An Analysis of Mystical Experience in Sophy' s Hysterical Hallucination in Darkness Visible

In William Golding' s Darkness Visible,Sophy' s experience of " hysterical hallucination" plays an important role in the the matic expression.They point directly to the evil nature of man.Although the specific content of hallucinations is different,they possess a common characteristic-mystical experience.They worth further research.This paper examines Sophy' s mystical experience in her hyster ical hallucination,so as to find out the functions of mystical experience and its influences on the novel' s thematic expression.

An Analysis of Hysterical Hallucination of Simon in Lord of the Flies

Golding gave hallucination to characters when they are suffering from hysteria.This paper researches the relation between Simon' s hysteria with hallucination and the revelation of the theme,and finds out that this clinical symptom turns to be the window for Golding to tell his theme.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for hallucination in schizophrenia spectrum disorders A meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE： This study assessed the efficacy and tolerability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of auditory hallucination of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. DATA SOURCES： Online literature retrieval was conducted using PubMed, ISI Web of Science, EMBASE, Medline and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases from January 1985 to May 2012. Key words were ＂transcranial magnetic stimulation＂, ＂TMS＂, ＂repetitive tran- scranial magnetic stimulation＂, and ＂hallucination＂. STUDY SELECTION： Selected studies were randomized controlled trials assessing therapeutic ef- ficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for hallucination in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Experimental intervention was low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in left temporoparietal cortex for treatment of auditory hallucination in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Control groups received sham stimulation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The primary outcome was total scores of Auditory Hallucinations Rating Scale, Auditory Hallucination Subscale of Psychotic Symptom Rating Scale, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale-Auditory Hallucination item, and Hallucination Change Scale. Secondary outcomes included response rate, global mental state, adverse effects and cognitive function. RESULTS： Seventeen studies addressing repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders were screened, with controls receiving sham stimulation. All data were completely effective, involving 398 patients. Overall mean weighted effect size for repeti- tive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus sham stimulation was statistically significant （MD = -0.42, 95%C/： -0.64 to -0.20, P = 0.000 2）. Patients receiving repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation responded more frequently than sham stimulation （OR = 2.94, 95%C/： 1.39 to 6.24, P =0.005）. No significant differences were found between active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and sham stimulation for positive or negative symptoms. Compared with sham stimulation, active repeti- tive transcranial magnetic stimulation had equivocal outcome in cognitive function and commonly caused headache and facial muscle twitching. CONCLUSION： Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a safe and effective treatment for auditory hallucination in schizophrenia spectrum disorders,

Abnormal Local Activity and Functional Dysconnectivity in Patients with Schizophrenia Having Auditory Verbal Hallucinations

Auditory verbal hallucination(AVH)is emphasized as a pathological hallmark of schizophrenia.Neuroimaging studies provide evidence linking AVH to overlapping functional abnormalities in distributed networks.However,no clear conclusion has still been reached.This study aimed to further explore the brain activity of patients with schizophrenia having AVH from both local activity(LA)and functional connectivity(FC)insights,while excluding confounding factors from other positive symptoms.A total of 42 patients with AVH(AVH patients group,APG),26 without AVH(non-AVH patients group,NPG),and 82 normal controls(NC)underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI).LA measures,including regional homogeneity(ReHo)and fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations(fALFF),and FC measures were evaluated to understand the neuroimaging mechanism of AVH.APG showed increased ReHo and fALFF in the bilateral putamen(Put)compared with NPG and NC.FC analysis(using bilateral putamen as seeds)revealed that all patients showed abnormal FC of multiple resting state network regions,including the anterior and post cingulate cortex,middle frontal gyrus,inferior parietal gyrus,and left angular gyrus.Interestingly,APG showed significantly decreased FC of insula extending to the superior temporal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus compared with NPG and NC.The present findings suggested a significant correlation of abnormal LA and dysfunctional putamen-auditory cortical connectivity with the neuropathological mechanism of AVH,providing evidence for the functional disconnection hypothesis of schizophrenia.

