With the rapid development of industrialisation and urbanisation, China is facing the challenge of severe HF (Haze-Fog) pollution. This essay compares the advantages and disadvantages of China’s HF management and sum...With the rapid development of industrialisation and urbanisation, China is facing the challenge of severe HF (Haze-Fog) pollution. This essay compares the advantages and disadvantages of China’s HF management and summarizes the important lessons China can teach the rest of the world about applying this tactic. China’s capabilities in the digital economy, National Innovation Demonstration Zones, and urban innovation systems are examined in this article, along with its shortcomings in information mechanisms and pollution sources. This essay also summarizes China’s achievements, particularly regarding local autonomy. The essay goes on to say, however, that China is probably going to be under more pressure to manage HF in the future, both in terms of long-term solutions and the economy.展开更多
The impact of sea surface temperature(SST)on winter haze in Guangdong province(WHDGD)was analyzed on the interannual scale.It was pointed out that the northern Indian Ocean and the northwest Pacific SST play a leading...The impact of sea surface temperature(SST)on winter haze in Guangdong province(WHDGD)was analyzed on the interannual scale.It was pointed out that the northern Indian Ocean and the northwest Pacific SST play a leading role in the variation of WHDGD.Cold(warm)SST anomalies over the northern Indian Ocean and the Northwest Pacific stimulate the eastward propagation of cold(warm)Kelvin waves through the Gill forced response,causing Ekman convergence(divergence)in the western Pacific,inducing abnormal cyclonic(anticyclonic)circulation.It excites the positive(negative)Western Pacific teleconnection pattern(WP),which results in the temperature and the precipitation decrease(increase)in Guangdong and forms the meteorological variables conditions that are conducive(not conducive)to the formation of haze.ENSO has an asymmetric influence on WHDGD.In El Niño(La Niña)winters,there are strong(weak)coordinated variations between the northern Indian Ocean,the northwest Pacific,and the eastern Pacific,which stimulate the negative(positive)phase of WP teleconnection.In El Niño winters,the enhanced moisture is attributed to the joint effects of the horizontal advection from the surrounding ocean,vertical advection from the moisture convergence,and the increased atmospheric apparent moisture sink(Q2)from soil evaporation.The weakening of the atmospheric apparent heat source(Q1)in the upper layer is not conducive to the formation of inversion stratification.In contrast,in La Niña winters,the reduced moisture is attributed to the reduced upward water vapor transport and Q2 loss.Due to the Q1 increase in the upper layer,the temperature inversion forms and suppresses the diffusion of haze.展开更多
Protein haze was one of the main causes of the instability of white wines. Proteins that caused haze or precipitation in white wines mainly came from grape fruits, and their compositions and contents were affected by ...Protein haze was one of the main causes of the instability of white wines. Proteins that caused haze or precipitation in white wines mainly came from grape fruits, and their compositions and contents were affected by many factors such as fruit diseases, harvesting methods and water stress. Unstable wine proteins were usually pathogenesis-related(PR)proteins of grapes, mainly chitinases and thaumatin-like proteins(TLPs), which had lower isoelectric point(pI)and smaller molecular weight, and were highly resistant to the low pH values of wines and the protease hydrolysis during fermentation. At present, the technology of protein stabilization and clarification in white wines mainly included bentonite fining, heat treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, polysaccharide treatment and ultrafiltration methods. Among them, the most commonly used method was bentonite treatment. In this paper, the research progresses of the origin, mechanism and influencing factors of the unstable proteins in white wines were summarized, and the applications, advantages and disadvantages of various clarification techniques were also concluded, in order to provide some support for the theoretical and technological research of the protein stability in white wines in the future.展开更多
Based on the observation data of the annual number of haze days,rainy days,fog days and gale days,sunshine hours,relative humidity and maximum wind speed at Hangzhou station from 1960 to 2021,the variation characteris...Based on the observation data of the annual number of haze days,rainy days,fog days and gale days,sunshine hours,relative humidity and maximum wind speed at Hangzhou station from 1960 to 2021,the variation characteristics of haze days and meteorological influencing factors were studied by mathematical statistical methods such as Mann-Kendall nonparametric test,sliding T test,wavelet analysis and Pearson correlation two-tailed test.The results show that the annual number of haze days generally showed an upward trend,and the climate tendency rate was 20 d/a;there was a sudden change around 2001,and it changed from stable to rapid growth;the number of haze days was the largest in spring and winter,followed by autumn,while it was the smallest in summer.The annual number of haze days had a strongly significant period of 40 a and a mesoscale variation period of 13 a.The number of haze days was negatively correlated with the number of rainy days,fog days and gale days,sunshine hours,relative humidity and maximum wind speed,which passed the 0.05 significance test.In recent 60 years,the number of rainy days and gale days,relative humidity,and maximum wind speed in Hangzhou have decreased,resulting in the weakening of atmospheric wet deposition capacity and power transmission conditions,which provided favorable meteorological conditions for the increase of haze weather.展开更多
