Comparison of Starch Granule Size Distribution Between Hard and Soft Wheat Cultivars in Eastern China

Granule size distribution of wheat starch is an important characteristic that can affect its chemical composition and functionality. Two types of wheat cultivars, the hard and soft wheat cultivars, grown at Tai＇an Experimental Station of Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China, were examined in this study. The granule size distribution and amylose contents in wheat grains were studied and compared, and relationships between the properties were identified. A clear bimodal distribution of granule size was shown in all wheat cultivars. Volume distribution of starch granules shows the typical bimodal with peak values in the ranges of 5.6-6.1μm and 20.7-24.9μm, respectively. Also, granule surface area distribution was bimodal with peak values in the ranges of 2.4-3.2μm and 20.7-24.9μm, respectively. Number distribution of granules was a typical population with a peak value in the range of 0.54-1.05μm. Contributions from the granules 〈 2.8μm and 〈 9.9μm to the total volume were in the ranges of 94.2-95.1% and 99.7-99.9% of total number, respectively. Proportions of granules〈2.8μm, 2.8-9.9μm, 9.9-22.8μm, and 22.8-42.8μm were in the ranges of 12.9-14.3%, 28.4-31.1%, 33.5-35.6%, and 19.7-22.7% for hard wheat, and 10.3-13.9%, 26.6-28.1%, 32.7-34.6%, and 24.2-27% for soft wheat. Hard wheat had greater B-type granules （ 〈 9.9μm）, and had fewer granules of 22.8-42.8μm than soft wheat. Amylose content was positively related to volume percentage of granules 22.8-42.8μm, and negatively related to volume percentage of granules 2.8-22.8μm.

Magnetic Properties Hard-Soft SmCo₅-FeNi and SmCo₅-FeCo Composites Prepared by Electroless Coating Technique

Composites of SmCo5-FeNi and SmCo5-FeCo, hard-soft magnetic materials, have been synthesized via electroless plating of magnetically hard SmCo5 powder particles with magnetically soft FeNi and FeCo, respectively. The influence of coating thickness of soft magnetic layers on the structure and magnetic properties of the composite has been studied. Overall FeNi coating was found to be less dense compared to FeCo for the same plating duration. Structurally the coat ing was found to be nodular in morphology. These coating have dramatic effect on the overall magnetic property of the composite. As compared to FeNi coated SmCo5 composite, two-fold increase in the saturation magnetization has been observed upon coating SmCo5 (Ms^28 emu/g) with FeCo to a value 56 emu/g. The coercivity of composite powder was found to decrease with increasing the coating layer thickness. The absence of exchange spring behavior in the hard-soft composite is attributed to magnetically soft layer thickness exceeding the theoretical length limit for exchange-spring coupling.

Constitutive model for methane desorption and diffusion based on pore structure differences between soft and hard coal

This paper aims to improve the accuracy and applicability of gas diffusion mathematical models from coal particles. Firstly, a new constitutive model for gas diffusion from coal particles with tri-disperse pore structure is constructed by considering the difference in characteristics between soft coal and hard coal.The analytical solution is then derived, that is, the quantitative relationship between gas diffusion rate(Qt/Q_∞) and diffusion time(t), The pore structure parameters of soft coal and hard coal from Juji coal mine are determined. Gas diffusion rules are numerically calculated and investigated by physical simulation methods. Lastly, the applicability of this model is verified. The results show that the homogeneous model only applies to the gas diffusion process of hard coal during the initial 10 min. The calculation results from this model and the physical experimental results of soft coal and hard coal are nearly identical during the initial 30 min.

Influence of confining stress on fracture characteristics and cutting efficiency of TBM cutters conducted on soft and hard rock

Combined with numerical simulation, the influence of confining stress on cutting process, fracture conditions and cutting efficiencies of soft and hard rock has been conducted on the triaxial testing machine(TRW-3000) designed and manufactured in Central South University(China). Results are obtained by performing analysis on the fracture scopes of cement and granite plates,the characteristics of cutting force in cutting processes and the cutting efficiency. Firstly, the increase of latitude fracture scope and the decrease of longitude fracture scope are both more notable in the tests conducted on cement plates subjected to the increasing confining stresses; secondly, the increase tendency of peak penetration forces obtained from tests conducted on granite plates is more obvious, however, the increase tendencies of average penetration forces achieved from cement and granite plates are close to each other; thirdly, the cutting efficiency could be improved by increasing the spacing between cutters when the confining stress which acts on soft and hard rock increases in a certain degree, and the cutting efficiency of soft rock is more sensitive to the varying confining stresses.