Cognitive behavioural therapy for auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia:A review

AIM To provide an updated of recent findings about efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy(CBT) in reduction of command hallucinations.METHODS Pub Med/MEDLINE,Cochrane Library,the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature,PsycI NFO,Clinical Trial.gov searches were performed using the keywords "hallucinations","behavioural therapy" and " cognitive therapy" in order to identify relevant articles published during the years of 2011 to 2016.No language limits were used.Studies conducted within control group,reviews,editorials,were excluded.Data on efficacy,acceptability and tolerability were extracted by three authors independently.Disagreements were resolved in a consensus meeting or by another reviewer.RESULTS A total of eight articles were eligible for inclusion.Two are randomized clinical trials(RCTs) and six are observational studies.The two RCTs included showed a greater efficacy of CBT compared to standard care on auditory hallucinations(AHs).Nevertheless,they considered different CBT models,particularly Treatment of Resistant Command Hallucinations and Cognitive Therapy for Command Hallucinations.As regards non RCT-studies,all papers included showed reduction on frequency and severity of AHs and distress related to them.However,the lack of content details within non-RCTs studies decreased their comparability.In terms of predictive variables,our findings show that negative symptoms at baseline appeared to be the strongest predictor of the treatment efficacy.Indeed,negative symptoms showed a significant negative correlation on outcome.CONCLUSION Although more conclusive studies are still needed,we found some preliminary evidence for the efficacy of CBT in the treatment of command hallucinations.

Auditory hallucinations: A review of the ERC “VOICE” project

In this invited review I provide a selective overview of recent research on brain mechanisms and cognitive processes involved in auditory hallucinations. The review is focused on research carried out in the "VOICE" ERC Advanced Grant Project, funded by the European Research Council, but I also review and discuss the literature in general. Auditory hallucinations are suggested to be perceptual phenomena, with a neuronal origin in the speech perception areas in the temporal lobe. The phenomenology of auditory hallucinations is conceptualized along three domains, or dimensions; a perceptual dimension, experienced as someone speaking to the patient; a cognitive dimension, experienced as an inability to inhibit, or ignore the voices, and an emotional dimension, experienced as the "voices" having primarily a negative, or sinister, emotional tone. I will review cognitive, imaging, and neurochemistry data related to these dimensions, primarily the first two. The reviewed data are summarized in a model that sees auditory hallucinations as initiated from temporal lobe neuronal hyper-activation that draws attentional focus inward, and which is not inhibited due to frontal lobe hypo-activation. It is further suggested that this is maintained through abnormal glutamate and possibly gamma-amino-butyric-acid transmitter mediation, which could point towards new pathways for pharmacological treatment. A final section discusses new methods of acquiring quantitative data on the phenomenology and subjective experience of auditory hallucination that goes beyond standard interview questionnaires, by suggesting an iP hone/iP od app.

Transcranial direct current stimulation for auditory verbal hallucinations:a systematic review of clinical trials

Transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS)has been reportedly beneficial for different neurodegenerative disorders.tDCS has been reported as a potential adjunctive or alternative treatment for auditory verbal hallucination(AVH).This study aims to review the effects of tDCS on AVH in patients with schizophrenia through combining the evidence from randomized clinical trials(RCTs).The databases of PsycINFO(2000–2019),PubMed(2000–2019),EMBASE(2000–2019),CINAHL(2000–2019),Web of Science(2000–2019),and Scopus(2000–2019)were systematically searched.The clinical trials with RCT design were selected for final analysis.A total of nine RCTs were eligible and included in the review.Nine RCTs were included in the final analysis.Among them,six RCTs reported a significant reduction of AVH after repeated sessions of tDCS,whereas three RCTs did not show any advantage of active tDCS over sham tDCS.The current studies showed an overall decrease of approximately 28%of AVH after active tDCS and 10%after sham tDCS.The tDCS protocols targeting the sensorimotor frontal-parietal network showed greater treatment effects compared with the protocols targeting other regions.In this regard,cathodal tDCS over the left temporoparietal area showed inhibitory effects on AVHs.The most effective tDCS protocol on AVHs was twice-daily sessions(2 mA,20-minute duration)over 5 consecutive days(10 sessions)with the anode over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the cathode over the left temporal area.Some patient-specific and diseasespecific factors such as young age,nonsmoking status,and higher frequencies of AVHs seemed to be the predictors of treatment response.Taken together,the results of tDCS as an alternative treatment option for AVH show controversy among current literatures,since not all studies were positive.However,the studies targeting the same site of the brain showed that the tDCS could be a promising treatment option to reduce AVH.Further RCTs,with larger sample sizes,should be conducted to reach a conclusion on the efficacy of tDCS for AVH and to develop an effective therapeutic protocol for clinical setting.