This study aims to assess and compare levels of particulate matter(PM10 and PM2.5)in urban and industrial areas in Malaysia during haze episodes,which typically occur in the south west monsoon season.The high concentr...This study aims to assess and compare levels of particulate matter(PM10 and PM2.5)in urban and industrial areas in Malaysia during haze episodes,which typically occur in the south west monsoon season.The high concentrations of atmospheric particles are mainly due to pollution from neighbouring countries.Daily PM concentrations were analysed for urban and industrial areas including Alor Setar,Tasek,Shah Alam,Klang,Bandaraya Melaka,Larkin,Balok Baru,and Kuala Terengganu in 2018 and 2019.The analysis employed spatiotemporal to examine how PM levels were distributed.The data summary revealed that PM levels in all study areas were right-skewed,indicating the occurrence of high particulate events.Significant peaks in PM concentrations during haze events were consistently observed between June and October,encompassing the south west monsoon and inter-monsoon periods.The study on acute respiratory illnesses primarily focused on Selangor.Analysis revealed that Klang had the highest mean number of inpatient cases for acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma(AEBA)and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)with values of 260.500 and 185.170,respectively.Similarly,for outpatient cases of AEBA and AECOPD,Klang had the highest average values of 41.67 and 14.00,respectively.Shah Alam and Sungai Buloh did not show a significant increase in cases during periods of biomass burning.The statistical analysis concluded that higher concentrations of PM were associated with increased hospital admissions,particularly from June to September,as shown in the bar diagram.Haze episodes were associated with more healthcare utilization due to haze-related respiratory illnesses,seen in higher inpatient and outpatient visits(p<0.05).However,seasonal variability had minimal impact on healthcare utilization.These findings offer a comprehensive assessment of PM levels during historic haze episodes,providing valuable insights for authorities to develop policies and guidelines for effective monitoring and mitigation of the negative impacts of haze events.展开更多
In January 2013, China suffered large-scale haze weather four times, affecting 30 cities in all. The average number of haze weather days in many regions was higher than the same period in every year since 1961. PM2.s,...In January 2013, China suffered large-scale haze weather four times, affecting 30 cities in all. The average number of haze weather days in many regions was higher than the same period in every year since 1961. PM2.s, which is defined as fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less, is the main health hazard in the context of haze weather. It can carry large amounts of poisonous and harmful substances, and penetrate deep into the lungs and blood circulation through the respiratory tract, thereby affecting human health.展开更多
In order to reveal the diurnal and seasonal variations in particulate mass concentration( PM1,PM2. 5,and PM10) during the heavy haze periods and non-haze periods,the statistics based on the data from the Shanghai Urba...In order to reveal the diurnal and seasonal variations in particulate mass concentration( PM1,PM2. 5,and PM10) during the heavy haze periods and non-haze periods,the statistics based on the data from the Shanghai Urban Environmental Meteorological Center from December 2008 to November 2010 were analyzed. The results were shown as follows. The particulate matter and black carbon( BC) concentrations,especially the fine particulate matter concentrations during the heavy haze were significantly higher than that during the non-haze periods. Overall,the averaged proportion of PM2. 5to PM10 accounted for 59% during the non-haze periods and 81% during the heavy haze periods while that of PM1 to PM10accounted for 43% for the non-haze periods and 70% for the heavy haze periods. Particulate matter concentration had two peaks at11: 00 and 17: 00 in a day. The aerosols concentrations were the highest while the seasonal variation of visibility was the lowest in winter,followed successively by spring,autumn,and summer.展开更多
文摘With the rapid development of industrialisation and urbanisation, China is facing the challenge of severe HF (Haze-Fog) pollution. This essay compares the advantages and disadvantages of China’s HF management and summarizes the important lessons China can teach the rest of the world about applying this tactic. China’s capabilities in the digital economy, National Innovation Demonstration Zones, and urban innovation systems are examined in this article, along with its shortcomings in information mechanisms and pollution sources. This essay also summarizes China’s achievements, particularly regarding local autonomy. The essay goes on to say, however, that China is probably going to be under more pressure to manage HF in the future, both in terms of long-term solutions and the economy.