Contrastive Study of Metadiscourse in the Conclusion of Academic Papers between Soft Science and Hard Science

Academic paper as a genre is communicative.Interactional metadiscourse is one of the linguistic features that can significantly show the communicative feature of texts.With different research methodologies and characteristics,academic papers of hard and soft science present different degree of communicative features.The corpus of this study consists of 16 academic papers among which 8 are from hard science and 8 from soft science.This article aims to explore the different ways of scholars from soft and hard science to use metadiscourse in the conclusion part of their academic papers to exert lights to the pedagogical development of academic papers.

Proximal Femoral Cortical Thickness and Medullary Canal Diameter in Soft and Hard Water Regions

This study compared proximal femoral morphology in patients living in soft and hard water regions. The proximal femoral morphology of two groups of 70 patients living in hard and soft water regions with a mean age of 72.29 (range: 50 to 87 years) was measured using an antero-posterior radiograph of the non-operated hip with magnification adjusted. The medullary canal diameter at the level of the lesser trochanter (LT) was significantly wider in patients living in the hard water region (mean width: 1.9 mm wider;p = 0.003). No statistical significant difference was found in the medullary canal width at 10 cm below the level of LT, Dorr index, or Canal Bone Ratio (CBR). In conclusion, the proximal femoral morphology does differ in patients living in soft and hard water areas. These results may have an important clinical bearing in patients undergoing total hip replacement surgery. Further research is needed to determine whether implant survivorship is affected in patients living in hard and soft water regions.

XPS STUDIES OF IRRADIATED HARD AND SOFT Si—SiO_2

The interracial structure of hard and soft oxides grown by dry oxidation on<100> n-type silicon substrates is examined using high resolution mild X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) before and after irradiation. Substantial differences in silicon of silica state (B.E. 103.4 eV), silicon of transitional state (B.E. 101.5 eV), surplus oxygen (B.E. 529.6 eV) and negative two-valence oxygen (B.E. 531.4 eV) are observed between the two kinds of samples. The XPS spectra strongly depend on the conditions of irradiation for soft samples, but do not as remarkablely as soft samples for hard samples. The effects of irradiation doses on XPS are greater than that of irradiation bias fields. Some viewpoints of irradiation induced hole electron pair are proposed to explain the results.

Proteomic analysis reveals the differential proteins of endosperm between soft and hard wheat varieties

In this study,we revealed the differential proteins from the wheat endosperms using proteomic analysis and investigated their surface properties.The pattern of the polypeptides obtained from the Yangmai-15 and Yangmai-16 wheat varieties were compared using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels.In addition,we compared the characteristics of the grain such as grain hardness,protein content,wet gluten,dough development time,dough stability,gliadin and glutenin contents between Yangmai-15 and Yangmai-16,and the results were significantly different.Notably,216 and 197 protein spots were separated from Yangmai-15 and Yangmai-16,respectively.The isoelectric points of the identified proteins ranged from 4 to 10 and the molecular weights of proteins varied from 10 to 100 kDa.Further,21 and 8 specific differential protein spots were identified fromthe flour of Yangmai-15 and Yangmai-16,respectively.The surface properties of identified peptides consisted of hydrophobic or hydrophilic residues,as well as randomly scattered residues.The proteomic analysis of the wheat endosperms provides a novel insight into the biochemical basis for the differences in physicochemical properties between the soft and hard wheat varieties.

一种基于知识蒸馏的边缘联邦学习算法

针对边缘计算环境中参与联邦学习的客户端数据资源的有限性,同时局限于使用硬标签知识训练模型的边缘联邦学习算法难以进一步提高模型精度的问题,提出了基于知识蒸馏的边缘联邦学习算法。利用知识蒸馏对软标签信息的提取能够有效提升模型性能的特点,将知识蒸馏技术引入联邦学习的模型训练中。在每一轮的联邦学习模型训练过程中,客户端将模型参数和样本逻辑值一起上传到边缘服务器,服务器端聚合生成全局模型和全局软标签,并一起发送给客户端进行下一轮的学习,使得客户端在进行本地训练时也能够得到全局软标签知识的指导。同时在模型训练中对利用软标签知识和硬标签知识的占比设计了动态调整机制,使得在联邦学习中能够较为合理地利用两者的知识指导模型训练,实验结果验证了提出的基于知识蒸馏的边缘联邦学习算法能够有效地提升模型的精度。

