Study on The Ecology System of Hani Terraced Paddy Fields

The ecology system of Hani Terraced Paddy Fields is the typical repre-sentative of the ecological agriculture in the southwestern mountainous areas of our country. After long-term development, Hani ecology system has developed, cored by＂forest-vil age-terrace-river＂, including paddy cultivation system, forests and ecologi-cal maintenance, folk culture and construction of water facilities. This research ex-plored the details of the structure and functions of the ecology system of Hani ter-raced fields. And il ustrates that the system is a new model of agriculture ecological civilization and deserves further study and more applications.

Standards of Ecological Compensation for Traditional Ecoagriculture:Taking Rice-Fish System in Hani Terrace as an Example

Traditional eco-agriculture provides many ecosystem services which are important for the local environment, especially in mountain areas. In order to encourage the farmers to engage in coo-agriculture, it is necessary to establish an eco-compensation mechanism for them. As the compensation standard is one of key issues in establishing eeo-compensation mechanism, this paper calculated the standard based on the farmers＇ willingness to accept （WTA） and the input-output analysis of eco-compensation. We took the traditional rice-fish eco-agriculture as the research object, conducting field surveys in Hani Terrace of Honghe County. Through the questionnaires in 2o11, we obtained the farmers＇ willingness to accept government compensation and market compensation. Then, the research evaluated the output of eco-compensation, the economic value of rice-fish paddy ecosystem services. Finally, under different market compensation standards, we compared the input and output of government compensation. The results show that, in 2011 the government should to pay farmers 7462 yuan.ha^-1·a^-1 to meet their willingness, but the output （ecological benefit） was only 7393 yuan.ha^-1·a^-1. However, whenthe rice price increases 1 yuan·kg-1 because of the limited use of chemicals in the next year, the government just has to pay farmers 4062 yuan.ha^-1·a^-1 and the surplus will be 3331 yuan.ha^-1·a^-1.

Elevation and Land Use Types Have Significant Impacts on Spatial Variability of Soil Organic Matter Content in Hani Terraced Field of Yuanyang County,China

Soil organic matter （SOM） content is one of the most important indicators of the sustainability of soil. To maintain sustainable soil utilization and management in fragile Hani terraced field, it is meaningful to investigate the effects of topography and land use type on SOM content. Descriptive statistics and geostatistics were used to analyze the data and the kriging method was applied to map the spatial patterns of SOM content. The results showed that the mean SOM content was 32.76 g/kg, with a variation coefficient of 40%. The SOM content was affected by elevation and land use type. As the increase of elevation, the SOM content in Hani terraced field also increased obviously. The SOM content in tea garden, which is almost at high elevation, was the highest in all six land use types, and the SOM content decreased in a following sequence： tea garden 〉 paddy field 〉 corn field 〉 banana garden 〉 cassava field 〉 sugarcane field. In addition, at the same elevation, the paddy field had the highest SOM content compared with other land use types. All these results demonstrate that paddy field is the most efficient and suitable land use type for SOM conservation at high, middle or low elevations in the fragile Hani terraced field. In order to protect soil quality and maintain the sustainable agricultural development, it is necessary to maintain or even to enlarge the area of paddy field in Yuanyang county, Yunnan Province, China.

Evaluation of water resources conserved by forests in the Hani rice terraces system of Honghe County,Yunnan,China：an application of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model

The Hani Rice Terraces System, based on gravity-flow irrigation, is one of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS) pilot sites selected by FAO in 2010. The water resource plays an important role in the sustainable development of this system. The value of water conserved by the forest is influenced by natural, economic and social factors. In this paper, the water quality, per capita water resources, per capita GDP and population density are chosen as indices to construct an index system for a comprehensive evaluation of water resources value. The weights of these indices are 0.443, 0.31, 0.141 and 0.106 respectively, which are determined by the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) method. The water resources value has been assessed by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. The results show that the water resources value in the Hani Rice Terraces System is 4.25 RMB/m^3. Evaluating the value of water resources in the Hani Rice Terraces System can provide a reference for ecological compensation, for raising public awareness of the importance of protecting the system, and ultimately achieving its sustainable development.

