Estimating minimum ecological water required of the western route first stage project of China＇s south-to-north water transfer scheme for water exporting rivers

It is well known that there is abundant water resources in basin of the Yangtze River, the first largest river in China, which is mainly located in Southern China. However, water resources is very scarce in the basin of the Yellow River, which is mainly located in Northern China. So the western route project of south-north water transfer scheme （WRP-SNWTS） aims to transfer water from the Yangtze River to the Yellow River. The area of WRP-SNWT, located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the main areas of Sichuan and the marginal areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has sufficient water resources but fragile ecology and environment. Therefore, it is necessary for WRP-SNWT to analyze the ecology water required. Based on the planning principles of from low elevation to high elevation, from small to large, from short to long and from easy to difficulty, the WRP-SNWT will be constructed through three stage projects. The western route first stage project of the south-north water transfer scheme （WRFST-SNWTS） is planned to transfer 4×10^9m^3/a from six tributaries of the Yalong river and from Dadu river to Jiaqu of Yellow River.. Daqu river and Niqu river are the branches of Xianshui river. Sequ river, Duke river, Make river and Ake river are the branches of Dadu river, which account for 65-70% of the total river run-off. It need more research and the rest run-off can satisfy channel ecology water required. According to analysis ecological water required which mainly satisfy for aquicolous biology in water-exporting region, such as low air temperature. Fish and aquicolous biology main living from May to August, and rivers are iced up from December to March of next year, ecology water required mainly for fish and aquicolous biology. The flow criterion of Tennant method is modified. The ecology water required of WRFSP-SNWTS is estimated by the flow data of Zhuwo gauging station, Zhuba gauging station, Chuosijia gauging station and Zumuzu gauging station. The result show that the ecology water required calculated by modified Tennant less 1 l percent than that of Tennant. This estimating result can supply more water resources for transferring to Yellow River. Meanwhile, this can supply gist for research transferring water of WRFSP-SNWTS.

Water Security Situation in Haihe River Basin after South-to-North Water Transfer Project

The over-exploitation of water resources in the Haihe River Basin （HRB） has now become a serious problem. This is clearly evidenced by the fact that many local rivers and lakes are drying up and the total amount of over-exploited groundwater has reached over 1000×10^8m^3. It is important to note that the exploitation of water resources in HRB was reasonable before 1979. After 1980, however, over-exploitation happened with an annual average amount of 40×10^8m^3. Both the dry season and rapid economic growth in HRB took place at the same time. Therefore, the over-exploitation of water in HRB was actually the negative result of the conjunction of a continuous dry season and rapid economic growth. So the over-exploitation would not be as serious as it is today if either of the above two stopped. After the first stage of south-to-north water transfer project, the water shortage problem in HRB could be eased for the following reasons： firstly, water transfer project will bring to the Basin 60x108m3 water resources; secondly, a wet season will come back eventually according to natural law of climate variability; finally, its agricultural and industrial use and total water consumption all have decreased from the peak value, so that the groundwater table will raise certainly and ecological water in rivers and lakes that were dried-up will be partly restored. In the future, the main problem of water resources security in HRB will include water pollution, operation risk of the south-to-north water transfer project, groundwater pollution and engineering geological hazards that may be brought by groundwater rise. The proposed countermeasures are as follows： keeping strengthening water demand management, raising water price as well as subsidies for the low- income family and improving other water related policies, preventing and dealing with water pollution seriously and getting fully prepared for the operation of south-to-north water transfer project.

Increasing probability of concurrent drought between the water intake and receiving regions of the Hanjiang to Weihe River Water Diversion Project,China

Water diversion projects are an effective measure to mitigate water shortages in water-limited areas.Understanding the risk of such projects increasing concurrent drought between the water intake and receiving regions is essential for sustainable water management.This study calculates concurrent drought probability between the water intake and receiving regions of the Hanjiang to Weihe River Water Diversion Project using Standardized Precipitation Index and Copula functions.Results showed an increasing trend in drought probability across both the water intake and receiving regions from 2.67%and 8.38%to 12.47%and 14.18%,respectively,during 1969-2018.The return period of concurrent drought decreased from 111.11 to 13.05 years,indicating larger risk of simultaneous drought between the two regions.Projections from CMIP6 suggested that under the SSP 2-4.5 and 5-8.5 scenarios,concurrent drought probability would increase by 2.40%and 7.72%in 2019-2050 compared to that in 1969-1990,respectively.Although increases in precipitation during 2019-2050 could potentially alleviate drought conditions relative to those during 1991-2018,high precipitation variability adds to the uncertainty about future concurrent drought.These findings provide a basis for better understanding concurrent drought and its impact on water diversion projects in a changing climate,and facilitate the establishment of adaptation countermeasures to ensure sustainable water availability.