An experimental study on fractural features of concrete samples containing hard inclusion

The final fractural forms and variation status of hard inclusion samples under biaxial compression have been primarily studied in this paper. The lateral fractural forms of samples are mainly compressive shear fracture, two kinds appear on surface: one is strike slip fault with reversed thrust, and another is thrust. Some hard inclusions rupture and some do not while hard contact serves between hard inclusions and sample; main fracture bypasses hard inclusion while soft contact serves. Finally, process of stress concentration, yield, softening until failure for hard inclusions have been analysed under a certain condition.

煤层瓦斯含量测定技术及装备研究进展

瓦斯含量是煤与瓦斯突出危险预测、煤层瓦斯资源量估算、矿井瓦斯治理工程设计的重要参数。围绕如何在大区域准确快速测定煤层瓦斯含量,依托国家科技重大专项、国家自然科学基金和煤炭企业联合基金等项目科技攻关,在取样、测试方面取得了一定进展。主要表现在如下4个方面:①煤层瓦斯含量测定取样经历了孔口接样、岩心管定点取样、压力引射定点取样和密闭取样4个阶段,密闭取样装备保压能力达到11.5 MPa,煤心直径达到38 mm;②针对不同煤层地质条件,发展形成了顺煤层定向长钻孔密闭取样、底板穿层钻孔密闭取样和顶(底)板梳状定向长钻孔密闭取样3种取样技术;③在河南焦作和山西晋城矿区硬煤层中,顺层定向长钻孔取样深度达到516 m,密闭取样法测得煤层瓦斯含量较常规取样法分别平均提高了0.44倍和1.04倍。在安徽淮南矿区碎软煤层中,穿层钻孔密闭取样深度达到209 m,测得煤层瓦斯含量较常规取样法平均提高了0.26倍;在安徽淮北矿区碎软煤层中,顶(底)板梳状钻孔密闭取样深度达到484 m,测得煤层瓦斯含量较常规取样法平均提高了0.19倍,密闭取样法在煤层瓦斯含量测定精度、探测范围上优于常规取样法;④在瓦斯含量测试方面,除了传统解吸法测试,发展了系列煤矿井下瓦斯含量快速测试装备,可实现最快30 min内测得煤层瓦斯含量,一般用于百米孔内的瓦斯含量测试。提出了煤层瓦斯含量测定密闭取样装备需向小型化、轻量化的方向发展,并能实现随钻密闭取样。在测试上,应根据实际情况确定合理的解吸终止限,并将测试装备和密闭取样装备进一步结合,以实现深孔瓦斯含量快速准确测定。密闭取样技术已成为煤层瓦斯含量大区域精准勘查、预测的主要手段,是煤炭安全高效开采的重要技术保障。

结合型式对地铁车站上盖物业的振动响应影响

为研究地铁振动对不同结合类型地铁车站及其上方的动力反应影响,基于地铁车站与上盖物业连接型式的主要承载区别,提出“软结合”“硬结合Ⅰ”“硬结合Ⅱ”3种结合型式;然后,采用车-轨耦合模型得到列车荷载谱,利用有限差分软件FLAC^(3D)建立地铁车站-上盖物业数值仿真模型,并与实测数据进行对比,验证数值仿真模型与参数的正确性;最后,基于数值仿真,从时域、频域出发,研究3种结合型式下上盖物业的振动响应.研究结果表明:软结合型式下站厅层到上盖物业一层加速度峰值减小69.10%,硬结合Ⅰ型减小2.08%,硬结合Ⅱ型增大2.94%,硬结合型式下上盖物业振动加速度较软结合型式大;3种结合型式下上盖物业振动的频率主要在40~90 Hz,且对于上盖物业同一楼层,振动随距振源距离的增大而逐渐减小;软结合型式下上盖物业一层加速度级最大值为68.2 dB,较站厅层减小11.3 dB;硬结合Ⅰ型、硬结合Ⅱ型的上盖物业加速度级最大值分别为83.4、79.4 dB;地铁振动造成上盖物业附加第一主应力很小,且在向上传播过程中衰减很快;从站厅层到上盖物业,软结合型式第一主应力衰减85.81%,硬结合Ⅰ、Ⅱ型式分别衰减63.46%、72.27%,间隔土对附加应力有明显衰减作用.在地铁实际建设工程中建议选用软结合型式.

