Halitosis:the multidisciplinary approach

Halitosis, bad breath or oral malodour are all synonyms for the same pathology. Halitosis has a large social and economic impact. For the majority of patients suffering from bad breath, it causes embarrassment and affects their social communication and life. Moreover, halitosis can be indicative of underlying diseases. Only a limited number of scientific publications were presented in this field until 1995. Ever since, a large amount of research is published, often with lack of evidence. In general, intraoral conditions, like insufficient dental hygiene, periodontitis or tongue coating are considered to be the most important cause （85%） for halitosis. Therefore, dentists and periodontologists are the first-line professionals to be confronted with this problem. They should be well aware of the origin, the detection and especially of the treatment of this pathology. In addition, ear-nose-throat-associated （10%） or gastrointestinal/ endocrinological （5%） disorders may contribute to the problem. In the case of halitophobia, psychiatrical or psychological problems may be present. Bad breath needs a multidisciplinary team approach： dentists, periodontologists, specialists in family medicine, ear- nose-throat surgeons, internal medicine and psychiatry need to be updated in this field, which still is surrounded by a large taboo. Multidisciplinary bad breath clinics offer the best environment to examine and treat this pathology that affects around 25% of the whole population. This article describes the origin, detection and treatment of halitosis, regarded from the different etiological origins.

Effects of mechanical tongue cleaning on halitosis： A meta-analysis

Objective： To systematically review the effects of mechanical tongue cleaning on halitosis. Methods： Searching and collecting the RCTs about treatment combine with mechanical tongue cleaning from inception to May 2017 in the databases, like CNKI, VIE WanFang Data, PubMed, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature （C1NAHL）, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science. Two reviewers screened the literatures according to inclusion and excluding criteria, extracted the data independenly, assessed bias risks. In case of disagreement, the discussion shall be settled by the third reviewer. Meta-analysis was conducted by RevMaxi 5.3. Results： A total of 4 RCTs with 185 vol- unteers were included. The results of Meta-analysis showed that treatment combine with mechanical tongue cleaning has an advantage over the control group in the levels of Winkel Tongue Coating Index （WTCI） [MD = 2.15, 95%CI（0.93,3.36）, = 0.0006], Organoleptic Assessment （ORG） [MD = -0.71, 95%CI（-0.95,-0.48）, 〈0.00001], but no significant differences between two groups in Volatile Sulphur Compounds （VSCs） [SMD = -1.13, 95%CI（-2.91,0.65）, = 0.21], Bleeding On Probing （BOP） [MD = -1.01, 95%CI（-7.05,5.03）, = 0.74]. Conclusion： Treatment combined with mechanical tongue cleaning could reduce risks of halitosis and WTCI.

Differences in insomnia-related self-reported outcomes among elderly hospitalized patients

Insomnia is among the most common sleep disorders worldwide.Insomnia in older adults is a social and public health problem.Insomnia affects the physical and mental health of elderly hospitalized patients and can aggravate or induce physical illnesses.Understanding subjective feelings and providing reasonable and standardized care for elderly hospitalized patients with insomnia are urgent issues.AIM To explore the differences in self-reported outcomes associated with insomnia among elderly hospitalized patients.METHODS One hundred patients admitted to the geriatric unit of our hospital between June 2021 and December 2021 were included in this study.Self-reported symptoms were assessed using the Athens Insomnia Scale(AIS),Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7(GAD-7),Geriatric Depression Scale-15(GDS-15),Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness(MUNSH),Barthel Index Evaluation(BI),Morse Fall Scale(MFS),Mini-Mental State Examination,and the Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire(SF-36).Correlation coefficients were used to analyze the correlation between sleep quality and self-reported symptoms.Effects of insomnia was analyzed using Logistic regression analysis.RESULTS Nineteen patients with AIS≥6 were included in the insomnia group,and the incidence of insomnia was 19%(19/100).The remaining 81 patients were assigned to the non-insomnia group.There were significant differences between the two groups in the GDA-7,GDS-15,MUNSH,BI,MFS,and SF-36 items(P<0.05).Patients in the insomnia group were more likely to experience anxiety,depression,and other mental illnesses,as well as difficulties with everyday tasks and a greater risk of falling(P<0.05).Subjective well-being and quality of life were poorer in the insomnia group than in the control group.The AIS scores positively correlated with the GAD-7,GDS-15,and MFS scores in elderly hospitalized patients with insomnia(P<0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that GDS-15≥5 was an independent risk factor for insomnia in elderly hospitalized patients(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The number of self-reported symptoms was higher among elderly hospitalized patients with insomnia.Therefore,we should focus on the main complaints of patients to meet their care needs.

