Study on The Ecology System of Hani Terraced Paddy Fields

The ecology system of Hani Terraced Paddy Fields is the typical repre-sentative of the ecological agriculture in the southwestern mountainous areas of our country. After long-term development, Hani ecology system has developed, cored by＂forest-vil age-terrace-river＂, including paddy cultivation system, forests and ecologi-cal maintenance, folk culture and construction of water facilities. This research ex-plored the details of the structure and functions of the ecology system of Hani ter-raced fields. And il ustrates that the system is a new model of agriculture ecological civilization and deserves further study and more applications.

Standards of Ecological Compensation for Traditional Ecoagriculture:Taking Rice-Fish System in Hani Terrace as an Example

Traditional eco-agriculture provides many ecosystem services which are important for the local environment, especially in mountain areas. In order to encourage the farmers to engage in coo-agriculture, it is necessary to establish an eco-compensation mechanism for them. As the compensation standard is one of key issues in establishing eeo-compensation mechanism, this paper calculated the standard based on the farmers＇ willingness to accept （WTA） and the input-output analysis of eco-compensation. We took the traditional rice-fish eco-agriculture as the research object, conducting field surveys in Hani Terrace of Honghe County. Through the questionnaires in 2o11, we obtained the farmers＇ willingness to accept government compensation and market compensation. Then, the research evaluated the output of eco-compensation, the economic value of rice-fish paddy ecosystem services. Finally, under different market compensation standards, we compared the input and output of government compensation. The results show that, in 2011 the government should to pay farmers 7462 yuan.ha^-1·a^-1 to meet their willingness, but the output （ecological benefit） was only 7393 yuan.ha^-1·a^-1. However, whenthe rice price increases 1 yuan·kg-1 because of the limited use of chemicals in the next year, the government just has to pay farmers 4062 yuan.ha^-1·a^-1 and the surplus will be 3331 yuan.ha^-1·a^-1.

Elevation and Land Use Types Have Significant Impacts on Spatial Variability of Soil Organic Matter Content in Hani Terraced Field of Yuanyang County,China

Soil organic matter （SOM） content is one of the most important indicators of the sustainability of soil. To maintain sustainable soil utilization and management in fragile Hani terraced field, it is meaningful to investigate the effects of topography and land use type on SOM content. Descriptive statistics and geostatistics were used to analyze the data and the kriging method was applied to map the spatial patterns of SOM content. The results showed that the mean SOM content was 32.76 g/kg, with a variation coefficient of 40%. The SOM content was affected by elevation and land use type. As the increase of elevation, the SOM content in Hani terraced field also increased obviously. The SOM content in tea garden, which is almost at high elevation, was the highest in all six land use types, and the SOM content decreased in a following sequence： tea garden 〉 paddy field 〉 corn field 〉 banana garden 〉 cassava field 〉 sugarcane field. In addition, at the same elevation, the paddy field had the highest SOM content compared with other land use types. All these results demonstrate that paddy field is the most efficient and suitable land use type for SOM conservation at high, middle or low elevations in the fragile Hani terraced field. In order to protect soil quality and maintain the sustainable agricultural development, it is necessary to maintain or even to enlarge the area of paddy field in Yuanyang county, Yunnan Province, China.

Humification degree of peat and its implications for Holocene climate change in Hani peatland,Northeast China

The humification degree of peat is a significant climatic proxy for paleoclimate change.Using the alkali-extraction method,a time series of absorbance values of the Hani peatland,Northeast China,was determined,which is used as an indicator for the humification degree of peat.Combined with14C dating data of peat cellulose,and compared withδ18O andδ13C time series of the cellulose in the Hani peatland,the evidence for the existence of14 ka paleoclimate was provided.Higher humification degrees hint a warmer-wetter climate,and vice versa.It also reconstructs the four stages of Holocene climate evolution in this region:11.5–9.8 cal ka B.P.,warm and wet period;9.8–9.0 cal ka B.P.,cold and dry period;9.0–4.8 cal ka B.P.,warm and wet period;and 4.8–0 cal ka B.P.,warm-wet and dry-cold alternation period.Meanwhile,it is revealed that the abrupt climate shifts signals such as the "8.2 ka" event and the "4.2 ka" event.Results showed that the Hani peat humification degree is of sensitive response to paleoclimate change.Therefore,it is a feasible method to analyze the relationship between paleoclimate change and peat humification degree.

Exploitation Countermeasures of Farming Culture Tourism in the Dabie Mountains: Thinking on the Investigation of Hani Terrace Tourism Development in Yunan Province

Farming culture is the main part of Chinese outstanding traditional culture and also the important spiritual and cultural resources to construct the core values of the Chinese nation. In the new era, fully exploring and making full use of farming culture resources has important practical significance for the protection, inheritance and innovation of Chinese excellent traditional culture. The rapid development and successful brand shaping of Hani terrace tourism could provide experience for the exploration and utilization of farming culture tourism resources in other areas of China. Based on the analysis of development process of Hani terrace tourism as well as the successful experience of other regions for reference, ideas of developing farming culture tourism in the Dabie Mountains were proposed.