Tropical and Subtropical Urban Landscape Plant Cultivation in Southwest China—A Case Study of Honghe Hani and Yi Nationality Autonomous Prefecture

By studying current seedling production in Honghe Hani and Yi Nationality Autonomous Prefecture, tropical and subtropical urban landscape plant production in southwest China was analyzed. Local nurseries total 6.40 km 2 , accounting for 5.1% of total constructed land area in the prefecture, and only 0.02% of the total land area in the prefecture. Application of local plant species in landscape engineering and green coverage ratio lags far behind the indexes of Chinese livable city and indexes of relieving urban heat island effect. By making proper policies and measures, seedling production can be promoted, rare and endanged wild plant species should be fully used to construct garden city, control PM2.5 and protect the living environment.

Exploitation Countermeasures of Farming Culture Tourism in the Dabie Mountains: Thinking on the Investigation of Hani Terrace Tourism Development in Yunan Province

Farming culture is the main part of Chinese outstanding traditional culture and also the important spiritual and cultural resources to construct the core values of the Chinese nation. In the new era, fully exploring and making full use of farming culture resources has important practical significance for the protection, inheritance and innovation of Chinese excellent traditional culture. The rapid development and successful brand shaping of Hani terrace tourism could provide experience for the exploration and utilization of farming culture tourism resources in other areas of China. Based on the analysis of development process of Hani terrace tourism as well as the successful experience of other regions for reference, ideas of developing farming culture tourism in the Dabie Mountains were proposed.

Analysis on Ecological Adaptability of Hani Village Landscapes in Yuanyang,Yunnan Province

The eco-adaptation of the landscape in Hani villages consists of two stages.The first stage is the ecological selection and adaptation of the landscapes in Hani villages to the natural environment.The forest landscape ecosystem,the architectural landscape ecosystem,and the terraced landscape ecosystem are the concentrated manifestations of meeting production and living needs,adapting to topographic changes,and adapting to climate features.The second stage is the adjustment and improvement of the landscape in Hani villages to the built environment.It is embodied in the establishment of the Mysterious Woods,abundance of plants in the building group,construction of artificial ditches,production of water infrastructures,and abundance of landscape nodes.In the end,Hani villages have experienced a long process of selection,adaptation,improvement and perfection,and gradually formed a harmonious and unified landscape ecosystem.Through field investigation,this paper analyzed the landscapes of Hani villages from the angle of ecological adaptability.It mainly studied the formation causes of the village landscapes as a material carrier,the process of village landscape adapting to natural and built environment,and the inherent ecological significance,which is of imperative and realistic significance to promote the ecological protection and construction of Hani villages.

Survey on Agricultural Biological Resources and Traditional Cultural Knowledge of Hani People in Yunnan

In 2007- 2008,a systematic survey,collection and arrangement was carried out for agricultural biological resources and traditional cultural knowledge of Hani People in 8 counties,15 towns,and 23 village committees of Yunnan Province. A total of 299 samples were obtained about agricultural biological resources related to production and living of Hani People. According to purpose of utilization,samples were divided into grain crops,medicinal plants,vegetables,fruit trees,and oil crops,taking up 48. 2%,21. 7%,18. 4%,7. 7%,and 2. 0% of the samples respectively. The survey indicated that planting industry and breeding industry take up the dominant role in rural social economy of Hani People,so agricultural biological resources are the fundamental means of production maintaining rural social development of Hani People.The current situation of agricultural biological resources of Hani People in Yunnan,reasons for growth and decline were analyzed,and the utilization,protection and development of agricultural biological resources were discussed.

Ecological Cultures of Traditional Hani Villages

Villages of Hani Nationality are located above the elevation of 1,400-1,800 m, halfway up the Ailao Mountains in south Yunnan, natural landscapes and architectural structure of Hani Nationality show peculiar styles. Folk dwellings of Hani Village were divided into 4 types, namely rammed-clay house(Tuzhangfang), mushroom house, tile-roofed house, and stilted house(Ganlanfang). In terms of the origination, rammed-clay house and mushroom house are originated from the flat-top fort buildings of the Di and the Qiang nationalities. Tile-roofed house is the variation of mushroom house by learning from the courtyard building of the Han Nationality, and stilted house is directly borrowed from the folk dwelling style of Baiyue people. Structures of all these buildings show the adaptability to local environment.