Correlation between self-reported recovery and central sensitization in whiplash patients

Central sensitization has been associated with chronic pain in whiplash patients.Methods:Consecutive whiplash patients were assessed at 3 months post-whiplash injury with the brachial plexus provocation test(BPPT)as a sign of central sensitization.Self-reported recovery was assessed by the response to the question ‘Do you feel you have recovered fully from your accident injuries?'Results:Sixty-nine subjects(32 males,37 females,age 37.5±13.0 years(mean±SD),range 18-71)were included.Of these,34 reported a lack of recovery,and 35 reported recovery at 3 months post-injury.The mean BPPT elbow extension(from 180°)was 41.5±23.0°,and the mean VAS score for the BPPT was 2.2 ± 1.2(out of 10).Those who reported recovery had a mean BPPT elbow extension angle of 25.1±15.8 while those who did not report recovery had a mean BPPT angle of 58.4 ± 15.9(P＜0.05).The visual analogue scale(VAS)score for recovered subjects was 1.8 ± 1.1 and 2.7 ± 1.1(P＜0.05)for non-recovered.There was a moderate correlation between self-reported recovery and BPPT elbow extension angle(-0.44)and a lower correlation between self-reported recovery and VAS score(-0.30).Conclusion:Self-reported recovery correlates well with a lower likelihood of signs of central sensitization.Copyright(c)2012,Shanghai University of Sport.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

What Is the Role of Work-Related Factors in Self-Reported Health Inequalities among Employed Individuals? A Longitudinal Study in Luxembourg

Objectives: We measured health inequalities among employed Luxembourg residents over time and the socio-economic and work-related determinants. Design and Setting: Longitudinal data were obtained from the Socio-economic Liewen zu L&#235;tzebuerg/European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions, which has been conducted each year since 2003 in Luxembourg. Participants: Participants comprised 727 Luxembourg residents (58% men), aged between 21 and 55 years in 2003, who were employed between 2003 and 2012. Primary and Secondary Outcomes Measured: The variable of interest was self-reported health. We used transition indicators on work-related factors to consider changes that individuals may have experienced in their job over this period. Results: People who moved from a part-time to a full-time contract (odds ratio (OR): 5.52, confidence interval (CI): 1.55 - 19.73), and those who moved from the 3rd or 4th quartile of earnings to the 1st or 2nd quartile (OR: 2.48, CI: 1.02 - 6.05) between 2003 and 2012, had a higher risk of being in poor health in 2012. The risk of deterioration in self-reported health in 2012 among people who were healthy in 2003 was associated with the type of contract, economic activity, and occupation. Conclusion: Health inequalities occur among employed people in Luxembourg. Their importance varies according to work-related characteristics and economic activity. Our findings showed that declined health status was associated with contract type, profession, and economic activity. This suggests that measures should be taken to maintain good health for people working in these specific occupations or economic sectors (e.g. preventive action, reduction of risk exposure, change of occupation in the same company, and so on).

Knowledge Level and Self-Reported Attitudes of Food Handlers: Case Study of a University Campus

This study was performed conducting surveys to assess the Knowledge Level (KL) and Self-Reported Attitudes (SRA) of Food Handlers (FH) in order to evaluate their food safety perception. Food handlers working in 5 cafes and 6 canteens in a university campus responded to a questionnaire about food hygiene. The knowledge level about food hygiene was obtained by answering five question groups (G): Agents involved in food borne diseases (G1), Food handling hygiene (G2), Cross contamination (G3), Heat treatment/cooling techniques (G4), Reduced temperatures (G5). The SRA level was obtained through seven questions with multiple choice options on behaviors of health and safety applied to the work routine, which were considered as percentage of hits. The hygiene’s knowledge average was 75%, ranging from 63.3% (G4) to 94.5% (G3). Significant associations between establishment type and G1 (p = 0.027), professional experience and G5 (p = 0.020), training and G5 (p = 0.037) were found. Food handlers knowledge did not have effect in FH attitude (p = 0.371). From 25 FH (46.0%) who had high KL, 17 had reported incorrect attitudes. The level of hits is, in general, more than 75%, except for matters relating to the use of different cutting tables (44.4%) and knives (51.9%). Significant differences of values and odds for handlers’ knowledge were observed between cafes’ and canteens’ FH. No difference (p > 0.05) was observed in FH SRA scores according to the type of establishment. The results reveal a reduced application of knowledge acquired by food handlers, evidenced by the low level of attitudes considered correct. This clearly justifies the implementation of additional measures, including on job training as part of an effective strategy to control establishment’s food safety.

