Resistance of Hard Tick （Ixodidae） with some Acaricide in Cattle （Naturally Infestation） in Sulaimani Governorate Fields-Kurdistan Regional/Iraq

A study carried out for assessment of acaricide for control and how to show resistance of hard tick （Ixodidae） with some types of acaricide which available in Sulaimani marked froro February to April 2012, isolated 80 cattle （local breed） naturally infested with hard tick. Six hundred and fifteen ticks min7 tick/cattle including three genera species were collected and identified, the highest Boophilus spp. followed by Hyalomma spp., and Rhipicephalus spp. were less frequent species collected. Experimental cattle divided into four groups each group content 20 cattle, treatment with four types acaricide and their average of infestation in cattle with Boophilus spp. 33 （41.25%） as the commonest, followed by Hyalomma spp. 31 （75.38%）, Rhipicephalus spp. 11 （13.75%） and 5 （6.25%） found mixed infested with Boophilus spp. and Hyalomma spp. 65 （81.3%） of cattle samples had emaciation and skin lesions. According to site of infestation, it showed that inguinal region was the most common predilection site for the ticks. Observed the genera Boophilus spp., there were highly significant differences （12.52%） between different tick species when calculated by general test （LSD）. The objective of this study was to estimate and compare these acaricide to control hard tick, and there was highly significant relation between different species of hard ticks when treated by these acaricide, according to the chi-square tests. The activities of the acaricide through the time of application were different on the tick genera species. Diazinon （60%） and carbamate （saven 85%） has been a greater degree than other acaricide resistance, while shows the activity of both acaricide injectable ivermactin and cypromethrein through the early time on all species. The results of the study otherwise provide encouraging possibilities for the potential use recommended dose with both acaricide ivermactin-l% and cypromethrine-10%.

First survey of hard ticks(Acari: Ixodidae) on cattle, sheep and goats in Boeen Zahra and Takistan counties, Iran

Objective:To carry out the distribution survey of hard ticks of livestock in Boeen Zahra and Takistan counties of Qazvin province from April 2010 to September 2010.Methods:Nearly about 2638 sheep, 461 goats and 318 cattle of 38 herds in different geographical areas were searched for tick infestation.Results:The species compositions collected from the livestock of Boeen Zahra and Takistan wereHaemaphysalis concinna(0.63%),Haemaphysalis sulcata(12.66%),Hyalomma anatolicum(3.80%),Hyalomma asiaticum(3.16%),Hyalomma detritum(5.70%),Hyalomma dromedarii(28.48%),Hyalomma marginatum(13.29%),Hyalomma schulzei(1.89%),Rhipicephalus bursa(3.16%) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus(3.16%), and for Takistan's livestock were Hyalomma dromedarii(9.86%),Hyalomma marginatum(13.29%),Hyalomma schulzei(1.89%) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus(3.16%), respectively. Hard ticks compositions in different topographic areas were different.Hyalommaspecies had the most prevalence in the areas.Conclusions:The veterinary and public health investigation of the above species should be taken.

Determination of hard tick species (Acarina:Ixodidae) on sheep and cattle in Hamedan Province, Iran

Objective:To determine the fauna and frequency of hard tick species on sheep and cattle in Hamedan Province,Western Iran.Methods:Tick sampling was performed on the whole body of 18000 sheep and 4200 cattle in 3 rural regions(mountain,plateau,and plain-mountainous zone)during the year of 2010 to 2011.The ticks were identified with appropriate identification keys.Results:A total of 1534 hard ticks(62.1%male and 37.9%female)were collected in animals.The infestation rate was found 2.4%in animals(4.2%in cattle and 2.0%in sheep).The ticks were classified into 3 genera and 7 species including:Hyalomma marginatum(34.1%),Hyalomma excavatum(29.7%),Rhipicephalus bursa(13.8%),Rhipicephalus sanguineus(7.5%),Hyalomma detritum(7.1%),Haemaphysalis punctata(5.1%)and Hyalomma dromedarii(2.7%).Conclusions:Current study is the first report of fauna and frequency of hard ticks in this region.The results showed that Hyalomma marginatum is the dominant hard tick species.Further studies are needed to determine the importance of Ixodidae ticks of veterinary and public health in this region of Iran.