Tropical and Subtropical Urban Landscape Plant Cultivation in Southwest China—A Case Study of Honghe Hani and Yi Nationality Autonomous Prefecture

By studying current seedling production in Honghe Hani and Yi Nationality Autonomous Prefecture, tropical and subtropical urban landscape plant production in southwest China was analyzed. Local nurseries total 6.40 km 2 , accounting for 5.1% of total constructed land area in the prefecture, and only 0.02% of the total land area in the prefecture. Application of local plant species in landscape engineering and green coverage ratio lags far behind the indexes of Chinese livable city and indexes of relieving urban heat island effect. By making proper policies and measures, seedling production can be promoted, rare and endanged wild plant species should be fully used to construct garden city, control PM2.5 and protect the living environment.

Evaluation of water resources conserved by forests in the Hani rice terraces system of Honghe County,Yunnan,China：an application of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model

The Hani Rice Terraces System, based on gravity-flow irrigation, is one of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS) pilot sites selected by FAO in 2010. The water resource plays an important role in the sustainable development of this system. The value of water conserved by the forest is influenced by natural, economic and social factors. In this paper, the water quality, per capita water resources, per capita GDP and population density are chosen as indices to construct an index system for a comprehensive evaluation of water resources value. The weights of these indices are 0.443, 0.31, 0.141 and 0.106 respectively, which are determined by the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) method. The water resources value has been assessed by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. The results show that the water resources value in the Hani Rice Terraces System is 4.25 RMB/m^3. Evaluating the value of water resources in the Hani Rice Terraces System can provide a reference for ecological compensation, for raising public awareness of the importance of protecting the system, and ultimately achieving its sustainable development.

Survey on Agricultural Biological Resources and Traditional Cultural Knowledge of Hani People in Yunnan

In 2007- 2008,a systematic survey,collection and arrangement was carried out for agricultural biological resources and traditional cultural knowledge of Hani People in 8 counties,15 towns,and 23 village committees of Yunnan Province. A total of 299 samples were obtained about agricultural biological resources related to production and living of Hani People. According to purpose of utilization,samples were divided into grain crops,medicinal plants,vegetables,fruit trees,and oil crops,taking up 48. 2%,21. 7%,18. 4%,7. 7%,and 2. 0% of the samples respectively. The survey indicated that planting industry and breeding industry take up the dominant role in rural social economy of Hani People,so agricultural biological resources are the fundamental means of production maintaining rural social development of Hani People.The current situation of agricultural biological resources of Hani People in Yunnan,reasons for growth and decline were analyzed,and the utilization,protection and development of agricultural biological resources were discussed.

Analysis on Ecological Adaptability of Hani Village Landscapes in Yuanyang,Yunnan Province

The eco-adaptation of the landscape in Hani villages consists of two stages.The first stage is the ecological selection and adaptation of the landscapes in Hani villages to the natural environment.The forest landscape ecosystem,the architectural landscape ecosystem,and the terraced landscape ecosystem are the concentrated manifestations of meeting production and living needs,adapting to topographic changes,and adapting to climate features.The second stage is the adjustment and improvement of the landscape in Hani villages to the built environment.It is embodied in the establishment of the Mysterious Woods,abundance of plants in the building group,construction of artificial ditches,production of water infrastructures,and abundance of landscape nodes.In the end,Hani villages have experienced a long process of selection,adaptation,improvement and perfection,and gradually formed a harmonious and unified landscape ecosystem.Through field investigation,this paper analyzed the landscapes of Hani villages from the angle of ecological adaptability.It mainly studied the formation causes of the village landscapes as a material carrier,the process of village landscape adapting to natural and built environment,and the inherent ecological significance,which is of imperative and realistic significance to promote the ecological protection and construction of Hani villages.

Ecological Cultures of Traditional Hani Villages

Villages of Hani Nationality are located above the elevation of 1,400-1,800 m, halfway up the Ailao Mountains in south Yunnan, natural landscapes and architectural structure of Hani Nationality show peculiar styles. Folk dwellings of Hani Village were divided into 4 types, namely rammed-clay house(Tuzhangfang), mushroom house, tile-roofed house, and stilted house(Ganlanfang). In terms of the origination, rammed-clay house and mushroom house are originated from the flat-top fort buildings of the Di and the Qiang nationalities. Tile-roofed house is the variation of mushroom house by learning from the courtyard building of the Han Nationality, and stilted house is directly borrowed from the folk dwelling style of Baiyue people. Structures of all these buildings show the adaptability to local environment.

