ACTION AND PLAN OF SEISMIC HAZARD REDUCTION IN CHINA

ＡＣＴＩＯＮ ＡＮＤ ＰＬＡＮ ＯＦ ＳＥＩＳＭＩＣ ＨＡＺＡＲＤ ＲＥＤＵＣＴＩＯＮ ＩＮ ＣＨＩＮＡ（ＳｔａｔｅＳｅｉｓｍｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＢｕｒｅａｕ）Ｉ．ＰｒｅｆａｃｅＣｈｉｎａｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｌｏｎｇｅｓｔ...

地质灾害防治研究的认识论与方法论

基于多年的研究与实践,作者从科学哲学角度提出了地质灾害防治研究的认识论与方法论。认识论方面确立地质灾害是可认识的,可防治的。地质灾害发生的根源是地质体重力作用的失衡,其共性和个性反映了地质体边界条件、初始条件和激发条件的组合变化。对于确定的时间阶段、空间区域和作用条件,地质灾害问题简化为线性和确定性问题处理是可以接受的。方法论方面确立地质灾害防治可以采用整体论和分割论相结合的方法求得问题的"有用解",用以指导防灾减灾管理技术支持系统的研发与应用。整体论方法突出综合集成、归纳类比和逻辑演绎,用于宏观把握和长时程研判,指导工作的顶层设计或概念设计,如区域性风险区划、区域预警和防治规划。分割论方法采取观察、描述、分析、建模、评价、预测和工程控制等,用于具体地域、案例及其暂态阶段的分析,指导地质灾害的信息获取、识别评估、成因研判、预测预警、工程设计和风险评价等。

Usage of Cool Burning as a Contributor to Bushfire Mitigation

This paper considers and describes the cool burning techniques long utilized by Australian Indigenous people as a contributor to bushfire mitigation. Indigenous fire management involves lighting the “cool” fires in selected areas between March and July, in Australia, during the early dry season. The fires burn gradually, reducing fuel loads and creating fire breaks and not all of the area is burnt. Late in the dry season, when the weather is very hot, the method removes fuel for larger fires while maintaining and protecting habitat for mammals, reptiles, insects and birds. The management of Indigenous cultural fire offers an Indigenous viewpoint for wider control of fire and cultural fire management is an opportunity for collaborations to encourage Aboriginal empowerment with public and private sector organisations. Effective cool burning in contemporary prescribed burning activities can be achieved through implementation of good training, strong partnerships, carefully considered on ground practices and appropriate and effective techniques.

Exhaust process of cryogenic nitrogen gas from a cryogenic wind tunnel with an inclined exit

A new structural design for the vent stack with an inclined exit was proposed to reduce the settlement hazard of the cryogenic plume from a cryogenic wind tunnel;it extends the plume trajectory to increase the effective contact space and time for mixing between the plume gas and atmospheric air before the plume settles to the ground,contributing to more efficient energy consumption for heating.Reduced-scale experiments and numerical simulations of plume dispersion based on vertical and 30°-and 45°-inclined exits were conducted to study harm reduction and energy-saving potential.Analyses of the minimum temperature and minimum oxygen concentration of the plume near the ground indicate that the new exhaust design with an inclined exit clearly reduces the settlement hazard.Under windless conditions and without using a fan-ejector system,up to 15.9%of the heating energy used by the burner can be saved by adopting the new design.