硬蜱常用分子分类技术研究进展

蜱类系统分类学研究已经进入分子阶段,与传统的形态学、生物学鉴定相比,无疑更加客观准确,建立系统进化树更能全面反映其亲缘关系,极大地提高了鉴定效率与可信度。论文总结了近年来应用分子生物学技术鉴定硬蜱的主要方法,包括核酸序列分析、随机扩增DNA多态性分析、限制性片段长度多态性分析。随着分子生物学和现代统计学的广泛应用,蜱类的鉴定将更加依赖现代分类学方法。

新疆和静县焉耆马体表硬蜱种属鉴定及进化分析

为了解新疆焉耆马体表硬蜱的种类及其遗传进化特性,选取5个焉耆马场作为采样点,采集马体表及其饲养环境中的硬蜱共830只,借助显微镜观察鉴定其形态结构;使用PCR对其COI基因进行扩增测序,利用Meagalign与Mega11.0生物学软件中的邻接法(NJ)进行同源性比较及遗传进化树构建,分析其遗传进化特征。结果显示:通过形态学和分子生物学鉴定,5个采样点的56匹焉耆马体表及其饲养环境中采集的830只硬蜱,分属于革蜱属的边缘革蜱、草原革蜱、森林革蜱。使用PCR扩增COI基因发现,在709 bp处出现与预期一致的目的片段;基于COI基因测序比对发现,采集的边缘革蜱、草原革蜱、森林革蜱同种间的同源性均达99.0%以上,其中边缘革蜱与新疆HM193889株位于同一分支,草原革蜱与新疆KF583573株位于同一分支,而森林革蜱与新疆MH079424株、山西MK213073株分属两个分支。结果表明,以上3种蜱中,边缘革蜱、草原革蜱具备较完整的遗传进化特征,而森林革蜱遗传进化特征不完整。本研究为地方蜱及蜱媒病防治奠定了基础。

五种药物制剂对硬蜱的防控效果研究

研究五种药物制剂对硬蜱的防控效果。选取30只自然感染硬蜱的放牧成年波杂山羊,随机分为6组,每组5只,分别为0.5%大蒜素长效驱避剂组、0.5%大蒜素水乳液组、1.0%IR3535长效驱避剂组、1.0%IR3535水溶液组、0.17%氯氰菊酯组,对羊体进行喷洒药物,并分别于用药后的第7天、第14天、第21天、第28天,对羊只耳眼部的硬蜱进行计数。结果显示,在用药后28 d内,对照组试验羊耳眼部位的硬蜱数逐日增加,至第28天时,平均每只羊的硬蜱数增加了31.58%;给予0.17%氯氰菊酯悬乳液、1.0%IR3535长效驱避剂、0.5%大蒜素长效驱避剂、1.0%IR3535水溶液的试验羊,其硬蜱数均有不同程度的减少,表明此3类药物对硬蜱均有防控作用,其中以0.5%大蒜素长效驱避剂、1.0%IR3535长效驱避剂、0.17%氯氰菊酯悬乳液的驱避效果较好,用药后14 d时,羊体硬蜱携带数分别减少51.67%、44.16%和41.18%,与各自药物组用药前硬蜱数及1.0%IR3535水溶液组、0.5%大蒜素水乳液组和不用药对照组试验羊的硬蜱数相比,均差异显著(P<0.05)。说明0.5%大蒜素长效驱避剂、1.0%IR3535长效驱避剂、0.17%氯氰菊酯悬乳液对硬蜱均具有良好的驱避效果,可有效防止硬蜱的侵袭。1.0%IR3535长效驱避剂和0.5%大蒜素长效驱避剂对硬蜱的驱避效果和持效期优于1.0%IR3535水溶液和0.5%大蒜素水乳液。