Cultural Authenticity and Dynamic Sustainability -- Research on the Exploitation and Protection of Hani Terrace

As the agricultural heritage,Hani terrace is not only culturally authentic and non- renew able,but has its ow n characteristics. Firstly,it is a kind of economic and social mode of production. Secondly,it reflects the idea of harmonious and sustainable development betw een human beings and nature. T hirdly,the participation of human beings — or farmers is important. As a result,to exploit and protect the agricultural heritage,it is crucial to balance systematic protection and sustainable development in order to realize dynamic protection. In addition,the agricultural heritage shall be treated as the driving agent to coordinate the social and economic development. T hrough analyzing the characteristics of the agricultural heritage and the concept of protecting the agricultural heritage,this paper proposes to promote the protection of agricultural authenticity by alternative tourism development in order to balance the development and realize the sustainability of the agricultural dynamic system.

Honghe Hani Rice Terraces

On the south banks of the Honghe River in the mountainous terrain of south Yunnan, the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces cascade down the towering slopes of the Ailao Mountain. Carved out of dense forest over the past 1,300 years by Hani people since they settled here, the irrigated terraces support paddy fields surveying narrow valleys. In some places, there are as many as 3,000 terraces between thelower edges of the forest and the valley floor.

基于四素同构的哈尼族传统村落声景特征及保护策略--以阿者科为例

哈尼族传统村落因其独特的文化和生态布局,声景资源丰富且特色鲜明,但缺乏系统性研究。以“森林-村寨-梯田-水系”四素同构的哈尼族传统村落阿者科为例,对四素空间的声环境进行主客观评价分析。发现多数空间的声压级在50dBA左右,且以低频为主。村落以水为径,串联起自然生态,水声还能为游客提供较高的情绪价值;文化与自然空间相互作用后的声景舒适度为最高;村民生长于斯,赋予了村落丰富的声景资源。最后提出了3个声景保护策略,即保护村落的原真性,实现特色声景的有机呈现;促进生态保护与水源保育的正向循环,构建自然和谐的声景;激活人的活态属性,延续村落空间的声景活力。

基于元阳哈尼梯田红米价值链分析农户获益能力变化

根据2009—2011年和2020—2021年两个时间段在云南元阳哈尼梯田地区的田野调查,采用资源获益能力理论以及价值链分析框架,对构建的两条间隔约10年的红米价值链进行了比较分析。在哈尼梯田红米商品化过程中,当地经济、政策、社会文化等要素的变化重塑了红米价值链。梯田红米通过专业合作社管理、绿色食品认证、品牌包装、电商推广等政策措施实现了价值增值,小农户在这一过程中获益能力持续增强,但也存在获益不均、发展不平衡等问题。为推进“脱贫攻坚”到“乡村振兴”的有效衔接,有关部门在进一步提升梯田红米商业价值助力乡村产业振兴过程中,应通过政策调整同时提升在红米种植中小农户获得利益的公正性、稳定性和持续性,保障小农户持续获益。

哈尼族民间信仰舞蹈的表现形式、文化内涵与社会功能

哈尼族民间信仰舞蹈是哈尼族传统舞蹈的重要组成部分,是哈尼族传统舞蹈的缘起,没有哈尼族民间信仰舞蹈就没有哈尼族传统舞蹈。由于哈尼族支系繁多、居住分散,因而各地哈尼族民间信仰舞蹈的舞名、舞种、表现场域和表现形式等有所差异,但它们所表现的文化内涵和社会功能是一致的,既具有积极追求理想生活与实现人神合一的理念、浓郁的自然崇拜和祖先崇拜意识、强烈的生存与发展的意识和意志等文化内涵,也具有祭祈奉祀语言、娱人悦神崇祖、顺势向上功利等社会功能,在哈尼族传统文化发展和传承中具有深远的历史意义和重要的现实意义。

云南省哈尼族非物质文化遗产的数字化保护研究

哈尼族非物质文化遗产作为哈尼族文化中重要展现,亟需传承保护和发扬利用。将数字化技术应用于非物质文化遗产的保护中已经成为非物质文化遗产保护的新手段。本文通过对哈尼族非物质文化遗产数字化保护工作开展的必要性和紧迫性进行讨论,分析当前哈尼族非物质文化遗产数字化保护工作中文化与技术、技术与人以及人作为本土文化向大众文化转换的中介之间的关系,发现哈尼族当地非物质文化遗产数字化中存在的问题,探析了哈尼族非物质文化遗产数字化的技术运用路径,按照非物质文化遗产数字化转化过程梳理其中需要的数据留存技术、数据加工技术、展示传播技术,并针对相关问题提出建立数字化非物质文化管理平台、加大多资源投入、多主体推进非物质文化遗产数字化相关建议。

