The Bridge to a Western Confucianism:Between Legal Theory and Private Law

The aim of this essay is to analyse the future of Confucianism in Western societies or,at least,through the exegesis of Western scholars.To realize this overview definitely means to verify how Confucian thought crossed many contemporary and later theories,especially in juridical fields as the theory of private law and the public comparative law.That system of customary rules and pragmatic ethics did not fail to face the modernity by enlarging its views in the context of much more complex societies:So,a typical phenomenon of Eastern civilities,to the point that it is generally considered the most peculiar inheritance of both Chinese spirituality and administrative political science,became an interesting and suggestive test bench for different starting points.If it is correct to say that this is not a proper nowadays stance(remembering the praise of Leibniz and Voltaire,for instance),it is even more likely that Confucianism will catch the attention of a larger academic audience also in the nearest future and not only narrowing its rise to the enormous economic growth of the Chinese influence and ruling role in the world,directly getting a level of strength not far from the American governance.Unsurprisingly,the first defined approaches to a Western Confucianism,mixing elements from its absolutely unique written or traditional sources and aspects taken from the comparison with other cultures,are still coming from United States’universities,in the scientific field of sinology and,step by step,comparative law’s scholars and legal theorists.This fascinating development that opens up Confucian ethics to a bigger spectre of teachings and belongings is happening while Confucian rituals,temples,and precepts are reaching in modern days China an always more cohesive and aggregating religious phenomenology.The West looks for ideas,while the East is trying to find stability around a metaphysical substructure of common values to prevent conflicts and to keep societies safe.

Derivation and Creation of Confucian Cultural Structure and Function Theory from the Theory of Material Structure and Function

By studying the relationship between physical structure and function in physical chemistry, the author breaks through the limitation of the western narrow social and cultural structure and function theory, and further derives and founds the Confucian cultural structure and function theory, thus creating a new research methodology and broadening the research horizon. Through the research, it is found that the Confucian culture structure consists of the hard structure ＂ritual＂ and the soft structure ＂benevolence＂, and based on this constructs three-outline, five- principal, four-moral, eight- virtul, five cardinal principals and other Confucian culture, so that these have a social management function, resulting in a 2000-year stable Chinese social order, which also provides reference for the social management of Chinese government today.

Solving the Century Problem“Modern Transformation of China’s Traditional Confucianism”—A Mistake-Tolerant Democracy Perspective

The reason why Chinese scholars cannot bridge between Confucianism and democracy as a century problem since 1920s is that liberal democracy has two fundamental defects:Human beings born with wisdom have known rights before entering societies,which is contrary to Confucianism;separation between politics and religions has led to religious ceremony of confession far away from politics.Mistake-tolerant democracy whose right theory is the right to trial and error as an original right and mutual empowerment theory can overcome above defects.Liberty is divided into the right to trial and error as an original right in innovative fields which can be transferred by contract and unalienable liberties in non-innovative ones.The spirit and behavior of self-criticism to people like confession is a virtue which meets Confucian moral requirements of becoming a Saint and politician’s obligation required in mistake-tolerant democracy,which can solve the century problem at utmost.

The Asian Dimension Reflection of Hofstede’s Cultural Theory—Based on the Consumption Cognitive Characteristics of Chinese Post-90s College Students

This article is based on Hofstede’s cultural theory,taking the post-90s college students as the research object,and through a small-scale survey method,uses the cultural conflicts of the post-90s college students’cognition of“frugality”and“consumption”to explore the characteristics of their consumption outlook.The consumption behavior of post-90s college students presents a diversified structure,lacks planning,and has short-term orientation tendencies such as light luxury and impulsive consumption.At the same time,it displays an obvious living within its means and a wait-and-see attitude towards advanced consumption,focusing on the long-term orientation of its own investment in the future.The Confucian cultural characteristics of the contradictory but complementary consumption outlook of college students born in the 1990s provide Hofstede with a new perspective beyond the long-term and short-term dualistic orientation.

Critical Dialogue on Creating Public Value:The Comparisons of Confucian Value,Socialist Core Value,Universal Value and Public Value

The Creating Public Value Theory by Mark Moore is more and more accepted all over the world.China has been a value-oriented society for all her history.However,China has been dominated by the Confucian ethics and modern political elite values,especially traditional instilled civil servants values and modern socialist core value.The public value of China has been highly cultured and localized.This paper tries to review briefly and make the critical comments on the following issues:(1)Confucian value;(2)the socialist core value;(3)the universal value;(4)the human common value;and(5)the public value.The paper highlights what differences of conceptualizing public value between China and the Western countries.

The Issue of Intergenerational Equity in the Context of Population Aging:From the Perspective of Confucian Ethics

As the aging population continues to grow in China the issue of intergenerational equity in the field of old-age security has become increasingly prominent. Through a comparative study of the liberal theory of intergenerational equity, this paper shows that at least in the contemporary social context of China, filial piety still acts as an important moral foundation and value basis for the intergenerational distribution of old-age support resources. The emphasis on an intergenerational contract based on filial piety not only presents a theoretical perspective transcending liberalism for addressing the issue of intergenerational equity in the context of contemporary China, but also provides significant and irreplaceable institutional resources. Starting from the Confucian family-centered theory of social justice and through the reconstitution of traditional ethical resources, this paper explores a family-centered, multi-level old-age security system to cope with the issue of intergenerational equity against the backdrop of population aging.