Honghe Hani Rice Terraces

On the south banks of the Honghe River in the mountainous terrain of south Yunnan, the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces cascade down the towering slopes of the Ailao Mountain. Carved out of dense forest over the past 1,300 years by Hani people since they settled here, the irrigated terraces support paddy fields surveying narrow valleys. In some places, there are as many as 3,000 terraces between thelower edges of the forest and the valley floor.

Humification degree of peat and its implications for Holocene climate change in Hani peatland,Northeast China

The humification degree of peat is a significant climatic proxy for paleoclimate change.Using the alkali-extraction method,a time series of absorbance values of the Hani peatland,Northeast China,was determined,which is used as an indicator for the humification degree of peat.Combined with14C dating data of peat cellulose,and compared withδ18O andδ13C time series of the cellulose in the Hani peatland,the evidence for the existence of14 ka paleoclimate was provided.Higher humification degrees hint a warmer-wetter climate,and vice versa.It also reconstructs the four stages of Holocene climate evolution in this region:11.5–9.8 cal ka B.P.,warm and wet period;9.8–9.0 cal ka B.P.,cold and dry period;9.0–4.8 cal ka B.P.,warm and wet period;and 4.8–0 cal ka B.P.,warm-wet and dry-cold alternation period.Meanwhile,it is revealed that the abrupt climate shifts signals such as the "8.2 ka" event and the "4.2 ka" event.Results showed that the Hani peat humification degree is of sensitive response to paleoclimate change.Therefore,it is a feasible method to analyze the relationship between paleoclimate change and peat humification degree.

Cultural Authenticity and Dynamic Sustainability -- Research on the Exploitation and Protection of Hani Terrace

As the agricultural heritage,Hani terrace is not only culturally authentic and non- renew able,but has its ow n characteristics. Firstly,it is a kind of economic and social mode of production. Secondly,it reflects the idea of harmonious and sustainable development betw een human beings and nature. T hirdly,the participation of human beings — or farmers is important. As a result,to exploit and protect the agricultural heritage,it is crucial to balance systematic protection and sustainable development in order to realize dynamic protection. In addition,the agricultural heritage shall be treated as the driving agent to coordinate the social and economic development. T hrough analyzing the characteristics of the agricultural heritage and the concept of protecting the agricultural heritage,this paper proposes to promote the protection of agricultural authenticity by alternative tourism development in order to balance the development and realize the sustainability of the agricultural dynamic system.

Drainage of paddy terraces impacts structures and soil properties in the globally important agricultural heritage of Hani Paddy Terraces,China

Marginalization and abandonment of paddy terraces are widespread,but their effects on the sustainability of subsequent agricultural production are still unknown.Hani Paddy Terraces,included in Globally Important Agriculture Heritage Systems,are threatened by paddy fields drainage.Here,changes in terrace structure,the productivity of topsoil(0-20 cm),and soil water holding capacity at 0-70 cm depth were determined in a case study of Hani Paddy Terraces in Amengkong River Basin in Yuanyang County in Southwestern China,which had been converted into dryland terraces for 2-14 years.Our results showed that:(1)The degree of terrace structures degradation exhibited a U-shaped curve with increasing time since draining,with those drained for 5-9 years having the best structure;(2)Soil productivity index decreased first and then increased with time after conversion;(3)Maximum water holding capacity at 0-70 cm soil depth dramatically decreased after conversion and such trend became increasingly obvious with increasing time since conversion.Our study revealed that drainage of paddy terraces along with associated changes in crop and field management led to an increase in soil productivity,but degradation of terrace structures and a decrease in water holding capacity will inhibit restoration to paddy terraces.These findings enhance the understanding of the biophysical changes due to marginalization in paddy terraces.