基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2019A1515011808)Science and Technology Planning Program of Guangdong Province(2021B1212020016)。
文摘The impact of sea surface temperature(SST)on winter haze in Guangdong province(WHDGD)was analyzed on the interannual scale.It was pointed out that the northern Indian Ocean and the northwest Pacific SST play a leading role in the variation of WHDGD.Cold(warm)SST anomalies over the northern Indian Ocean and the Northwest Pacific stimulate the eastward propagation of cold(warm)Kelvin waves through the Gill forced response,causing Ekman convergence(divergence)in the western Pacific,inducing abnormal cyclonic(anticyclonic)circulation.It excites the positive(negative)Western Pacific teleconnection pattern(WP),which results in the temperature and the precipitation decrease(increase)in Guangdong and forms the meteorological variables conditions that are conducive(not conducive)to the formation of haze.ENSO has an asymmetric influence on WHDGD.In El Niño(La Niña)winters,there are strong(weak)coordinated variations between the northern Indian Ocean,the northwest Pacific,and the eastern Pacific,which stimulate the negative(positive)phase of WP teleconnection.In El Niño winters,the enhanced moisture is attributed to the joint effects of the horizontal advection from the surrounding ocean,vertical advection from the moisture convergence,and the increased atmospheric apparent moisture sink(Q2)from soil evaporation.The weakening of the atmospheric apparent heat source(Q1)in the upper layer is not conducive to the formation of inversion stratification.In contrast,in La Niña winters,the reduced moisture is attributed to the reduced upward water vapor transport and Q2 loss.Due to the Q1 increase in the upper layer,the temperature inversion forms and suppresses the diffusion of haze.
基金The financial support of this work was received from China Agriculture Research System for Grape Industry (CARS-29)。
文摘Protein haze was one of the main causes of the instability of white wines. Proteins that caused haze or precipitation in white wines mainly came from grape fruits, and their compositions and contents were affected by many factors such as fruit diseases, harvesting methods and water stress. Unstable wine proteins were usually pathogenesis-related(PR)proteins of grapes, mainly chitinases and thaumatin-like proteins(TLPs), which had lower isoelectric point(pI)and smaller molecular weight, and were highly resistant to the low pH values of wines and the protease hydrolysis during fermentation. At present, the technology of protein stabilization and clarification in white wines mainly included bentonite fining, heat treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, polysaccharide treatment and ultrafiltration methods. Among them, the most commonly used method was bentonite treatment. In this paper, the research progresses of the origin, mechanism and influencing factors of the unstable proteins in white wines were summarized, and the applications, advantages and disadvantages of various clarification techniques were also concluded, in order to provide some support for the theoretical and technological research of the protein stability in white wines in the future.
基金Supported the Key Project of Zhejiang Meteorological Bureau(2019ZD14).