Technology Usage among Elderly with Self-Reported Hearing Disability: Results from InveCe.Ab

Background: Awareness of hearing disability in the elderly has adverse cognitive and functional consequences over time, in a longitudinal population-based study. Aim: To analyze the hypothesis that over time old people aware of hearing disability make less use of technology and lose more instrumental activities of daily living than peers with other self-reported hearing conditions. Methods: We analyzed 1171 healthy participants in the longitudinal population-based InveCe.Ab study. The consistency between self-reported hearing loss with clinician-evaluated hearing status (Whispered Voice Test;WVT), was categorized by consistency as: unaware of hearing loss (UHL), aware of hearing loss (AHL), only subjective hearing loss (OSHL), without hearing loss (noHL). Results: At baseline (2010), hearing loss was found in 159 [13.6% (95% CI: 11.7 - 15.7)] of the participants [28 = 17.6% (95% CI: 12.0 - 24.4) AHL;131 = 82.4% (95% CI: 75.6 - 88) UHL], while 23 [2.3% (95% CI: 1.4 - 3.4)] of the subjects with normal WVT had OSHL. Mobile phone usage was significantly associated with different consistency categories (p i.e. executive, memory and visuo-spatial) were independently associated with maintaining mobile phone usage and instrumental activities of daily living. Conclusion: Self-reported hearing disability is linked to subsequent loss of mobile phone usage and functional dependency. As cognitive performances independently influence technology usage and functional impairment, targeted preventive interventions should address functional impact of perceived hearing loss, but also encourage social participation and improve mobile phone usage. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01345110;registered on April 29, 2011.

Correlates of self-reported colorectal cancer screening accuracy in a multi-specialty medical group practice

Purpose: We assessed whether accuracy of self-reported screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) varied by respondent characteristics or healthcare utilization. Methods: From 2005 to 2007, 857 respondents aged 51 - 74 were recruited from a multi-specialty medical group practice to answer a questionnaire about their CRC screening (CRCS) behaviors. Self-reports were compared with administrative and medical records to assess concordance, sensitivity, specificity, and report-to-records ratios for overall CRCS (fecal occult blood test, sigmoidoscopy, and/or colonoscopy). Results: Concordance was good (30.8 to 30.7 to 5 visits outside the clinic had poor (30.9) or good but poor for respondents whose healthcare provider did not advise a specific CRCS test. Specificity was poor for the following respondents: 65+ years, males, college graduates, family history of CRC, >5 visits outside of the clinic, or whose healthcare provider advised a specific CRCS test. Respondents 65+ years and with >5 outside visits over-reported CRCS. Conclusions: With few exceptions, self-reports of CRCS in an insured population is reasonably accurate across subgroups. More work is needed to replicate these findings in diverse settings and populations to better understand subgroup differences and improve measures of CRCS.

Accuracy of self-reported medicines use compared to pharmaceutical claims data amongst a national sample of older Australian women

This study assessed agreement between two measures of medicine use, self-report by mail and pharmaceutical claims data, for a national sample (N = 4687) of older women aged 79 to84 in2005, from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health. Medicines used for common chronic diseases in older people were selected, with pharmaceutical claims data retrieval periods of three and six months. For six month retrieval, Kappa’s ranged between 0.44 (nervous system medicines) and 0.94 (glucose lowering medicines). For three month retrieval, aspirin (Kappa: 0.35) and folic acid (Kappa = 0.48) had lowest agreement. Women were least able to accurately report use of nervous system medicines (sensitivity 80%). Specificity was consistently high across all classes, suggesting women could accurately report using a medicine. Pharmaceutical claims data can assist evaluation of judicious medicines use, changes to availability and uptake of medicines, and track medicine expenditure for chronic conditions. Over-the-counter medicines, medicines not covered by pharmaceutical subsidies and those used on an as needed basis may be best measured by self-report, as use may be underestimated using pharmaceutical claims data.