Effects of Traditional Ecological Knowledge on the Droughtresistant Mechanisms of the Hani Rice Terraces System

The Hani Rice Terraces System is one of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems（GIAHS） sites which can successfully resist extreme droughts.The reason is not only that the forests and terraces have the important function of water conservation,which provide and conserve adequate water resources for this complex ecosystem,but also that Hani traditional ecological knowledge plays an important role in the drought-resistance process.In this paper,drought-resistant mechanisms of the Hani Rice Terraces System have been analyzed first,then Hani traditional ecological knowledge has been analyzed based on a comprehensive literature review,a questionnaire survey and key informant interviews.The results show that the Hani nationality has developed knowledge of water management techniques,including water conserving construction,water allocation and ditch management.The Hani people are also highly conscious of water resources protection.There is a good deal of forest resource management knowledge and worship of forests,which have effectively helped in protecting the forest ecological system.In the reclamation and maintenance of Hani terraced fields,the Hani people have developed a series of farming systems,which have effectively protected the terrace ecosystem.Through analyzing this knowledge of water management,forest resource management and Hani terraced fields management,our paper confirms the important role that traditional ecological knowledge plays in maintaining stability of the system and realizing the efficient use of water resource.This is not only helpful for preserving cultural heritage,but is vital for protecting the Hani Rice Terraces System as a whole.

Values and Conservation of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces System as a GIAHS Site

Agri-cultural Heritage Systems（AHS） have not only various values but also important enlightening roles for modern agriculture.With agro-scientific and technological progress,the traditional agriculture that has lasted for thousands of years is declining gradually,thus is attached the importance of exploring and protecting our AHS.As a traditional agricultural system for 1300 years,the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces System（HHRTS） has many significant characteristics such as beautiful landscapes,distinctive rice varieties,ecologically clean agricultural production systems,systematic methods of managing water and soil and special ethnic culture.It was designated successively as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System（GIAHS） in 2010 and as a World Heritage（WH） in 2013.In this paper,taking HHRTS as an example,we analyzed the economic,ecological,aesthetic,cultural,and social values,as well as the research values,of the GIAHS.We conclude that the restrictions on increasing peasant earnings and improving their living standards are difficult with the low efficiency of traditional planting patterns and the single-industry structure of farming in rugged terrain.However,these restrictive factors are beneficial for developing some industries like green agriculture,organic agriculture or ecological food production because of the clean farmland environment.In the end,we propose the basic approaches to protect the Hani terraces agriculture system should include the local governments to encourage the development of ecotourism,organic agriculture and featuring agriculture by multi-mode economic compensation.It is very important for protecting terraces to coordinate benefits among corporations,governments and villagers by making reasonable policies of compensation.

Identifying Landscape Pattern Metrics for the Hani Terrace in Yunnan, China

This study seeks to isolate a select group of landscape metrics particularly well-suited for describing the Hani Terrace in southwest of China.We examined the response of 47 landscape metrics to a large range of imagery grain sizes.Based on a correlation analysis,the original 47 metrics were placed into 21 groups such that all metrics within a group were strongly correlated with each other with a value of more than 0.9,and were represented by a single descriptor.Using these cross-sectional metrics in the context of principal components analysis,we found that five factors explained almost 93％ of the total variation in the landscape pattern.The highest loadings for these five factors were the Splitting index （SPLIT）,Patch area distribution （AREA_CV）,Shannon＇s diversity index （SHDI）,Euclidean nearest neighbor distance distribution （ENN_AM）,and Total core area （TCA）,respectively.Considering the real landscape,we added the Patch fractal dimension distribution （FRAC_MN） as the sixth landscape pattern metric.As the scale effect of landscape pattern metrics we design to investigate how a suite of commonly use landscape metrics respond to changing grain size.Based on the anlasis,we determined that the best domain of scale to characterise the Hani Terrace pattern metrics is between 40m and 45m.Through the fractal method,we found that the characteristic scale of the Hani Terrace is the same as the scale domain of metrics,among the 40m and 45m.We suggest that the majority of the patterns in the Hani Terrace landscapes,indeed for all those in southwest China,can be described effectively with these six metrics.