广西地区家畜牛、羊体表硬蜱情况调查及种类鉴定

目的掌握广西地区牛羊场硬蜱种类及其分子特征,了解该地区蜱类的分类地位,为养殖户防控硬蜱及蜱媒传染病提供参考依据。方法本实验于2019年1月至2021年11月,采用动物体表法采集寄生的蜱类;提取蜱基因组,PCR扩增3种硬蜱的线粒体16S rDNA和COI基因片段,并进行同源性分析。基于邻接法,用MEGA6.0软件分别构建系统发生树,进行遗传进化分析。结果牛羊体表上共采集蜱2030只,隶属1科2属3种,其中微小扇头蜱1968只,长角血蜱49只,具角血蜱13只。PCR扩增微小扇头蜱、长角血蜱和具角血蜱16S rDNA和COI基因片段长度分别是460 bp和710 bp左右,分别与GenBank中已登录的相应种类相似较高且在一个进化分支上。结论广西地区牛羊场优势蜱种是微小扇头蜱且存在长角血蜱和具角血蜱。三蜱种16S rDNA和COI序列存在多样性和地域差异性。

中哈边境地区艾比湖湿地硬蜱分布及鉴定

目的探究新疆阿拉山口艾比湖湿地蜱的种类、季节消长规律及其分子特征,为阿拉山口艾比湖湿地蜱的分类研究以及蜱传疾病的科学防控提供依据。方法采用布旗法和动物体表搜集法在阿拉山口禾角克边防连、乌兰达布森管护站、艾比湖湿地国家自然保护区石头房子3个采样点,自2014年4-8月连续采集蜱,对采集蜱种进行形态学鉴定,并选取代表蜱种进行线粒体16S r DNA序列扩增与测序分析。结果共采集蜱434只,其中游离蜱392只,寄生蜱42只;经体视显微镜形态学鉴定,采集样本为1科4属（扇头蜱属、璃眼蜱属、革蜱属、血蜱属）7种（亚洲璃眼蜱、边缘革蜱、银盾革蜱、血红扇头蜱、图兰扇头蜱、囊形扇头蜱、短垫血蜱）;艾比湖湿地优势蜱种为亚洲璃眼蜱、边缘革蜱;蜱活动高峰集中在5-6月,革蜱属最高峰出现在5月,亚洲璃眼蜱为6月;线粒体16S r DNA PCR测序比对结果显示,边缘革蜱与新疆石河子注册的KF547986同源性在96%-100%,亚洲璃眼蜱与新疆伊犁注册的KF527439同源性在98%-99%,血红扇头蜱与以色列注册的KF219732同源性在93%-94%。结论首次在艾比湖湿地发现图兰扇头蜱和囊形扇头蜱;在国际上首次对短垫血蜱16S r DNA序列进行了分析和报道,该蜱与美国Haemaphysalis cretica同源性最高（91.0%）;艾比湖湿地地区边缘革蜱、亚洲璃眼蜱、血红扇头蜱16S r DNA存在多样性,来自不同蜱种遗传分支。

一种节肢动物体外驱避试验装置的研制及初步应用

目的研制一种节肢动物体外驱避试验装置,用于硬蜱驱避剂的研究。方法分别使用木条法及滤纸片法制备成蜱及幼蜱的体外驱避试验装置,并与文献报道的硬蜱驱蜱装置进行驱避效果比较,使用SPSS 18.0软件Kruskal-Wallis H检验将不同驱避装置对硬蜱的驱避率及无效区硬蜱占比进行差异性分析。结果在木条攀爬法驱避装置试验中,自制驱避试验装置(自制装置)(试验组)驱避率为(97.44±2.56)%,文献中装置驱避率为(87.67±6.23)%,二者之间差异无统计学意义(F=2.105,P=0.220);自制装置处于无效区硬蜱占比试验组为(4.45±2.22)%,对照组为(2.22±2.22)%,小于文献中装置[试验组(53.33±3.85)%,对照组(60.00±3.85)%],且差异有统计学意义(试验组F=121.004,P<0.001;对照组F=168.825,P=0.001);在滤纸片法驱避装置试验中,自制装置(试验组)驱避率为(100.00±0.00)%,文献中装置为(95.83±4.17)%,二者之间差异无统计学意义(F=1.000,P=0.374);自制装置处于无效区的硬蜱试验组和对照组占比均为(0.00±0.00)%,小于文献中装置[试验组(41.67±7.26)%,对照组(35.00±5.77)%],且差异有统计学意义(试验组F=32.895,P=0.005;对照组F=36.750,P=0.004)。结论研制的硬蜱驱避试验装置结构简单、使用方便、实验结果可信度高,为节肢动物驱避剂的研发和效果测定、药物筛选提供了一种技术手段。