40 Hz Auditory Steady State Response to Linguistic Features of Stimuli during Auditory Hallucinations

The auditory steady state response （ASSR） may reflect activity from different regions of the brain, depending on the modulation frequency used. In general, responses induced by low rates （_〈40 Hz） emanate mostly from central structures of the brain, and responses from high rates （〉80 Hz） emanate mostly from the peripheral auditory nerve or brainstem structures. Besides, it was reported that the gamma band ASSR （30-90 Hz） played an important role in working memory, speech understanding and recognition. This paper investigated the 40 Hz ASSR evoked by modulated speech and reversed speech. The speech was Chinese phrase voice, and the noise-like reversed speech was obtained by temporally reversing the speech. Both auditory stimuli were modulated with a frequency of 40 Hz. Ten healthy subjects and 5 patients with hallucination symptom participated in the experiment. Results showed re- duction in left auditory cortex response when healthy subjects listened to the reversed speech compared with the speech. In contrast, when the patients who experienced auditory hallucinations listened to the reversed speech, the auditory cortex of left hemispheric responded more actively. The ASSR results were consistent with the behavior results of patients. Therefore, the gamma band ASSR is expected to be helpful for rapid and objective diagnosis of hallucination in clinic.

Treatment of refractory auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia by rTMS: Positive impact of negative double blind controlled study

Background: Several studies reported on the effectiveness of 1 Hz repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the temporoparietal cortex (TPC) on refractory auditory hallucinations (AH) in schizophrenia but little is known about the long-term therapeutic effect of this tool. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate rTMS’ impact on auditory hallucinations (AH) and cognitive functions in patients with schizophrenia with a three-month follow-up. Methods: In a randomized double blind sham controlled study, 26 patients with refractory schizophrenia received 1 Hz rTMS applied on TPC for four weeks. rTMS was given to patients over one month with five rTMS sessions each week. Patients were evaluated via AHRS (Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale, Hoffman et al.), PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Kay et al. 1988), and CGI (Clinical Global Impression) before treatment by rTMS every week during the first month, and every month until the third month. Results: Neither clinical nor cognitive differences were found between rTMS and placebo. Conclusion: 1 Hz rTMS using parameters mentioned above has no statistically significant effect on AH;although evidences about the potential benefit of rTMS in the treatment of AH negative results suggest the need for further studies in this area.

Knowledge domain and emerging trends in visual hallucination research:A scientometric analysis

BACKGROUND Visual hallucination(VH)refers to a spontaneous visual perception without corresponding external stimuli and often occurs in ophthalmological and neuropsychiatric disorders.It is associated with poor quality of life,and increased patient hospitalization and nursing home admission.To date,a scientometric analysis of research on VH is lacking.AIM To objectively summarize the features of VH research and gain insights into the emerging trends in research on VH.METHODS CiteSpace V was used in this article.Publication outputs,document types,geographic distributions,co-authorship status,research hotspots,and co-citation status were analyzed.A total of 2176 original articles and 465 reviews were included in the database downloaded from the Web of Science Core Collection.We selected the top 50 most cited or occurring articles or items to create a visualized network with a 1-year interval.In the document co-citation analysis stage,we performed clustering analysis on co-cited references,and log likelihood tests were used to name the clusters.RESULTS The results showed that most publications can be classified into neurology,sports,and ophthalmology studies.In addition,North America,Europe,Asia and Australia published the most documents.Some well-known authors have always had a leading role in this field;meanwhile,new authors keep emerging.A relatively stable cooperation has been formed among many authors.Furthermore,neuropsychiatric symptom and functional connectivity are the top hotspots.Research on VH in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease(PD)have received much attention.Studies on VH in PD are likely to be the new emerging trends in the future,especially the mechanisms of VH.CONCLUSION Research on VH has formed a complete system.More large-scale clinical and indepth basic research are required to better understand the mechanisms underlying VH,which will contribute to our understanding of the pathophysiology and therapeutic options for VH.