A Comparison of Confucian Analects Translated by James Legge and Bur ton Watson

Confucian Analects is one of the most important ancient Chinese classics,attracting various scholars to study and trans late it throughout history.Here I extract the translation versions of James Legge and Burton Watson of chapter 1.Raised by Hans J.Vermeer,skopos theory determines the translation strategies that are used in the translation;so this paper will briefly analyze the two translations’features from the perspective of domestication and foreignization under different translation goals.

明清之际中国社会对欧洲文明的拒斥与接受

16-18世纪耶稣会传教士来中国传教,同时也带来了部分西方的科学知识。中国的儒家士人和士大夫群体中,有一部分人激烈反对、拒斥接受这些知识,也有一部分人乐于学习传教士带来的科学知识,接受并试图融合而后超越西方文化。拒斥的一方,有出于意识形态立场、政治安全角度考虑的,如《破邪集》的编辑者徐昌治,以及该书中收录的各色人等,如清初布衣杨光先;也有王夫之这样的大儒,从儒家经学中天文、地理知识的固有立场出发,批评利玛窦的地圆说和地球与太阳及诸行星的距离说。接受的一方表现出比较多元的立场,有徐光启的“超胜会通”说、方以智的“坐集千古之智”折衷说,也有以康熙皇帝为代表的“西学中源”说。“西学中源”说虽然最终不利于中国人虚心学习西方的科学知识,但也包含着一定的合理的文明交流互鉴思想,即在学习外来文明中的先进内容时,必须保持民族文化的主体性。

范仲淹经学核心思想探析

范仲淹是宋代士人中集经术、事功、道德、文章于一身的“第一人”。由于范仲淹的人品、事业在当时太过辉耀,导致其在经学上的建树被道德功名掩盖,故而长期不为学界所关注。近年来,学者们对范仲淹经学的研究已经有所推进,但大多是从易学、春秋学等单一经学学科对其经学思想进行探索与阐释。若从整体的层面对范仲淹的经学进行深入分析,则可发现其经学的核心思想主要包括以下几个方面的内容:一是“政必顺民”的民本思想,包括养民、利民、爱民等具体内容;二是“穷变通久”的改革思想,将《周易》“穷则变,变则通,通则久”的理论作为主导“庆历新政”的哲学思想;三是“先忧后乐”的忧乐思想,进则忧国忧民,退则乐天乐道。

论扬雄儒者身份认同下的辞赋书写与赋论成就

特定的时代背景、思想环境和个人经历造成了扬雄对儒家思想的接受,他推崇儒家代表人物孔孟,认同儒家观念和儒家经典,同时捍卫孔子儒学思想纯洁性,以一名儒者的身份自居。在儒者身份的自我认同下,赋家扬雄在辞赋书写与赋论成就方面表现出浓厚的儒家色彩。赋作方面,在儒家经世思想影响下,扬雄辞赋创作体现出以赋入仕、以赋纳谏的目的;同时继承儒家美刺传统,采用修饰文辞、婉转达意的创作方法;将儒家明哲保身、重视民生的观念纳入创作内容;晚年又因赋不能“用”而“悔赋”。赋论方面,在儒家重文观、中庸观、诗怨观的影响下,扬雄最早认识到了赋文体“丽”的审美本质,率先将“则”作为辞赋的分类标准,创新建构了赋文体“讽谏”的实际功能,在中国赋论史上具有重要的地位。

鹿善继著述考

鹿善继为明末理学家、政治家。他的一生波澜壮阔:为官时抗旨筹措军费,从军关外苦寒之地;居乡时,课徒著书,阐扬理学,成为北方王学的杰出代表人物。他的著述丰赡,是研究明清儒学发展的重要文献。今选取其著述中重要者十三种,据鹿氏本人、师友、门人记载及相关文献,以刊刻年代为序,略考其版本、卷数、馆藏等情况。

论董仲舒的政治经济思想及其影响

董仲舒的政治经济思想的核心以孔子的“仁学”及教化思想为根柢,建构德法(刑)并用,以德为主,刑为辅的治理体系,实现儒家的“王道”政治理想;其经济思想的核心是奉行儒家“均贫富”的社会理想,以满足人民必要的生活需求、巩固“大一统”国家统治为目的,抑止权贵、豪强,平衡社会财富,达到国家的长治久安。

经学思维与古代文论范畴--以“教化”“文质”“风骨”“古雅”范畴为中心

经学思维在中国古代官方意识形态中占有重要地位,在对古代文论范畴的研究中,离不开对经学思维的分析讨论。经学思维中明道致用、宗经征圣、权威崇拜、信而好古等特点直接关系到了“教化”“文质”“风骨”“古雅”等文论范畴的生成和演变。经学思维为文学创作提供了一种道德文化品格,文学与经学广泛交融,共同满足了封建专制统治的政治需求。