协同推进南水北调后续工程和长江经济带高质量发展

推动长江经济带高质量发展,是以习近平同志为核心的党中央作出的重大决策,是关系党和国家事业发展全局的重大战略。南水北调东、中、西三条线均以长江为水源,是跨流域跨区域配置水资源的骨干工程,是国家水网的主骨架和大动脉,在保障国家经济安全、粮食安全、生态安全等方面具有基础性、战略性作用。两者联系紧密,互促共生。文章通过对长江经济带高质量发展内涵的分析,以及在国家水安全保障、长江经济带高质量发展对南水北调高质量发展的具体要求梳理的基础上,对共同推进南水北调和长江经济带高质量发展提出了初步的认识和思考。

不同调水方式对巢湖水质影响模拟

引调水工程是目前用来改善湖泊水质的重要手段,然而引调水的调水路线、来水水量以及来水水质对湖泊水质改善效果都至关重要。本文以“引江济巢”工程为例,针对巢湖的浅水湖泊特征,考虑引调水入湖后不仅对水量和水质有直接改善作用,还可能因为湖区水动力条件改变及内源释放影响水质,通过构建二维水动力水质模型,模拟不同调水路线、水量下湖区水动力条件,进一步考虑不同来水水质和底泥释放对水质改善的影响。结果显示,调水对流场的扰动在丰水年较弱、枯水年较强,流量对湖区水质影响随流量增大而增强,来水水质的优劣是决定湖区水体水质是否改善的关键。整体而言,西湖区受调水影响较小,东湖区能够对全湖水质变化起到指示作用。调水方案应基于湖泊实际水量与水质状态综合考虑调水流量与水质制定。

江苏省江水北调工程水量调度

江水北调工程以向江苏境内工农业及城乡生活供水为主,同时保障改善洪泽湖、骆马湖生态,但工程运行现状存在运行成本高、湖泊弃水量大等不足。为此,采用模拟和优化技术相结合的方式,以供水缺额最小、湖泊水位超限制最小和泵站运行成本最低为优先级设定目标函数,构建江水北调工程年水量调度概化模型,开展不同水平年、不同补湖水位以及高水低用3种调度情景分析。结果表明:骆马湖调蓄库容小,调水运行期使得水位波动频繁,中运河泵站会同频开启补湖,且容易达到输水能力上限;适当降低洪泽湖补湖水位,可充分利用湖泊富余水量,使调水成本降低;完全禁止骆马湖高水低用会加重洪泽湖以下梯级线路供水任务的运行负担,同时增加骆马湖的弃水量,适当允许高水低用可使成本减小,减少泵站抽水任务。建立的模型以及相关研究成果可为江水北调工程调度运行提供一定参考。

基于NSGA-Ⅱ的南水北调东线一期北延应急工程水资源多目标优化配置

为推进南水北调工程高质量发展,以南水北调东线一期北延应急供水工程为研究对象,开展北延应急供水工程水资源多目标优化配置研究。以缺水量最小、调水成本最低为目标,构建北延应急供水工程受水区水量多目标优化配置模型,基于非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)进行模型求解。确定各受水区在经济最大化和缺水总量最小化条件下的供水量,制定符合农业、生态和城市应急等需求的精准调配方案。结果表明:平水年满足按需分配条件,做到满足最大需水量的同时也满足供水成本最低的目标;枯水年年供水保证率分别为57%、56%、55%、54%、53%、49%、46%、36%、34%和21%情况下的10组最优解作为水量优化配置方案,其中7个优化配置方案供水保证率大于规划调水量的供水保证率值38%。在水资源多目标优化配置方案下可高效完成受水区供需水任务的同时,有效提高供水保证率,同时保证调水成本的经济性。

Impact of the Yalong-Yellow River water transfer project on the eco-environment in Yalong River basin

The planning Yalong-River water transfer project will transfer 5.65 billion cubic meters water from the Yalong River into the Yellow River per year.The Yalong River will be dramatically impacted hydrologically and ecologically because more than 60% of the runoff will be diverted.An ecohydrological model was used to evaluate the impacts of the project on river corridor and wetland in this study.Schizothorax is a typical plateau river species and was used as the indicator species for assessment of the impact of water transfer project.The model simulated the habitat area of Schizothorax in the reach between the Reba Dam and the Ganzi Hydrology Station on the Yalong River.The Reba Dam,A'an Dam and Renda Dam will be constructed in the Yalong River for enhancing the water level for water diversion into the Yellow River.The velocity,channel width,runoff,and water depth will be reduced due to the water transfer,especially during flood season.The reduction in the velocity,channel width,runoff and water depth will occur mainly in the reach near the three dams and the reduction will be reduced to a minimum level in a distance about 100 km downstream of the dams.The maximum net water loss of Kasha Lake is only 1197200 m3,only 0.3% of runoff flowing into the lake.The project cannot bring adverse effect on the lake.The habitat area of Schizothorax in the Yalong River might be reduced if the water was transferred from the Reba Dam.The habitat area of this species will be reduced more than 40%.