软硬不均地层盾构隧道荷载模式研究

系统考虑隧道埋深、滑移面形式、侧压力系数与地层的关联,提出一种适用于软硬不均地层的盾构隧道荷载模式。对于浅埋隧道,基于椭球体理论推导极限状态下滑移面为椭圆的侧压力系数及竖向松动土压力表达式,并构建力学平衡方程推导侧压力计算式;对于深埋隧道,考虑软硬不均地层突变性并对太沙基理论滑移面宽度进行合理修正,推导对应的围岩压力计算式;再结合软硬不均地层分界线位于隧道水平中线上方、下方2类典型工况,推导出隧底反力表达式;最后结合工程实例对所提荷载模式进行验证。结果表明:与修正惯用法荷载体系相比,所提方法得到的软土-硬土隧道顶部、下半拱竖向土压力与实测值的误差分别缩小74%和172%;相较于软土-硬土隧道,该方法应用于土层-岩层隧道时,计算得到的下半拱竖向土压力、隧底侧向土压力与实测值的误差更小,即所提荷载计算模式更符合隧道实际受荷状态,且当隧道埋深与开挖直径之比较大以及下部地层越坚硬时,其适用性越强。

上软下硬复合地层盾构隧道开挖面稳定性分析

针对上软下硬复合地层条件下盾构隧道开挖面的稳定性问题,依托深惠城际2标实际工况,分析不同软硬比及土体参数对开挖面极限支护压力的影响。利用颗粒流数值模拟分析土体的失稳模式,借助极限分析法建立符合开挖面失稳轮廓的理论计算模型,将理论计算结果与既往文献及实际工程进行比较分析。结果表明:当隧道开挖面主动失稳时,变形主要集中在软土层,硬岩层的变形较少;随着开挖面软硬比的增大,隧道开挖面的极限支护压力也增大;开挖面的极限支护压力与隧道埋深比无关,与土体内摩擦角成反比。

微种植体支抗加力方式对上颌前突患者关闭拔牙间隙后颌面部软、硬组织影响的研究

目的:探讨微种植体支抗加力方式对上颌前突患者关闭拔牙间隙后颌面部软、硬组织的影响。方法:选取2020年4月-2023年6月在上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院口腔外科、口腔颅颌面科收治的156例上颌前突患者作为研究对象。所有患者均需拔除上颌双侧第一前磨牙并使用微种植体支抗内收上前牙,采用随机数字表法将患者分入A组(予以短牵引钩和直接支抗法,n=52例)、B组(予以长牵引钩和直接支抗法,n=52例)和C组(予以短牵引钩和间接支抗法,n=52例)关闭拔牙间隙。比较三组治疗前后颌面部软硬组织变化。结果:关闭间隙前,三组患者颅颌软组织、硬组织指标比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但B组鼻根点与上、下齿槽座点三者连线的夹角(ANB)大于A组、C组(P<0.05)。关闭间隙后,三组患者蝶鞍点与鼻根点,上齿槽座点三者连线的夹角(SNA)、蝶鞍点与鼻根点,下齿槽座点三者连线的夹角(SNB)、下颌平面角(SN-MP)、上中切牙内收量(U1-SN)、鼻唇角、牙冠舌向移动量(U1c-Sv)、覆盖、上颌第一磨牙近中颊尖点、近中根尖点压低量(U6c-H、U6r-H)变化值比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),ANB、颌平面角(SN-OP)、上颌第一磨牙内收量(U6-SN)、牙根舌向移动量(U1r-Sv)、上中切牙切缘点、牙根尖点压低量(U1c-H、U1r-H)、上颌第一磨牙近中颊尖点、近中根尖点与Sv距离(U6c-Sv、U6r-Sv)、上颌第一磨牙近中颊尖点、近中根尖点压低量(U6c-H、U6r-H)、覆(牙合)变化值比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且B组ANB、Ls-E线变化值大于C组(P<0.05),A组SN-OP、U6-SN、U1c-Sv变化值大于C组(P<0.05);B组U1r-Sv、U1c-H变化值大于A组、C组,且C组大于A组(P<0.05);B组U1r-H变化值大于A组、C组,且A组大于C组(P<0.05);C组U6c-Sv变化值大于B组(P<0.05);A组U6c-H、U6r-H变化值大于B组(P<0.05);B组覆(牙合)变化值大于A组、C组(P<0.05)。结论:三种不同的微种植体支抗加力方式用于上颌前突患者均具有较好的支抗效果,可改善上颌硬组织的形态,并引起相应软组织的改变。其中,短牵引钩配合直接支抗法能明显压低磨牙、使冠远中倾斜,且(牙合)平面顺时针旋转;长牵引钩配合直接支抗法可获得更好的前牙控根移动和压低效果,且对上前牙垂直向改变效果也较好,有益于覆(牙合)控制,与短牵引钩配合间接支抗法均可获得较好的滑动内收力,稳定(牙合)平面。

