This study compared proximal femoral morphology in patients living in soft and hard water regions. The proximal femoral morphology of two groups of 70 patients living in hard and soft water regions with a mean age of ...This study compared proximal femoral morphology in patients living in soft and hard water regions. The proximal femoral morphology of two groups of 70 patients living in hard and soft water regions with a mean age of 72.29 (range: 50 to 87 years) was measured using an antero-posterior radiograph of the non-operated hip with magnification adjusted. The medullary canal diameter at the level of the lesser trochanter (LT) was significantly wider in patients living in the hard water region (mean width: 1.9 mm wider;p = 0.003). No statistical significant difference was found in the medullary canal width at 10 cm below the level of LT, Dorr index, or Canal Bone Ratio (CBR). In conclusion, the proximal femoral morphology does differ in patients living in soft and hard water areas. These results may have an important clinical bearing in patients undergoing total hip replacement surgery. Further research is needed to determine whether implant survivorship is affected in patients living in hard and soft water regions.展开更多
The effect of electrolyte on settling behavior of kaolinite was studied. Effects of hard water on selective flocculation of diasporic bauxite was tested and the measures were taken to eliminate the effects of Ca2＋ an...The effect of electrolyte on settling behavior of kaolinite was studied. Effects of hard water on selective flocculation of diasporic bauxite was tested and the measures were taken to eliminate the effects of Ca2＋ and Mg2＋ in hard water. The results indicated that, not only the concentration of electrolyte ions but also the ionic valence of the electrolyte ions affects the settling behavior of kaolinite; hard water significantly affects its selective flocculation owing to Ca2＋ and Mg2＋; general dispersants could not eliminate the effects of Ca2＋ and Mg2＋. Self-made softening agent in our lab could weaken or eliminate the effects of hard water on flocculation processes. The results of molecular dynamics simulation show that softening agent molecules could restrict Ca2＋ and prevent them from playing their roles, so as to eliminate the effects. The continuous pilot experiment results of bauxite flocculation were even better than those obtained in laboratory.展开更多
Objective To determine the effects of water hardness on the toxicities of cobalt （Co） and nickel （Ni） to a freshwater fish, Capoetafusca. Methods Toxicity was investigated by static bioassay. Fish were exposed to ...Objective To determine the effects of water hardness on the toxicities of cobalt （Co） and nickel （Ni） to a freshwater fish, Capoetafusca. Methods Toxicity was investigated by static bioassay. Fish were exposed to cobalt （as COCI2） and nickel （as NiCI2） for 96 h in waters with two levels of hardness （＂hard＂ and ＂very hard＂, nominally 130 mg/L and 350 mg/L as CaCO3, respectively）. Results Water hardness had a significant effect on the acute toxicity of both elements. The 96 h LC50 values for Co were 91.7 mg/L and 204.8 mg/L in hard and very hard waters, respectively, and for Ni the 96 h LC50 values were 78.0 mg/L and 127.2 mg/L, respectively. Conclusion The fish were more sensitive to Co and Ni toxicity in hard water than in very hard water; very hard water protects C. fusca against the toxicity of Co and Ni.展开更多
Strong chemical interactions between the oxygen-containing functional groups on graphene oxide(GO)sheets and the ions of divalent metals were exploited for the softening of hard water.GO membranes were prepared and ev...Strong chemical interactions between the oxygen-containing functional groups on graphene oxide(GO)sheets and the ions of divalent metals were exploited for the softening of hard water.GO membranes were prepared and evaluated for their ability to absorb Ca2+and Mg2+ions.These GO membranes can effectively absorb Ca2+ions from hard water;a 1 mg GO membrane can remove as much as 0.05 mg Ca2+ions.These GO membranes can be regenerated and used repeatedly.展开更多
[Objectives] This study was conducted to develop a type of hard biscuit using water chestnut flour and thus to expand the application of water chestnut.[Methods]Hard biscuits were made from water chestnut flour and wh...[Objectives] This study was conducted to develop a type of hard biscuit using water chestnut flour and thus to expand the application of water chestnut.[Methods]Hard biscuits were made from water chestnut flour and wheat flour.Then,their sensory quality indices were evaluated,and the optimal formulation of the biscuits was determined through single factor test and orthogonal array testing.[Results] The proportion of water chestnut flour was the most important factor that influences the sensory quality of hard biscuits,followed by the proportions of sugar,milk powder and baking powder.The optimal formula of the hard biscuit was adding 9.0 g water chestnut powder,8.0 g sugar,0.5 g baking powder,and 3.6 g milk powder to every 100.0 g wheat flour.The sensory quality score of the water chestnut hard biscuits made according to this formula was 86.0.And these biscuits were complete in shape,uniform in color,crisp and rich in nutrients.[Conclusions]The study enriches the types and improves the nutritional value of hard biscuits,which provides a new idea for the application of water chestnut.展开更多
文摘This study compared proximal femoral morphology in patients living in soft and hard water regions. The proximal femoral morphology of two groups of 70 patients living in hard and soft water regions with a mean age of 72.29 (range: 50 to 87 years) was measured using an antero-posterior radiograph of the non-operated hip with magnification adjusted. The medullary canal diameter at the level of the lesser trochanter (LT) was significantly wider in patients living in the hard water region (mean width: 1.9 mm wider;p = 0.003). No statistical significant difference was found in the medullary canal width at 10 cm below the level of LT, Dorr index, or Canal Bone Ratio (CBR). In conclusion, the proximal femoral morphology does differ in patients living in soft and hard water areas. These results may have an important clinical bearing in patients undergoing total hip replacement surgery. Further research is needed to determine whether implant survivorship is affected in patients living in hard and soft water regions.