黄河上中游地区能源生产及其水足迹变化特征

为揭示黄河上中游地区能源生产及其水足迹变化特征,基于能源统计数据,利用水足迹理论在市级尺度上定量分析能源产量、能源结构以及能源生产蓝水足迹的时空变化特征。结果表明:1990-2020年黄河上中游一次能源生产总量总体呈现上升趋势,从1.5亿t标准煤增至17.1亿t标准煤,全国占比由13.7%增到41%,空间上能源生产更加集中且重心向上游转移;近30年,黄河上中游能源生产结构中原煤比重呈下降态势,由93.3%减少至88%,天然气比例增加显著,以原煤为主的城市数量明显减少,清洁能源在其能源生产结构中的比重提升;能源生产蓝水足迹由1990年的4.64亿m^(3)增至2010年为25.18亿m^(3),随着能源生产用水效率的提高和清洁能源比重的提升,能源生产蓝水足迹减少至2020年的24.24亿m^(3),其中能源加工蓝水足迹是能源生产蓝水足迹的主要组成部分,空间上能源生产蓝水足迹高值区向水资源短缺的“几字弯”地区集中,加剧了该区域的水资源供需矛盾。研究结果可为黄河上中游地区用水效率提升、能源生产结构优化以及能-水系统协同发展提供理论依据及决策参考。

河南省西霞院水利枢纽输水及灌区工程

河南省西霞院水利枢纽输水及灌区工程从黄河小浪底水利枢纽的配套工程西霞院水库引水,自西向东新建1条输水总干渠,为温孟武滩区2.18万hm^(2[2])灌区提供水源,并向武嘉灌区、人民胜利渠灌区及大功灌区补水,是国务院确定的172项节水供水重大水利工程之一,同时也是河南省委、省政府实施“四水同治”战略首批推进的10项重大水利工程之一。从工程建设的必要性、工程总体布局、工程主要建设内容和规模、工程地质、工程设计以及建成后的工程效益6个方面对河南省西霞院水利枢纽输水及灌区工程进行分析。

引汉济渭工程黄池沟0号复活滑坡体治理技术研究

滑坡体受外界因素诱使复活,对工程造成安全隐患。本文以引汉济渭工程黄池沟0号复活滑坡体为研究对象,使用Slide边坡稳定分析软件建立模型,采用摩根斯顿-普赖斯法和简化Bishop法对0号滑坡体整体及次滑坡体进行天然、暴雨和地震三种工况下的稳定性分析,综合考虑安全、经济、施工因素,采用了局部开挖+路边全埋式抗滑桩+锚索加固施工方案,经模型稳定性分析,该方案能够满足1级边坡稳定性规范要求,有效地预防滑坡体再次复活,保障了工程项目的实施。

南宁市宾阳县供水水源布局方案研究

宾阳县人均水资源量少,且地处流域分水岭交界及河流源头地区,水资源开发利用难度大,资源性和工程性缺水问题严重。目前,宾阳县城区及周边乡镇大部分以地下水为主水源,供水能力不足。通过分析宾阳县城区周边水资源状况和开发利用条件,结合水源水量水质情况、宾阳县发展规划、经济合理可行等因素,对不同水源工程方案进行综合比较,最终推荐郁江调水作为宾阳县正常供水水源。

引黄入冀补淀省界水质监测现状与问题对策分析

探讨了引黄入冀补淀工程的水质监测现状,分析了省界断面水质监测数据,指出了存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策。通过优化水质监测站点布局及监测频次、加强沿线监督检查、提升生活污水处理能力、建立健全协调机制、强化法律法规和政策支持等措施,以期提高水质监测的准确性和及时性,为进一步实施水资源管理提供理论依据和实践指导。