The Influence of Social Desirability on Self-Reported Sexual Behavior in HIV Survey in Rural Ethiopia

Objective: It is in order to examine associations between social desirability (SD) and self-reports of abstinence among youths in rural Ethiopia. Methods: Youths of ages 15-24 (114 participants) were administered questionnaire to assess HIV knowledge and primary abstinence and a modified Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale to assess SD bias. The relationships between SD groups (dichotomized into high and low) and abstinence by various characteristics were assessed by using Fisher’s exact p-values. Results: The odds of individuals reporting abstinence were 13.2 times greater in the high SD group compared to the low SD group (p-value 0.002) when adjusted for education, gender, age group, and HIV knowledge. The differences in abstinence between the high and low SD score groups were also examined for selected variables. Conclusions: Individuals who exhibited more SD bias were more likely to report primary abstinence. SD bias should be considered when conducting self-reported surveys to measure the effectiveness of HIV prevention programs.

Acne Vulgaris in Jeddah Medical Students: Prevalence, Severity, Self-Report, and Treatment Practices

Acne is a common skin disorder of teenagers and continues into adulthood. Research has been limited regarding acne prevalence, perception and health care utilization in Saudi Arabia. The objective of this study was to assess acne prevalence in final year female medical students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia using the global acne grading system (GAGS) compared with student’s self-report of their acne. This is a cross-sectional study conducted among 151 students during 2016, in which students were interviewed subjectively and examined objectively by a trained physician. This study showed that acne was reported subjectively by 83.4% of female students compared to 98% of students assessed objectively by the global acne grading system. 14.6% of students claimed having no acne while it was objectively present, which was statistically significant (Χ2 = 15.4, P 2 months in 39.1% of students. Acne was present in 41.1% of the students parents compared to 83.4% in their siblings. A total of 41.7% of student had trunk acne. 60.9% of students had scarring and 72.8% of them had pigmentation. Moderate to severe acne students had higher siblings acne history of 95.2% (Χ2 = 5.85, P 2 = 4.05, P 2 = 4.87, P < 0.05) which was statistically significant. Our study confirms that acne is very common in female medical students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia with a prevalence rate of 98%. Knowledge regarding acne treatment was inadequate demonstrating the need for educational and awareness programs about early treatment that will prevent suffering from acne scarring or pigmentation.

No significant association between halitosis and upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings： a prospective study

Background Previous studies have focused on the relationship between halitosis, gastroesophageal reflux disease and Helicobacterpylori. In this study we aimed to investigate the interaction between halitosis and upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings. Methods Patients who previously had dyspepsia and had undergone endoscopic examination were included in the study. Symptoms of dyspepsia were investigated by means of a questionnaire that investigated halitosis. Patients who suffered from objective halitosis （confirmed by questions both to the patient and their relatives） were further investigated. Patients with known local or systemic causes of halitosis or structural disorders at endoscopy were excluded. Results The study included 358 patients （121 men and 237 women） with dyspeptic symptoms. The patients with and without halitosis had mean ages of （39.4±13.5） and （43.1±14.9） years, respectively. Patients without halitosis were significantly older than those in the halitosis group （P 〈0.05）. Patients in the halitosis group had significantly higher frequencies of regurgitation, bloating and nausea （P 〈0.05） when compared to patients without halitosis. Endoscopic findings, including esophagitis, open cardia, hiatal hernia, gastritis and duodenitis, were comparable in the two groups. Conclusions The frequency of halitosis was high in patients with dyspepsia who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Halitosis had a close relationship with several upper gastrointestinal symptoms, including regurgitation, nausea and bloating. There was no significant association between upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings and halitosis.

Antibacteria activities of phenolics from"Jinshiji"thinned-young apple on halitosis-related bacteria

This article aims to explain the inhibitory mechanism of thinned-young apple polyphenols(YAP)toward Fusobacterium nucleatum(F.nucleatum),Porphyromonas gingivalis(P.gingivalis)and Prevotella intermedia(P.intermedia).YAP has optimal antibacterial concentration against F.nucleatum(10.00 mg/mL),P.gingivalis(8.00 mg/mL)and P.intermedia(8.00 mg/mL),with viability of 47.97%,38.01%and 36.94%,respectively.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM)observation revealed that YAP could cause the morphological changes of the halitosis-related bacterial cells and induce cell apoptosis.With the increase of YAP treatment concentrations,the permeability of the outer membranes(OM)and inner membranes(IM)of halitosis-related bacteria dramatically increased,resulting in the release of proteins and nucleic acids.In addition,bacterial cell membrane potential(MP)decreased after exposure to YAP.The results of this study provide new antibacterial agents for halitosis-related bacteria and find a new way for the development of thinned-young apples.