全球视野下医疗人工智能软法治理:演进、挑战及发展

人工智能在给医疗行业带来巨大变革的同时也带来了伦理、法律等挑战,对世界各国人工智能治理框架提出了严峻考验,催生了对新型治理工具的迫切需求。软法治理以其独特的适应性和灵活性,成为解决医疗人工智能法律挑战的重要手段。软法在应对技术发展、满足社会需求和适应文化多样性等方面具有明显的优势,但也面临精细化程度不足、利益平衡困难、实施效果不佳等现实困境。未来,我国应进一步发挥医疗人工智能软法治理的优势并克服其不足,通过强化软法与硬法的有效衔接、加强软法的全球合作、加快软法的本地化融合、提高软法的透明度与公众参与度等方式,增强软法的实施效果,以此推动医疗人工智能的健康发展。

上软下硬地层大直径盾构施工Peck沉降公式修正

为合理预测大直径泥水盾构隧道施工引起的地表沉降,本文对现场实测数据进行回归分析,深入探讨了Peck公式在预测大直径泥水盾构施工引起的地表沉降方面的适应性,并在此基础上引入地表最大沉降修正系数α与沉降槽宽度修正系数β,对Peck公式进行了必要的调整与修正。结果表明:线性回归后大直径泥水盾构在上软下硬复合地层中掘进沉降实测值与Peck公式沉降预测值之间有较大差异;α取值分布在0.1~0.5范围内,β取值分布在0.5~1.0范围内时可以较好反映大直径泥水盾构在上软下硬地层中施工引起的地表沉降变形;对比分析小直径和大直径盾构隧道沉降槽修正系数可知,沉降槽修正系数的变化范围随开挖横截面面积的增大、开挖面土层性质差异的增大而增加。研究成果可扩大Peck公式的应用范围,为大直径盾构隧道设计和施工提供参考。

超声弹性成像与彩色多普勒超声鉴别三阴性乳腺癌与纤维腺瘤的对比研究

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我国乡村振兴促进法软法治理机制及其优化适用

《中华人民共和国乡村振兴促进法》呈现出针对乡村治理的软法进路,在诸多方面发挥了其软法内容所具有的弹性、开放性及补充性作用,是我国探索软法治理的有益尝试,但也存在软法机制未充分发挥的问题。当前,应在软法硬法互动效应的强化、授权性的公众参与及治理信息共享等方面着手,弥补乡村振兴促进法软法机制的不足,寻求我国乡村振兴发展的软法治理进路。

软硬资源协同驱动视角下高校新型研发机构产学研合作现状、问题及发展路径研究

构成创新创业教育教学和人才培养体系等软硬资源的协同驱动对于优化高校教育教学和人才培养制度体系、助力高校新型研发机构产学研合作具有重要意义。通过梳理国内外高校新型研发机构软硬资源研究现状发现,软资源和硬资源有着互利共生又相得益彰的协同关系,软硬资源协同驱动对于助力高校新型研发机构产学研合作有重要意义。在此基础上,进一步指出中国高校新型研发机构产学研合作在主体资源、发展定位、政策制度以及分配机制上仍存在一系列问题,具体体现为高校新型研发机构的顶层设计和布局尚不完善、分布不平衡,在发展定位软资源与科研平台和设备等硬资源投入方面出现偏差等,这主要由于软硬资源的各自功能发挥和协同驱动作用程度都未能满足产学研合作的需要。因此,需要完善产学研合作的生态系统,在资源共享的前提下,明确产学研各主体的功能定位,构建管理体制、人才培养体系完善的软硬资源协同驱动产学研合作模式。