文摘Based on the observation data of the annual number of haze days,rainy days,fog days and gale days,sunshine hours,relative humidity and maximum wind speed at Hangzhou station from 1960 to 2021,the variation characteristics of haze days and meteorological influencing factors were studied by mathematical statistical methods such as Mann-Kendall nonparametric test,sliding T test,wavelet analysis and Pearson correlation two-tailed test.The results show that the annual number of haze days generally showed an upward trend,and the climate tendency rate was 20 d/a;there was a sudden change around 2001,and it changed from stable to rapid growth;the number of haze days was the largest in spring and winter,followed by autumn,while it was the smallest in summer.The annual number of haze days had a strongly significant period of 40 a and a mesoscale variation period of 13 a.The number of haze days was negatively correlated with the number of rainy days,fog days and gale days,sunshine hours,relative humidity and maximum wind speed,which passed the 0.05 significance test.In recent 60 years,the number of rainy days and gale days,relative humidity,and maximum wind speed in Hangzhou have decreased,resulting in the weakening of atmospheric wet deposition capacity and power transmission conditions,which provided favorable meteorological conditions for the increase of haze weather.
文摘This study aims to assess and compare levels of particulate matter(PM10 and PM2.5)in urban and industrial areas in Malaysia during haze episodes,which typically occur in the south west monsoon season.The high concentrations of atmospheric particles are mainly due to pollution from neighbouring countries.Daily PM concentrations were analysed for urban and industrial areas including Alor Setar,Tasek,Shah Alam,Klang,Bandaraya Melaka,Larkin,Balok Baru,and Kuala Terengganu in 2018 and 2019.The analysis employed spatiotemporal to examine how PM levels were distributed.The data summary revealed that PM levels in all study areas were right-skewed,indicating the occurrence of high particulate events.Significant peaks in PM concentrations during haze events were consistently observed between June and October,encompassing the south west monsoon and inter-monsoon periods.The study on acute respiratory illnesses primarily focused on Selangor.Analysis revealed that Klang had the highest mean number of inpatient cases for acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma(AEBA)and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)with values of 260.500 and 185.170,respectively.Similarly,for outpatient cases of AEBA and AECOPD,Klang had the highest average values of 41.67 and 14.00,respectively.Shah Alam and Sungai Buloh did not show a significant increase in cases during periods of biomass burning.The statistical analysis concluded that higher concentrations of PM were associated with increased hospital admissions,particularly from June to September,as shown in the bar diagram.Haze episodes were associated with more healthcare utilization due to haze-related respiratory illnesses,seen in higher inpatient and outpatient visits(p<0.05).However,seasonal variability had minimal impact on healthcare utilization.These findings offer a comprehensive assessment of PM levels during historic haze episodes,providing valuable insights for authorities to develop policies and guidelines for effective monitoring and mitigation of the negative impacts of haze events.
文摘In January 2013, China suffered large-scale haze weather four times, affecting 30 cities in all. The average number of haze weather days in many regions was higher than the same period in every year since 1961. PM2.s, which is defined as fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less, is the main health hazard in the context of haze weather. It can carry large amounts of poisonous and harmful substances, and penetrate deep into the lungs and blood circulation through the respiratory tract, thereby affecting human health.
基金National Basic Research Program of China(No.2011CB403405)Program of Science and Technology Development of Hangzhou,China(No.20120433B18)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51309053,41175026,40975012)Opening Project of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention(LAP3),China
文摘In order to reveal the diurnal and seasonal variations in particulate mass concentration( PM1,PM2. 5,and PM10) during the heavy haze periods and non-haze periods,the statistics based on the data from the Shanghai Urban Environmental Meteorological Center from December 2008 to November 2010 were analyzed. The results were shown as follows. The particulate matter and black carbon( BC) concentrations,especially the fine particulate matter concentrations during the heavy haze were significantly higher than that during the non-haze periods. Overall,the averaged proportion of PM2. 5to PM10 accounted for 59% during the non-haze periods and 81% during the heavy haze periods while that of PM1 to PM10accounted for 43% for the non-haze periods and 70% for the heavy haze periods. Particulate matter concentration had two peaks at11: 00 and 17: 00 in a day. The aerosols concentrations were the highest while the seasonal variation of visibility was the lowest in winter,followed successively by spring,autumn,and summer.