Covalently Cross-Linked and Mechanochemiluminescent Polyolefins Capable of Self-Healing and Self-Reporting

Compared with non-cross-linked and dynamically covalent polymers,covalently cross-linked networks are irreplaceableinmany areas;however,they aredifficult to repair once fractured,due to limited polymer chain diffusion after cross-linking.Herein,the authors have reported a newkind of permanently cross-linked polyolefin,which when attached with amide side groups,yieldmechanically robust yet readily repairablematerials.A key is to use low cross-linking density,which enables satisfactory elasticity and chain mobility for thermodynamically favored healing.Another key is to incorporate dense hydrogen bonds that can undergo reversible associations.These factors jointly promise polyolefin networks with good mechanical properties and self-healing performance(recovered spontaneously up to 96%of its original tensile strength).More importantly,by means of mechanochemiluminescence from 1,2-dioxetane,which serves as the cross-linker and built-in self-reporting stress probe,a microscopic evaluation of how the chain entanglement proceeds upon healing and how failure occurs in the network can be obtained.

Association of self-reported health with alcohol consumption: a study conducted among Chinese and Canadian middle-aged and older adults

There has been lack of studies that examine the relationship between self-rated health(SRH)and alcohol consumption,particularly in middle-aged and older adult populations.This study aims to investigate association of SRH status with alcohol consumption in middle-aged and older adult populations.The study is a cross-sec-tional study design that was based on the China Health and Retired Longitudinal study(CHARLS)and the Canadian Alcohol and Drug Monitoring Survey(CAD-UMS)and the Canadian Alcohol,Tobacco and Drug Survey(CTADS).Measure of health is SRH status and self-reported alcohol use.Multinomial logistic regres-sion was performed to model the data and the odds ratio of self-reported excel-lent,very good,good and fair(versus poor)for current and former drinkers versus nondrinkers and current drinkers versus former drinkers was estimated in models after adjusting for covariates.This study found that in both Chinese and Canadian adult populations,current drinkers reported better health status than former drink-ers;lifetime nondrinkers reported better health status than former drinkers.Current drinkers reported better health status than nondrinkers.Canadian moderate drinkers(1.3-44 g per day)tended to report better health compared with occasional drinkers and Chinese heavy drinkers(45+grams per day)reported better health status com-pared with occasional drinkers in both populations.This study found current drink-ers tended to have better health status than former drinker and lifetime nondrinkers in adult populations.Nondrinkers tended to report better health status than former drinkers.Low and medium drinkers reported better health status.

Characteristics of and Risk Factors Associated with Self-Reported Sexual Repression among Internal Migrants in China: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study

Objective:This large-scale cross-sectional study aims to identify the characteristics of and risk factors associated with sexual repression among internal migrants in China.Methods:Between August 2013 and August 2015,a total of 8,669 internal migrants from four major cities in China(Beijing,Shanghai,Chengdu,and Chongqing)voluntarily participated in our study.They were interviewed,and the data on their demographic information,occupation,and sexual activities were collected.The Chi-square test and multiple logistic regressions were conducted to identify significant associations.A stepwise method was adopted for the selection of variables.Results:There were 3,597(41.49%)males and 5,072(58.51%)females in total.A higher percentage of males reported that they felt sexual repression compared to females(14.43%vs.9.21%).After adjusting for other covariates,the consequence was showed that male migrants working for more than 5 days were more likely to report sexual repression(odds ratio[OR]=1.40,P<0.05).Living in a collective dormitory with others was also a risk factor for male migrants.The longer males spent with their partners,the less sexual repression occurred(OR=0.94,P<0.05).Similarly,agricultural household registration status and working for more than 5 days increased the risk for sexual repression among female migrants(OR=1.41 and OR=1.46,respectively,P<0.05).Frequent and constructive communication also protected females against sexual repression(P<0.05).Well-educated females experienced relatively less sexual repression when compared to their counterparts with less education(P<0.05).Conclusions:Sexual repression was significantly associated with a few demographic,occupational,and sexual risk factors.Meaningful differences have been identified between male and female migrants.More effective intervention programs such as safeguard measures and welfare policies should be designed and implemented for a majority of female migrants and for those with agricultural household registration status.