基于四素同构的哈尼族传统村落声景特征及保护策略--以阿者科为例

哈尼族传统村落因其独特的文化和生态布局,声景资源丰富且特色鲜明,但缺乏系统性研究。以“森林-村寨-梯田-水系”四素同构的哈尼族传统村落阿者科为例,对四素空间的声环境进行主客观评价分析。发现多数空间的声压级在50dBA左右,且以低频为主。村落以水为径,串联起自然生态,水声还能为游客提供较高的情绪价值;文化与自然空间相互作用后的声景舒适度为最高;村民生长于斯,赋予了村落丰富的声景资源。最后提出了3个声景保护策略,即保护村落的原真性,实现特色声景的有机呈现;促进生态保护与水源保育的正向循环,构建自然和谐的声景;激活人的活态属性,延续村落空间的声景活力。

哈尼族民间信仰舞蹈的表现形式、文化内涵与社会功能

哈尼族民间信仰舞蹈是哈尼族传统舞蹈的重要组成部分,是哈尼族传统舞蹈的缘起,没有哈尼族民间信仰舞蹈就没有哈尼族传统舞蹈。由于哈尼族支系繁多、居住分散,因而各地哈尼族民间信仰舞蹈的舞名、舞种、表现场域和表现形式等有所差异,但它们所表现的文化内涵和社会功能是一致的,既具有积极追求理想生活与实现人神合一的理念、浓郁的自然崇拜和祖先崇拜意识、强烈的生存与发展的意识和意志等文化内涵,也具有祭祈奉祀语言、娱人悦神崇祖、顺势向上功利等社会功能,在哈尼族传统文化发展和传承中具有深远的历史意义和重要的现实意义。

哈尼梯田沟渠的植物多样性特征及其影响因素

哈尼梯田沟渠是一种具有湿地性质的人工溪流,是哈尼梯田可持续发展的关键所在。为探明哈尼梯田不同沟渠的植物多样性与环境因子的关系,以哈尼梯田典型灌区沟渠系统植物为研究对象,运用样方调查法、方差分析和冗余分析对不同类型沟渠的植被群落组成、物种多样性与环境因子的关联性进行分析。结果显示:(1)哈尼梯田沟渠植物共118种,隶属45科100属,以菊科和禾本科植物为主,占总种数的28.81%;植物生态型构成以湿生植物为主(52种),中生植物次之(42种);(2)不同沟渠植物Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数和Simpson指数大致表现为三级沟渠>断头渠>二级沟渠>一级沟渠;Pielou指数则表现为二级沟渠>三级沟渠>一级沟渠>断头渠;(3)冗余分析表明干扰程度对哈尼梯田沟渠植物多样性的影响最为显著,其次为海拔和土壤有机碳,而土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、pH和积水深度对沟渠植物多样性的影响相对较小。哈尼梯田沟渠生境受人为干扰程度的影响最为强烈,适度的人为干扰有助于维持与提高沟渠植物群落多样性水平。该研究结果可为哈尼梯田沟渠植物资源保护和梯田生态系统健康发展提供参考。

云南省哈尼族非物质文化遗产的数字化保护研究

哈尼族非物质文化遗产作为哈尼族文化中重要展现,亟需传承保护和发扬利用。将数字化技术应用于非物质文化遗产的保护中已经成为非物质文化遗产保护的新手段。本文通过对哈尼族非物质文化遗产数字化保护工作开展的必要性和紧迫性进行讨论,分析当前哈尼族非物质文化遗产数字化保护工作中文化与技术、技术与人以及人作为本土文化向大众文化转换的中介之间的关系,发现哈尼族当地非物质文化遗产数字化中存在的问题,探析了哈尼族非物质文化遗产数字化的技术运用路径,按照非物质文化遗产数字化转化过程梳理其中需要的数据留存技术、数据加工技术、展示传播技术,并针对相关问题提出建立数字化非物质文化管理平台、加大多资源投入、多主体推进非物质文化遗产数字化相关建议。