织中都有表达,在血液、脾脏、头肾、肝脏等免疫组织和精巢、卵巢生殖腺中具有较高水平的表达。利用LPS(lipopolysaccharide)、PGN(peptidoglycan)和poly I∶C作为免疫刺激源感染半滑舌鳎外周血淋巴细胞的结果显示,三者均可诱导MyD88基因的表达上调。鳗弧菌(Vibrio angaillarum)感染实验表明,注射鳗弧菌96h后MyD88基因在脾脏中表达量升高了近180倍、在肝脏中的表达量升高了60多倍;在注射鳗弧菌48h后,头肾中表达量升高了近5倍。上述实验暗示,MyD88基因在半滑舌鳎天然免疫防御系统中具有重要作用。

半滑舌鳎雌性特异AFLP标记CseF783的克隆及其在遗传性别鉴定中的应用

半滑舌鳎性别控制和全雌育种等研究领域中迫切需要一种能够快速鉴定鱼类个体遗传性别的有效方法。文章采用AFLP技术,利用选择性引物组合(E-ACT/M-CAA)从半滑舌鳎中筛选到一条雌性特异的AFLP标记。对该标记进行二次PCR扩增、琼脂糖凝胶回收、克隆、测序。分析表明,序列全长为791 bp,与GenBank中的序列无同源性。以该雌性特异AFLP标记DNA序列为模板,设计了一对特异的PCR引物,成功地将其转化为SCAR(Sequence characterized amplified regions)标记,并在100尾已知性别的半滑舌鳎个体(雌雄各50尾)中进行验证,结果表明,该SCAR标记在所有雌性个体中均扩增得到一条长度为324 bp的DNA条带,而在49尾雄性个体中均扩增不到该DNA条带(有1尾雄性个体例外),证明该SCAR标记是雌性特异的,并可用于半滑舌鳎个体遗传性别鉴定。随后,利用该SCAR标记检测了3日龄半滑舌鳎幼苗,结果表明,雌性个体比例为41.7%。

石斑鱼和半滑舌鳎封闭循环水养殖系统的构建与运用

介绍适合于点带石斑鱼(Epinephelus malabaricus)和半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevlis Günther)的循环水养殖系统的工艺流程、生物调控及管理措施。通过在系统中采用弧形筛和蛋白分离器组合装置替代微滤机、添加比表面积大的塑料片状滤料、增加臭氧和紫外线2级灭菌装置等手段,并且针对循环水养殖的特点制定系统的生物调控和管理规范,使该养殖系统石斑鱼和半滑舌鳎的养殖承载量分别达到30 kg/m2和20 kg/m2;养殖1 kg海水鱼的电耗为7.54 kW,并能达到无公害水产品的质量要求。

雄性半滑舌鳎雄激素受体基因的克隆与表达分析

利用RT-PCR方法从半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)中克隆了雄激素受体(Androgen receptor,AR)基因cDNA的部分序列(434 bp),经BLAST比对与狼鲈(Dicentrarchus labrax)、花溪(Kryptolebias marmoratus)、三斑海猪鱼(Hali-choeres trimaculatus)和三刺鱼(Gasterosteus aculeatus)的雄激素受体同源性分别为84%,82%,82%和81%。组织表达分析表明,AR基因在半滑舌鳎的性腺、肝、胃、脾、肾、头肾、肠、鳃、心、脑和肌肉这11种组织中均有表达,表达量有所差异。肾中表达量最丰富,鳃中最少。根据其他硬骨鱼类表达模式,推测半滑舌鳎可能只含有1种AR。