基金Project (2005CB623701) supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘The effect of electrolyte on settling behavior of kaolinite was studied. Effects of hard water on selective flocculation of diasporic bauxite was tested and the measures were taken to eliminate the effects of Ca2＋ and Mg2＋ in hard water. The results indicated that, not only the concentration of electrolyte ions but also the ionic valence of the electrolyte ions affects the settling behavior of kaolinite; hard water significantly affects its selective flocculation owing to Ca2＋ and Mg2＋; general dispersants could not eliminate the effects of Ca2＋ and Mg2＋. Self-made softening agent in our lab could weaken or eliminate the effects of hard water on flocculation processes. The results of molecular dynamics simulation show that softening agent molecules could restrict Ca2＋ and prevent them from playing their roles, so as to eliminate the effects. The continuous pilot experiment results of bauxite flocculation were even better than those obtained in laboratory.
文摘Objective To determine the effects of water hardness on the toxicities of cobalt （Co） and nickel （Ni） to a freshwater fish, Capoetafusca. Methods Toxicity was investigated by static bioassay. Fish were exposed to cobalt （as COCI2） and nickel （as NiCI2） for 96 h in waters with two levels of hardness （＂hard＂ and ＂very hard＂, nominally 130 mg/L and 350 mg/L as CaCO3, respectively）. Results Water hardness had a significant effect on the acute toxicity of both elements. The 96 h LC50 values for Co were 91.7 mg/L and 204.8 mg/L in hard and very hard waters, respectively, and for Ni the 96 h LC50 values were 78.0 mg/L and 127.2 mg/L, respectively. Conclusion The fish were more sensitive to Co and Ni toxicity in hard water than in very hard water; very hard water protects C. fusca against the toxicity of Co and Ni.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2012CB933401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.21374050 and 51373078)
文摘Strong chemical interactions between the oxygen-containing functional groups on graphene oxide(GO)sheets and the ions of divalent metals were exploited for the softening of hard water.GO membranes were prepared and evaluated for their ability to absorb Ca2+and Mg2+ions.These GO membranes can effectively absorb Ca2+ions from hard water;a 1 mg GO membrane can remove as much as 0.05 mg Ca2+ions.These GO membranes can be regenerated and used repeatedly.
基金Supported by High-level Scientific Research Project of Huanggang Normal University(201816703)
文摘[Objectives] This study was conducted to develop a type of hard biscuit using water chestnut flour and thus to expand the application of water chestnut.[Methods]Hard biscuits were made from water chestnut flour and wheat flour.Then,their sensory quality indices were evaluated,and the optimal formulation of the biscuits was determined through single factor test and orthogonal array testing.[Results] The proportion of water chestnut flour was the most important factor that influences the sensory quality of hard biscuits,followed by the proportions of sugar,milk powder and baking powder.The optimal formula of the hard biscuit was adding 9.0 g water chestnut powder,8.0 g sugar,0.5 g baking powder,and 3.6 g milk powder to every 100.0 g wheat flour.The sensory quality score of the water chestnut hard biscuits made according to this formula was 86.0.And these biscuits were complete in shape,uniform in color,crisp and rich in nutrients.[Conclusions]The study enriches the types and improves the nutritional value of hard biscuits,which provides a new idea for the application of water chestnut.