Acute Normalization of Thyroxine Induced Hallucinations and Delusions

The association between disorders of thyroid function and psychiatric symptoms is well established. Generally, hypo-thyroidism is recognized as being able to induce psychotic symptoms. However, psychotic symptoms without affective and cognitive disturbances are rare in hyperthyroidism. We presented a patient with Graves’ disease who suffered from delusions and hallucinations without affective and cognitive disturbances following abrupt normalization of thyroid function. Furthermore, the patient was clinically and biochemically euthyroid when the psychotic symptoms developed. There was resolution of psychotic symptoms in this case. It is suggested that the abrupt change of thyroxine may cause susceptible individuals to become transient psychotic state.

Enhanced Beta2-band Oscillations Denote Auditory Hallucination in Schizophrenia Patients and a Monkey Model of Psychosis

An electroencephalographic(EEG)signature of auditory hallucinations(AHs)is important for facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of AHs in schizophrenia.We recorded EEG from 25 schizophrenia patients with recurrent AHs.During the period of AHs,EEG recordings exhibited significantly elevated beta2-band power in the temporal region,as compared to those recorded in the absence of AHs or during stimulation with verbal sounds.We further generated methamphetamine-treated rhesus monkeys exhibiting psychosis-like behaviors,including repetitive sudden searching actions in the absence of external intrusion,suggesting the occurrence of AHs.Epidural EEG beta2-band power in the temporal region of these monkeys was enhanced immediately after methamphetamine treatment and positively correlated with the frequency of sudden searching actions.Thus,the enhancement of temporal beta2-band oscillations represents a signature for AHs in both patients and a monkey model of psychosis,and this monkey model can be used for developing closed-loop neuromodulation approaches for the treatment of refractory AHs in schizophrenia.

Increased Local Spontaneous Neural Activity in the Left Precuneus Specific to Auditory Verbal Hallucinations of Schizophrenia

Background： Auditory verbal hallucinations （AVHs） of schizophrenia have been associated with structural and functional alterations of some brain regions. However, the brain regional homogeneity （ReHo） alterations specific to AVHs of schizophrenia remain unclear. In the current study, we aimed to investigate ReHo alterations specific to schizophrenic AVHs. Methods： Thirty-five schizophrenic patients with AVH, 41 schizophrenic patients without AVHs, and fifty healthy subjects underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. ReHo differences across the three groups were tested using a voxel-wise analysis. Results： Compared with the healthy control group, the two schizophrenia groups showed significantly increased ReHo in the right caudate and inferior temporal gyrus and decreased ReHo in the bilateral postcentral gyrus and thalamus and the right inferior occipital gyrus （false discovery rate corrected, P 〈 0.05）. More importantly, the AVH group exhibited significantly increased ReHo in the left precuneus compared with the non-AVH group. However, using correlation analysis, we did not find any correlation between the auditory hallucination rating scale score and the ReHo of brain regions. Conclusions： Our results suggest that increased ReHo in the left precuneus may be a pathological feature exclusive to schizophrenic AVHs.

Abnormal Degree Centrality of Bilateral Putamen and Left Superior Frontal Gyrus in Schizophrenia with Auditory Hallucinations： A Resting-state Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Background： Dysconnectivity hypothesis of schizophrenia has been increasingly emphasized. Recent researches showed that this dysconnectivity might be related to occurrence of auditory hallucination （AH）. However, there is still no consistent conclusion. This study aimed to explore intrinsic dysconnectivity pattern of whole-brain functional networks at voxel level in schizophrenic with AH. Methods： Auditory hallucinated patients group （n = 42 APG）, no hallucinated patients group （n = 42 NPG） and normal controls （n = 84 NCs） were analyzed by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. The functional connectivity metrics index （degree centrality [DC]） across the entire brain networks was calculated and evaluated among three groups. Results： DC decreased in the bilateral putamen and increased in the left superior frontal gyrus in all the patients. However, in APG. the changes of DC were more obvious compared with NPG. Symptomology scores were negatively correlated with the DC of bilateral putamen in all patients. AH score of APG positively correlated with the DC in left superior frontal gyrus but negatively correlated with the DC in bilateral putamen. Conclusion： Our findings corroborated that schizophrenia was characterized by functional dysconnectivity, and the abnormal DC in bilateral putamen and left superior frontal gyrus might be crucial in the occurrence of AH.