Self-Reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions in Iraqi Hospitals: Patient’s Perspectives

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) represent the important cause of morbidity and mortality that affect patients using drugs. Previous studies have clarified the knowledge and attitude toward ADRs reporting among healthcare providers, while studies toward awareness of patients are limited. Aim and Objective: To evaluate knowledge and attitude toward ADRs reporting among patients visiting general hospitals in Baghdad City. Methods: This observational study was conducted on randomly selected 300 patients at the out-patient setting of general hospitals in Baghdad. Demographic characteristics of participants were documented and questionnaire regarding knowledge and perceptions was given to fill up, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Demographic analysis showed that 55% of patients were males, 62% of them were from rural areas, and only 34% were college graduates. Regarding knowledge about ADRs, 73.3% patients were aware about ADRs and 37% had experienced ADRs in past. None of the respondents were aware of ADR reporting center. Regarding perceptions toward ADR, 84.2% agreed to report ADR in future and 90% respondents believed that ADR reporting may strengthen the patient safety. According to 61% of patients, patient education program is the best way to educate them regarding ADR. Conclusion: Educational interventions are highly recommended to improve awareness among patients regarding the validity of ADRs reporting.

Self-reported cigarette smoking status imprecisely quantifies exposure in pregnancy

Objective: We sought to determine the validity of self-reported smoking activity versus two quantitative measurements of tobacco exposure in pregnancy. We hypothesized that pregnant women would under-report their daily smoking amounts, due to the negative social stigmas associated with such a behavior. Methods: Cigarette-smoking and non-smoking pregnant women were recruited as part of a larger research study. Pregnant women with a singleton baby (>24 weeks) were recruited at a clinical appointment or prior to an elective caesarian section. Self-reported smoking status, including time since last cigarette, was recorded. End-tidal breath carbon monoxide (ETCO) levels and urine cotinine levels were measured and compared. Results: Both normotensive non-smoking (NTN) (n = 44) and normotensive smoking (NTS) (n = 24) pregnant women were recruited. A strong correlation was found between ETCO levels and urine cotinine measurements (r = 0.6566, p 0.05). Conclusion: Self-reported smoking status accurately identifies women who smoke in pregnancy, but not their level of tobacco exposure. Urine cotinine or ETCO are much better quantitative measurements of nicotine and carbon monoxide, respectively, and should be measured for a more precise indicator of smoking activity. These devices will allow for better counseling and monitoring of women who are trying to quit smoking and/or who enter into smoking cessation programs.

咀嚼型洁齿骨活性成分体外抑菌试验和临床应用效果评估

为了评估咀嚼型洁齿骨对成年犬口腔健康状况的改善情况及其主要活性成分的体外抑菌效果,本试验采用牛津杯法定性检测咀嚼型洁齿骨中主要活性成分对变异链球菌、粘性放线菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、牙龈卟啉单胞菌和具核梭杆菌具核亚种的抑菌活性;并选取30只临床健康成年犬,经超声波洁牙后,随机分为3个组,对照组正常饲喂,试验1组和试验2组分别添加不同品牌的洁齿骨,每间隔30 d由同一名兽医对试验犬的牙菌斑、牙结石和牙龈炎进行医学评分并测定犬口气值。结果显示:咀嚼型洁齿骨中活性成分茶多酚、厚朴酚、杜仲提取物、金银花提取物、溶菌酶和保鲜复合酶对5种口腔常见致病菌的生长抑制效果相对较好;洁牙后90 d,试验1组和试验2组犬牙菌斑和牙结石评分均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);洁牙后30和90 d,试验2组犬牙龈炎评分显著低于对照组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,洁牙后饲喂咀嚼型洁齿骨明显改善了犬口臭情况,试验2组犬口气测定值均低于试验1组,差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,咀嚼型洁齿骨一定程度上可以缓解犬口腔健康状况,且添加活性成分的洁齿骨效果相对较好。

精神心理因素在口臭发病机制中的相关性研究进展

口臭在人群中一直有着较高的发病率,影响着世界上近一半的人口。随着人们的卫生意识提高,它成为人们社会交往中愈发关注和在意的问题。研究发现心理因素与口臭的发生发展有着较为密切的联系,焦虑、抑郁等负性情绪可能直接引起妄想性口臭的发病,同时它们也可以通过影响口腔菌群、牙周炎、唾液、免疫功能及系统性疾病等方面间接促进口内挥发性硫化物的生成。本文就近年来精神心理因素在口臭发病机制中的直接和间接相关性的研究进展作进行综述,以期提高临床医生的认识,对口臭患者的临床诊疗起到一定的启示作用。