情理司法抑或经权司法:立足宋代的理论与实践辨正

情理司法通常被作为传统中国司法的代表性模式来讨论,但这种学术概括存在时空局限和理论缺憾。在时空上,情理司法说主要提炼自明清司法实践,难以融贯解释此前,尤其是宋代的司法模式。在理论上,它难以解释情理司法源于何种理论及其在整个国家司法制度中的功能、作用和旨趣等核心问题,还会带来理论误导和价值遮蔽。追根溯源,情理司法根源于传统经学中的经权理论。传统经权理论在宋代获得了实质性发展,从中可以提炼出义统经权、权即是经、情时而权、圣贤行权等创新性命题。宋代士大夫官僚作为新经权理论的倡导者和推动者,将其引入司法实践,形成了具有时代特色的经权司法模式,并呈现为怀法用权、缘情用权、相时用权三种运行机制。宋代经权司法是在守法的前提下,因个案之情、理、时等因素而行权裁判,目的是补救机械守法裁判之弊,让司法合于中道价值。由于经权司法主要体现为缘情理而行权,所以常被称为情理裁判,进而被概括为情理司法。正本清源而言,宋元明清时期的经权司法是儒家经学影响司法实践的典型形式,与汉唐时期的春秋决狱共同构成了帝制时期传统司法中的救弊型司法,二者均属于特别司法模式。

儒家气性论的出场及其理论旨归——任鹏程著《先秦两汉儒家气性论研究:从孔子到王充》评介

人性论是中国哲学的核心话题。任鹏程的《先秦两汉儒家气性论研究:从孔子到王充》以哲学史的方式展现中国哲学家的人性论,论述重点聚焦先秦两汉儒家并提出一种新的理解模式——气性论。此书精彩之处在于,作者旗帜鲜明地提出,先秦两汉儒家存在一个脉络清晰的气性论传统,将气性论的理论源头追溯至孔孟,并从历史脉络和逻辑自洽相结合的思想视角,深度还原了先秦两汉儒家气性论的基本内涵、发展脉络及理论旨归,为我们全面理解儒家人性学说提供了新的视角和理论框架,同时也存在一些可商榷之处。

性善论的两个缺陷与弥补之道——儒家生生伦理学对孟子性善论的再思考

性善论对中国文化作出了重大贡献,但隐含着两个缺陷。一是只以“才”论性善,不了解性善的主干部分是伦理心境。二是只以仁性作为道德根据,不重视智性的作用。这两个缺陷对儒学发展产生了深刻的影响。前者致使其对道德本体的认识不够全面,不了解在特殊情况下道德本体也会出现问题;后者致使其对道德根据的理解有失狭隘,引发了正宗与旁出之争。要克服这两个缺陷,一个有效的办法是对性善论进行新的诠释,既讲生长倾向,又讲伦理心境,既讲仁性,又讲智性。儒家生生伦理学在这方面作出了有益尝试,预示着一个颇具潜力的发展方向。

孟子人性论路径选择——“天下之言性也”章新诠

《孟子·离娄下》“天下之言性也”章以人性论探究路径为主题,在孟子哲学中占有重要地位。自汉以降,学界对该章的解释大致可分为“肯定系”和“否定系”两派,前者认为孟子肯定文段前三句而后者反之。从训诂学依据、研究方法依据和思想背景依据三角度审查该章,可进一步区分“否定一系”和“否定二系”两派,并得出一个更合理的否定二系的新解释,与此同时发现肯定系解释的多重困境。孟子认为杨墨通过经验路径(故者)所构建的自然人性论会陷入“以利为本”的困境,而旧有先验人性论路径(智者)也被指责为牵强附会。在这一背景下,孟子以善端言性,为先验主义人性论开辟了新路径,由此构建了能避免“以利为本”之困境的政治哲学,这体现了其为儒学突围所做的努力。

朱丹溪情志学说的儒医思想脉络探源

[目的]研究朱丹溪情志学说与儒学思想的深刻关联,阐明其独具儒医特色的思想脉络渊源,拓展丹溪学说的研究思路。[方法]结合朱丹溪所处时代的文化思想背景,通过文献研读与文化思想的综合分析,梳理朱丹溪情志学说与儒学思想的内在联系,阐发儒学对朱丹溪医学理论的深刻影响,探究朱丹溪儒医思想的发展构建过程,从儒学本体论、体用论、修养论三个层次阐述朱丹溪情志学说的儒医思想脉络。[结果]儒学作为重要的时代文化背景,影响了朱丹溪儒医思想的发展构建。朱丹溪继承并发挥儒学本体与大用、格致与修养、人心与情志的思想深意,倡立相火为情志本源,阐发六郁析情志病端,笃行修养指导情志调摄,构建了独具儒医特色的情志学说。[结论]朱丹溪情志学说体现出清晰的儒医思想脉络与源流特征,其援儒入医、创立新说的儒医风范,推动了后世儒医的发展,有益于情志病的诊疗。