Abnormal Effective Connectivity in the Brain is Involved in Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Schizophrenia

Information flow among auditory and language processing-related regions implicated in the pathophysiology of auditory verbal hallucinations（AVHs） in schizophrenia（SZ） remains unclear. In this study, we used stochastic dynamic causal modeling（s DCM） to quantify connections among the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex（inner speech monitoring）, auditory cortex（auditory processing）, hippocampus（memory retrieval）, thalamus（information filtering）, and Broca＇s area（language production） in 17 first-episode drug-na？¨ve SZ patients with AVHs, 15 without AVHs, and 19 healthy controls using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging.Finally, we performed receiver operating characteristic（ROC） analysis and correlation analysis between image measures and symptoms. s DCM revealed an increasedsensitivity of auditory cortex to its thalamic afferents and a decrease in hippocampal sensitivity to auditory inputs in SZ patients with AVHs. The area under the ROC curve showed the diagnostic value of these two connections to distinguish SZ patients with AVHs from those without AVHs. Furthermore, we found a positive correlation between the strength of the connectivity from Broca＇s area to the auditory cortex and the severity of AVHs. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, augmented AVHspecific excitatory afferents from the thalamus to the auditory cortex in SZ patients, resulting in auditory perception without external auditory stimuli. Our results provide insights into the neural mechanisms underlying AVHs in SZ. This thalamic-auditory cortical-hippocampal dysconnectivity may also serve as a diagnostic biomarker of AVHs in SZ and a therapeutic target based on direct in vivo evidence.

Impaired brain white matter and functional networks in healthy individuals with auditory verbal hallucinations

To the Editor:Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) are experienced concomitantly with various neuropsychiatric diagnoses including schizophrenia,bipolar disorder,major depression disorder,post-traumatic stress disorder,and borderline personality disorder.

Brain function differences in drug-nave first-episode auditory verbal hallucination-schizophrenia patients with versus without insight

Background:Few studies have reported brain function differences in drug-na(i)ve first-episode schizophrenia patients who had auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) with insight vs.those without insight.This study aimed to investigate brain function differences between drug-naive first-episode AVH-schizophrenia patients with and without insight.Methods:Forty first-episode drug-naive AVH-schizophrenia patients with or without insight and 40 healthy controls between December 2016 and December 2018 were recruited in this study.The auditory hallucinations rating scale (AHRS) was used to assess AVH severity,while the insight and treatment attitudes questionnaire was used to distinguish insight.The global functional connectivity density (gFCD) between different groups was compared using a voxel-wise one-way analysis of covariance.The relationship between gFCD and AHRS total scores were analyzed using voxel-wise multiple regression.Results:Finally,13 first-episode drug-naive AVH-schizophrenia patients with insight,15 AVH-schizophrenia patients without insight,and 20 healthy controls were included for analysis.Except for global assessment of functioning scores,there were no significant differences in sociodemographic information between the AVH-schizophrenia and healthy groups (P > 0.05).Compared to the healthy controls,AVH-schizophrenia patients with insight demonstrated a decreased gFCD in the supramarginal gyrus within the primary auditory cortex,while those without insight demonstrated an increased gFCD in the inferior frontal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus and decreased gFCD in the supplemental motor area.Compared to the AVH-schizophrenia patients with insight,those without insight demonstrated an increased gFCD in the supra-marginal gyrus and posterior superior temporal lobule and a decreased gFCD in the frontal lobe.No significant correlation between gFCD and AVH severity (AHRS total score:r =0.23,P =0.590;and frequency:r =0.42,P =0.820) was found in both AVH-schizophrenia groups.Condusions:The gFCD-aberrant brain regions in the AVH-schizophrenia patients without insight were wider compared to those with insight,although the AHRS scores were not significandy different.The AVH-schizophrenia patients without insight had wide functional impairment in the frontal lobule,which may underlie the lack of insight and the abnormal hyperactivity in the inferior frontal gurus and temporal lobe related to the AVH symptoms.

