Growing water scarcity is one of the major challenges of the 21st century, especially in arid and semi-arid climates such as our study area. The efficient, sustainable and integrated groundwater management plays a key...Growing water scarcity is one of the major challenges of the 21st century, especially in arid and semi-arid climates such as our study area. The efficient, sustainable and integrated groundwater management plays a key role for conserving this vital resource. In order to overcome this issue, the study of aquifer system’s behavior seems necessary. For this purpose, the areal piezometric level map is an essential tool. As piezometric level data are spatially limited in sample points, the?spatial interpolation and geostatistics are the best way to produce the needed map. Several methods exist allowing to approach real values with varying degrees of accuracy. This work aims to compare?and evaluate spatial interpolation methods for groundwater level of Haouz using a dataset of 39 piezometers. The deterministic methods used in this study are Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and Radial Basis Functions (RBF) and the probabilistic ones are ordinary kriging (OK), simple kriging (SK) and universal kriging (UK). This study shows the difficulty of having a key role to choose the suitable method for given input dataset. The best model remains the one that, after comparing several methods, offers the best accuracy, which is assessed using Cross-validation and statistical indicators. The results reveals that ordinary kriging with trend removal technique is the optimal method in this case. It indicates the superiority of this technique with a decrease in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) up to 61.67%. It underestimates groundwater level with an average of 2.8%, which is reliable. The areal piezometric level and associated prediction standard error maps give additional information and recommendations that characterize the studied aquifer system and will ultimately improve sustainable groundwater management.展开更多
Objective:To describe and compare the epidemiological features of scorpionism during six years(2005–2010)in two regions of Morocco:Marrakesh-Tensift-Al Haouz and Souss-Massa-Draa.Methods:Clinical and epidemiological ...Objective:To describe and compare the epidemiological features of scorpionism during six years(2005–2010)in two regions of Morocco:Marrakesh-Tensift-Al Haouz and Souss-Massa-Draa.Methods:Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained from medical records of the Moroccan Poison Control Center during 2005–2010.The data comprised demographics,sting characteristics and clinical severity classes.Digital maps were produced for envenomation and death incidence with the distribution of all scorpion species present on the studied area.Results:A total of 75313 scorpion sting cases were notified.The incidence of scorpion stings was 244 cases/100000 population/year and was significantly higher at Marrakesh-Tensift-Al Haouz than Souss-Massa-Draa.The general lethality rate was on an average of 0.28%with a higher rate in Marrakesh-Tensift-Al Haouz compared to Souss-Massa-Draa.There was a different distribution of cases between genders in the two studied regions.With respect to age groups,adults(more than 15 years)were affected most compared to children.When analyzed according to the incidence in each province,the highest envenomation incidence was observed in Chichaoua.Concerning lethality,the highest lethality incidence was observed in the Kelaa.Based on this study,we could distinguish three zones:low scorpion stings occurrence without death,high incidence with low lethality and high scorpion stings rate with high lethality.Conclusions:Our data clearly demonstrate the correlation between scorpion stings incidence and the percentage of rural population in the different provinces.Additionally,the lethality incidence could be linked to the scorpion species of the studied area.展开更多
文摘Growing water scarcity is one of the major challenges of the 21st century, especially in arid and semi-arid climates such as our study area. The efficient, sustainable and integrated groundwater management plays a key role for conserving this vital resource. In order to overcome this issue, the study of aquifer system’s behavior seems necessary. For this purpose, the areal piezometric level map is an essential tool. As piezometric level data are spatially limited in sample points, the?spatial interpolation and geostatistics are the best way to produce the needed map. Several methods exist allowing to approach real values with varying degrees of accuracy. This work aims to compare?and evaluate spatial interpolation methods for groundwater level of Haouz using a dataset of 39 piezometers. The deterministic methods used in this study are Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and Radial Basis Functions (RBF) and the probabilistic ones are ordinary kriging (OK), simple kriging (SK) and universal kriging (UK). This study shows the difficulty of having a key role to choose the suitable method for given input dataset. The best model remains the one that, after comparing several methods, offers the best accuracy, which is assessed using Cross-validation and statistical indicators. The results reveals that ordinary kriging with trend removal technique is the optimal method in this case. It indicates the superiority of this technique with a decrease in Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) up to 61.67%. It underestimates groundwater level with an average of 2.8%, which is reliable. The areal piezometric level and associated prediction standard error maps give additional information and recommendations that characterize the studied aquifer system and will ultimately improve sustainable groundwater management.
基金Supported by the Laboratory of Ecology and Environment L2E(CNRST,URAC 32,and CNERS)the National Centre for Studies and Research on the Sahara(Contract N°06/ERACNERS).
文摘Objective:To describe and compare the epidemiological features of scorpionism during six years(2005–2010)in two regions of Morocco:Marrakesh-Tensift-Al Haouz and Souss-Massa-Draa.Methods:Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained from medical records of the Moroccan Poison Control Center during 2005–2010.The data comprised demographics,sting characteristics and clinical severity classes.Digital maps were produced for envenomation and death incidence with the distribution of all scorpion species present on the studied area.Results:A total of 75313 scorpion sting cases were notified.The incidence of scorpion stings was 244 cases/100000 population/year and was significantly higher at Marrakesh-Tensift-Al Haouz than Souss-Massa-Draa.The general lethality rate was on an average of 0.28%with a higher rate in Marrakesh-Tensift-Al Haouz compared to Souss-Massa-Draa.There was a different distribution of cases between genders in the two studied regions.With respect to age groups,adults(more than 15 years)were affected most compared to children.When analyzed according to the incidence in each province,the highest envenomation incidence was observed in Chichaoua.Concerning lethality,the highest lethality incidence was observed in the Kelaa.Based on this study,we could distinguish three zones:low scorpion stings occurrence without death,high incidence with low lethality and high scorpion stings rate with high lethality.Conclusions:Our data clearly demonstrate the correlation between scorpion stings incidence and the percentage of rural population in the different provinces.Additionally,the lethality incidence could be linked to the scorpion species of the studied area.