汉江流域骤旱演变规律及其对南水北调中线工程的响应分析

通过识别汉江流域骤旱事件,分析了汉江流域在南水北调中线工程实施前后其骤旱事件特征的差异,并且使用偏最小二乘回归(Partial Least Squares Regression, PLSR)、支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)和随机森林(Random Forest, RF)3种机器学习方法建立了骤旱历时回归模型,定量分析了南水北调中线工程对骤旱历时的影响。结果表明:(1)南水北调中线工程实施后,汉江流域骤旱频次从平均每年0.7次上升至0.9次,骤旱历时从平均每年24.6 d上升至34.5 d,但在空间上,上游骤旱历时显著延长,中游增加幅度减弱,下游骤旱历时却缩短;(2)骤旱爆发历时在空间分布上由5~6 d均匀分布变为上下游不均分布,上游爆发历时缩短至3~5 d,而中下游地区延长至7~9 d;(3)随机森林对骤旱历时模拟效果最好,气候条件对骤旱历时影响最大,相对重要性为0.34,其中降水为0.14,净辐射为0.12,相对湿度为0.08,南水北调中线工程延长了汉江流域中下游地区的骤旱历时,相对重要性为0.12。

牛栏江—滇池补水工程生态效益评估

云南省牛栏江—滇池补水工程是国务院172项节水供水重大水利工程之一,也是滇池水污染综合治理的关键性措施之一,工程运行9年多以来,已累计向昆明调水46.06×108m3,其中向滇池补水42.15×108 m3、城市应急供水3.91×108 m3,发挥了巨大的生态效益。为合理评估工程产生的生态效益,从定性分析与定量计算两方面来评估工程生态效益,定量分析中采用了生态补偿法、等效替代法、生态水价法3种方法将生态效益量化为资金价值,经综合分析,推荐采用等效替代法计算工程生态效益。

Coupling interaction between biodiversity and aquatic habitat area in Western Route Project vicinity

The Western Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project will divert water from the upper Yangtze River and its tributaries, the Dadu River and Yalong River, to the upper Yellow River. The project may ease the water shortage in the Yellow River Basin. However, it may also have some effects on the ecosystem in the upper Yangtze River Basin. Benthic invertebrates play an important role in the river ecosystem, particularly in the circulation of materials and nutrition. Benthic invertebrates are widely used to quickly assess river ecosystems because of their rapid response to changes in the water environment. The diversity of benthic invertebrates is closely associated with the aquatic habitat area. This study examined this interaction by sampling the benthic invertebrates in an expanding area. The conclusions are that the diversity of benthic invertebrates begins to decrease when the aquatic habitat area is reduced to 45% of the original area, and decreases dramatically when the aquatic habitat area is reduced to 10% of the original area. The aquatic habitat area should be kept at more than 45% of the original area in order to maintain the significant diversity of benthic invertebrates.

引江补汉工程实施后的南水北调中线水源工程可调水量分析

随着新时期南水北调后续工程的高质量发展,首批建设工程引江补汉工程正式开工,为支撑未来南水北调中线水源工程与引江补汉工程的联合协调运行,根据引江补汉工程设计参数,提出多组丹江口水库与引江补汉工程联合调度方式,并模拟分析得到引江补汉工程实施后南水北调中线水源工程可调水量具有重要意义。研究结果表明:设置引江补汉工程补水水位控制线、同步优化陶岔渠首引水调度线,充分利用引江补汉工程补水来满足汉江中下游用水需求,从而置换更多坝前水量引至陶岔渠首、清泉沟等用水需求方,可在一定程度上实现丹江口水库供水与引江补汉工程补水决策的有效衔接;相比于中线一期工程现状供水调度情景,采用合适的引江补汉工程与中线水源工程联合调度方式,可在保障汉江中下游用水量需求的同时,满足下游断面最小用水量达标率至98.9%~99.2%,并提高中线受水区可供水量17.7亿~25.8亿m^(3),继而有效协调中线水源工程的中线受水区、清泉沟渠首及汉江中下游等多方用水需求。

引汉济渭工程秦岭引水隧洞岩爆三维NPR支护技术

针对引汉济渭工程秦岭引水隧洞岭北段频繁产生岩爆灾害、原支护结构破坏等问题,对秦岭引水隧洞岭北段进行地质勘测调查,分析隧道围岩岩爆破坏特征及破坏模式,开展超深隧洞岩爆三维负泊松比(negative Poisson’s ration,NPR)高应力补偿支护体系研究工作。采用现场勘查等方法,对隧道地质条件及岩爆破坏成因进行分析,并采用对比试验的思想设计出秦岭引水隧洞岭北段岩爆监测预警试验方案,提出以微观NPR锚杆为核心的三维NPR高应力补偿支护体系;通过现场试验分析新支护体系下围岩岩爆控制程度及其支护效果。结果表明:以微观NPR锚杆为核心的三维NPR高应力补偿支护体系能有效控制隧道围岩岩爆灾害发生,新支护体系试验段微震能量、频次均明显降低,爆坑深度、钢拱架受力和变形量明显减小。研究成果可为超深隧道岩爆灾害的防治提供参考。

鲸鱼沟黄土水库塌岸、淤积调查与预测分析

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