Face Hallucination with Weighted Nuclear Norm Constraint

Face hallucination via patch-pairs leaning based methods has been wildly used in the past several years. Some position-patch based face hallucination methods have been proposed to improve the representation power of image patch and obtain the optimal regressive weighted vector. The rationale behind the position-patch based face hallucination is the fact that human face is always highly structured and consequently positioned and it plays an increasingly important role in the reconstruction. However, in the existing position-patch based methods,the probe image patch is usually represented as a linear combination of the corresponding patches of some training images, and the reconstruction residual is usually measured using the vector norm such as 1-norm and 2-norm.Since the vector norms neglect two-dimensional structures inside the residual, the final reconstruction performance is not very satisfactory. To cope with this problem, we present a weighted nuclear-norm constrained sparse coding(WNCSC) model for position-patch based face hallucination. In addition, an efficient algorithm for the WNCSC is developed using the alternating direction method of multipliers(ADMM) and the method of augmented Lagrange multipliers(ALM). The advantages of the proposed model are twofold: in order to fully make use of low-rank structure information of the reconstruction residual, the weighted nuclear norm is applied to measure the residual matrix, which is able to alleviate the bias between input patches and training data, and it is more robust than the Euclidean distance(2-norm); the more flexible selection method for rank components can determine the optimal combination weights and adaptively choose the relevant and nearest hallucinated neighbors. Finally, experimental results prove that the proposed method outperforms the related state-of-the-art methods in both quantitative and visual comparisons.

Understanding Anger and Effective Anger Management Techniques(A Short Review)

This article explores the complex topic of rage and its important concomitant,anger management.Anger is a natural emotion that is experienced in many ways.Its triggers,body reactions,and mental components are all examined.Developing techniques for efficient anger management begins with an understanding of the nature of rage.This short review emphasizes the significance of anger management,stressing its critical role in preserving mental and physical health,stimulating personal development,and preserving relationships.Anger that is out of control can have serious ramifications,such as long-term stress,poor decision-making,damaged relationships,and legal issues.In order to provide readers with practical knowledge,an extensive range of effective strategies for managing anger is provided.These techniques include deep breathing,cognitive restructuring,self-awareness,and physical practices including progressive muscle relaxation and exercise.Other essential elements of anger control are stress reduction,obtaining professional help,and developing effective communication skills.The conclusion highlights the transformative potential of anger management,highlighting that the key to effectively managing and utilizing this powerful emotion is not about repressing anger.By putting these strategies into practice and seeing anger as a chance for development and transformation,people can start down the path to greater wellbeing,more wholesome relationships,and a more peaceful life.

Fusion of color and hallucinated depth features for enhanced multimodal deep learning-based damage segmentation

Recent advances in computer vision and deep learning have shown that the fusion of depth information can significantly enhance the performance of RGB-based damage detection and segmentation models.However,alongside the advantages,depth-sensing also presents many practical challenges.For instance,the depth sensors impose an additional payload burden on the robotic inspection platforms limiting the operation time and increasing the inspection cost.Additionally,some lidar-based depth sensors have poor outdoor performance due to sunlight contamination during the daytime.In this context,this study investigates the feasibility of abolishing depth-sensing at test time without compromising the segmentation performance.An autonomous damage segmentation framework is developed,based on recent advancements in vision-based multi-modal sensing such as modality hallucination(MH)and monocular depth estimation(MDE),which require depth data only during the model training.At the time of deployment,depth data becomes expendable as it can be simulated from the corresponding RGB frames.This makes it possible to reap the benefits of depth fusion without any depth perception per se.This study explored two different depth encoding techniques and three different fusion strategies in addition to a baseline RGB-based model.The proposed approach is validated on computer-generated RGB-D data of reinforced concrete buildings subjected to seismic damage.It was observed that the surrogate techniques can increase the segmentation IoU by up to 20.1%with a negligible increase in the computation cost.Overall,this study is believed to make a positive contribution to enhancing the resilience of critical civil infrastructure.