哈尼梯田沟渠的植物多样性特征及其影响因素

哈尼梯田沟渠是一种具有湿地性质的人工溪流,是哈尼梯田可持续发展的关键所在。为探明哈尼梯田不同沟渠的植物多样性与环境因子的关系,以哈尼梯田典型灌区沟渠系统植物为研究对象,运用样方调查法、方差分析和冗余分析对不同类型沟渠的植被群落组成、物种多样性与环境因子的关联性进行分析。结果显示:(1)哈尼梯田沟渠植物共118种,隶属45科100属,以菊科和禾本科植物为主,占总种数的28.81%;植物生态型构成以湿生植物为主(52种),中生植物次之(42种);(2)不同沟渠植物Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数和Simpson指数大致表现为三级沟渠>断头渠>二级沟渠>一级沟渠;Pielou指数则表现为二级沟渠>三级沟渠>一级沟渠>断头渠;(3)冗余分析表明干扰程度对哈尼梯田沟渠植物多样性的影响最为显著,其次为海拔和土壤有机碳,而土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、pH和积水深度对沟渠植物多样性的影响相对较小。哈尼梯田沟渠生境受人为干扰程度的影响最为强烈,适度的人为干扰有助于维持与提高沟渠植物群落多样性水平。该研究结果可为哈尼梯田沟渠植物资源保护和梯田生态系统健康发展提供参考。

从语言文化转型看景哈阿卡话的中华民族共同体意识

以景哈阿卡话为研究个案,主要从语言结构、语言使用、口传文化、生活习俗以及谱系与历法等方面,分析其中蕴含的中华民族共同体意识,发现景哈哈尼族阿卡人的中华民族共同体意识贯穿于他们的语言文化的方方面面,并呈现出不断增强的趋势。此外,本文还分析了语言文化在共同体背景下出现的各种转型,认为这种转型由中华民族共同体决定的,是社会进步的反映。

哈尼梯田湿地土壤不同形态磷的时空分布特征

磷是湿地和农业生态系统中的重要元素之一,其中土壤磷形态的迁移转化广受关注。以哈尼梯田湿地为例,分别在哈尼梯田湿地的水稻生长期、收获期和休闲期,采集湿地不同海拔(梯田区上部、中部和下部)和不同深度的土壤(0—20 cm,20—40 cm,40—60 cm,60—80 cm)进行磷形态分析,研究了哈尼梯田湿地土壤中不同形态磷的时空分布规律和影响因素。结果表明:(1)哈尼梯田湿地土壤中总磷(TP)含量均值为318.74 mg/kg,在水稻收获期含量最高,无机磷(IP)含量均值在水稻休闲期最高(85.95 mg/kg),湿地土壤磷总体呈缺乏状态。(2)受外源磷输入影响,铁铝结合态磷(NaOH-P)占无机磷比重最大,且季节差异性显著(P<0.05);而钙结合态磷(HCl-P)在各季节无显著差异(P>0.05),这与湿地生态环境和地质背景有关。(3)哈尼梯田湿地对磷的迁移有截留作用,表现为各形态磷含量总体呈现在上部梯田湿地较高,并随海拔的降低而降低;不同形态磷含量在20—40 cm土层富集。(4)除HCl-P外,其余形态磷与土壤粒径在不同土层表现为负相关;不同土层TP和有机磷(OP)与pH值呈正相关;土壤总有机碳(TOC)与不同形态磷在收获期呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。研究表明了哈尼梯田湿地立体空间结构和人为活动能影响湿地生态系统中磷的分布与迁移循环,该结论可为梯田湿地的可持续发展提供参考。

旅游驱动与传统制约:哈尼梯田地区聚落空间格局演化及机制分析

聚落空间演化及功能转型对于哈尼梯田遗产的持续发展具有重要影响。基于对哈尼梯田遗产区受旅游影响最大的多依树片区的长期观测,从聚落景观指数特征、空间扩张趋势以及凝聚状态3个方面揭示了多依树片区2005—2020年来聚落空间的演化特征。结果表明:建筑斑块数量和面积大幅增加,聚落空间总体上沿旅游干道迅速扩张,增加了村寨的离散程度并削弱了传统的聚居模式。这一过程主要受3个机制作用:首先,村寨内部人口增长的住房需求是聚落空间扩张的基础动力;其次,遗产区旅游开发导致住宿及配套空间增加,牵引了聚落空间向旅游干道两侧聚集;最后,聚落空间扩张的过程中,村寨传统定居理念对聚落空间形态发展起到约束作用,一定程度上维系了哈尼梯田“森林-村寨-梯田-水系”景观格局的稳定。基于此,指出村寨新增建筑空间的规划要更多参考村寨的定居观念和传统定居模式,以加强村寨的集体认同并维护传统景观格局,促进遗产地的可持续发展。